Chng V

MA TRN

M U
Ta bit ma trn gp phn vo vic nghin cu l thuyt h phng
trnh tuyn tnh. By gi ta tip tc tm hiu ma trn su hn na; c
bit nghin cu mi lin h gia ma trn v nh x tuyn tnh. Ta s thy
rng, ma trn v nh x tuyn tnh lin h mt thit vi nhau. Khi c
nh hai c s ca hai khng gian vect th mt nh x tuyn tnh gia
hai khng gian y cho mt ma trn v ngc li, mt ma trn xc nh
mt nh x tuyn tnh duy nht.
Nh c ma trn m ta xc nh c gi tr ring v vect ring mt nh
x tuyn tnh; do xc nh c nhng khng gian con bt bin ng vi
nhng gi tr ring. Ma trn cng xc nh nhng dng nh x tuyn tnh
c bit c dng n chng Vi nh cc php bin i i xng, bin
i trc giao. Tri li, nh cc vect ring v gi tr ring ca nh x tuyn
tnh m c th a ma trn tr v dng n gin; l ma trn cho.
Ni dng ca chng ny l:
- Cc php ton trn cc ma trn;
- Ma trn nghch o ca mt ma trn vung;
- Gi tr ring, vect ring;
- Cho ho mt ma trn.
Bn c cn nm vng nhng vn ny v chng c p dng vo
ngay chng sau v trong nhiu lnh vc khoa hc khc.
hc tt chng ny bn c cn nm vng nhng kin thc v
khng gian vect v nh x tuyn tnh.
Trong cun sch ny ta k hiu tp hp cc ma trn kiu (m,n) vi
cc thnh phn trong trng K bi Mat(m.n)(K).
183

1. MA TRN CA MT NH X TUYN TNH

1.1. nh ngha. Gi s V v W l hai K-khng gian vect vi c s
ln lt l () = { 1,..., 2,..., n}, () = { 1, 2,..., m} f: V W l mt
nh x tuyn tnh m

c gi l ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f i vi hai c s () v ()

C th vit gn cc ng thc (1) nh sau:

Ch : V () l mt c s ca W nn cc thnh phn an c xc
nh duy nht; do ma trn A c xc nh duy nht.
V d 1. Gi s Iv = V V l ng cu ng nht ca khng gian
vect V, v () = { 1,..., 2,..., n} l mt c s bt k trong V. Khi :

Do ma trn ca IV i vi c s () l:

184

I c gi l ma trn n v.
Ma trn vung I = (aij) c gi l ma trn n v nu

V d 2. Nu V, W l hai K-khng gian vect vi dimV = n, dimW =

m th ng cu 0 c ma trn i vi mi c s ca V v ca W l ma trn
O kiu (m,n) di y:

O c gi l ma trn khng, tc l ma trn m mi thnh phn u

bng 0.
V d 3. Gi s trong R2 v R3 chn cc c s chnh tc:

f: R2 R3 xc nh bi f(a1, a2) = (a1, 3a2, a2 - 5a1). Khi :

Do ma trn ca f i vi hai c s ny l

V d 4. Gi s P3, P2 l cc khng gian gm a thc 0 v cc a thc

thuc R[x] c bc tng ng khng vt qu 3, khng vt qu 2. d: P3
P2 l php ly o hm, () = {1, x, x2, x3}, () = {1, x, x2} ln lt l
c s ca P3 v P2. Th th:
d(1) = 0 = 0.1 +0x + 0x2
d(x) = 1 = 1.1 + 0x + 0x2
185

d(x2) = 2x = 0.1 + 2x + 0x2

d(x3) = 3x2 = 0.1 + 0x + 3x2
Do ma trn ca d i vi hai c s ny l

Trn y ta thy khi c nh hai c s () v () ca V v W,

th mi nh x tuyn tnh f. V W xc nh mt ma trn duy nht.
Ngc li ta s thy, khi mi ma trn cng xc nh nh x tuyn tnh
duy nht.
1.2. Lin h gia HomK(V, W) vi Mat(m.n)(K)
Mnh . Gi s V, W l hai K-khng gian vect v
() = { 1,..., 2,..., n}, () = { 1, 2,..., m}
ln lt l c s cm ch ca V v W. Khi :
1) Mi ma trn kiu (m, n) xc nh duy nht mt nh x tuyn tnh f:
V W.
2) C mt song nh : HomK(V, W) Mat(m, n)(K).
Chng minh.
1) Gi s

