Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Razavipanah
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Ignition Triangle
Explosive Mixture Characteristics
Zone Classification
Apparatus Classification
T
Temperature
Cl
Classification
ifi i
Protection methods Classification
Ex code
For
o e
explosions
p os o s to happen
appe in
atmospheric air, three factors
have to be p
present at the same
time:
Below LEL
LEL, the
mixture can not be
ignited due to the
low quantity of fuel.
Above UEL,
UEL ignition
can not occur due to
the low quantity of
an oxidizer.
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Zone classification
Z
l
ifi i
Apparatus classification
Temperature classification
Protection methods classification
Example
Group I:
Group II:
Explosion confinement
Explosion proof
I ii
Ignition
source iisolation
l i
(Ex d)
Pressurized
Encapsulation
Oil immersion
Sand filled
(Ex
(Ex
(Ex
(Ex
p)
m)
m)
o)
q)
Energy-release limitation
Increased safety
Intrinsically safe
(Ex e)
(Ex i)
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A medium-weight
medium weight enclosure is very heavy,
heavy and its installation
creates mechanical and structural complications.
Cable entries require a particular arrangement.
The
Th safety
f
off an explosion-proof
l i
f enclosure
l
is
i based
b
d entirely
i l
on its mechanical integrity; therefore, periodic inspections are
needed.
Opening
O
i
off the
h enclosure
l
is
i not permitted
i d while
hil the
h apparatus
is functioning; this may complicate maintenance and
inspection operations. Usually, the process must shut down
and
d th
the area inspected
i
t d iin order
d tto perform
f
routine
ti
maintenance.
It is difficult to remove the lid (a special tool is needed or
ti
30 40 bolts
b lt mustt b
d) Aft
i
sometimes
30-40
be unscrewed).
After removing
the lid, it is important to ensure the integrity of the joint
before restarting the system.
Changes
Ch
t th
to
the system
t
are difficult
diffi lt to
t implement.
i
l
t
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Switchgears
C t l cabinets
Control
bi t
Analyzers
Large motors
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Transformers
Starting resistors
This method is not suitable for process
instrumentation or for apparatus
pp
that require
q
frequent maintenance or inspections.
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Transformers
Capacitors
Terminal boxes for heating conductors
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The capacity
Th
i for
f igniting
i ii
an explosive atmosphere
d
depends
d on th
the opencircuit voltage (Uo = V)
and the short
short-circuit
circuit
current (Io = V/R).
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When the
Wh
h contact is
i
closed, the inductor
stores
t
energy that
th t is
i
released in the form of
an electrical arc when
the switch opens.
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Passive barriers:
If a dangerous voltage
that comes from the safe
area is present
present, the
zener barrier shunts the
fault current toward
ground until the fuse
breaks, thereby
maintaining an opencircuit
i
i safe
f voltage
l
(Uo)
toward the hazardous
location,, while the
maximum field shortcircuit current is defined
by Io = Uo/Rlim
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Galvanically isolated
active barriers are
power supplies or
signal conditioners
that transmit or
receive signals from
hazardous locations
in an isolated way.
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Thank
h k you
y
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