t a1j 1 + a2j 2 +...,+ amj m}, vi mi j {1, 2,..., n } th theo nh

l 1.2, Ch.III, c nh x tuyn tnh f duy nht xc nh bi

Hn na, ma trn ca f l A.
2) C nh hai c s trong V v W. Vi mi fHomK(V, W), f xc
186

nh mt ma trn A duy nht. Xc nh nh x

: HomK(V, W) Mat(m, n)(K) bi (f) = A.
Vi mi AMat(m, n)(K), c mt nh x tuyn tnh f duy nht m A l
ma trn ca n; tc l (f) = A. Do l mt ton nh. V f c xc
nh duy nht bi A nn l n nh.
Vy l mt song nh.

187

2. CC PHP TON TRN CC TP MA TRN

Ta bit trn tp hp HomK(V, W) c php cng hai nh x tuyn
tnh v php nhn mt nh x tuyn tnh vi mt s. Hn na, khi c
nh hai c s ca V v W, ta c song nh
: HomK(V, W) Mat(m,n)(K).
By gi ta mun nh ngha cc php ton trn cc ma trn sao cho
"ph hp" vi cc php ton trn cc nh x tuyn tnh; chng hn ma
trn ca tng hai nh x phi bng tng hai ma trn ca nhng nh x y.
2.1. Php cng
Mnh v nh ngha. Gi s A = (aij)(m,n) v B = (bij)(m,n) ln lt
l cc ma trn ca hai nh x tuyn tnh f, g HomK(V, W) i vi hai
c s () v () chn trong V v W. Thm th ma trn ca nh x
tuyn tnh f + g i vi hai c s y l C = (aij + bij)(m,n).
Ma trn C c gi l tng ca hai ma trn A v B, k hiu l A + B.
Chng minh. Theo gi thit

Vy ma trn ca f + g i vi hai c s cho l (aij + bij)(m,n). Quy

tc cng ma trn. Mun cng hai ma trn ta ch vic cng cc thnh
phn tng ng (cng dng, cng ct) ca chng:

188

2.2. Php nhn mt ma trn vi mt s

Mnh v nh ngha. Gi sa = (aij)(m,n) l ma trn ca nh x
tuyn tnh f HomK(V, W) i vi hai c s () v () chn trong V
v W k K. Th th ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh kf i vi hai c s y
l ma trn C = (kaij)(m,n).
Ma trn C c gi l tch ca ma trn A vi s k, k hiu l kA.
Chng minh. Xin dnh cho bn c.
Quy tc nhn ma trn vi mt s. Mun nhn mt ma trn A vi mt
s k ta ch vic nhn s k vi mi thnh phn ca A.

189

2.3. Php tr
nh ngha.
Ma trn (-1) A c gi l i ca ma trn A. K hiu l A.
Vi hai ma trn A v B, tng A + (-B) c gi l hiu ca A v B.
K kiu A - B.
Nh vy, vi A = (aij)(m,n) v B - (bij)(m,n) ta c: - B = (- bij)(m,n),
A - B = (aij-bij)(m,n).

2.4. Khng gian vect Mat(m,n)(K)

Bn c c th d dng chng minh rng, cng nh HomK(V, W),
tp hp Mat(m,n)(K) l mt K-khng gian vect.
Mnh . Php cng ma trn v php nhn mt ma trn vi mt s
thuc trng K c cc tnh cht sau:
1) A + B = B + A;
2) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C);
3) A + 0 = A;
4) A + (-A) = 0;
5) k(A + B) = kA + kB;
6) (k + 1)A = kA + lA;
7) (k1)A = k(1a);
8) 1.A = A, (1 l n v ca trng K),
vi mi A, B, C Mat(m,n)(K), mi k, l K
Ni gn, vi php cng hai ma trn v php nhn mt ma trn vi
mt s, Mat(n.n)(K) l mt K-khng gian vect.

190

mn iu kin 2X + A = B.
Gii. p dng mnh 2.4, cng - A vo hai v ca ng thc 2X +
A - B, ta c :

2.5. Tch ca hai ma trn

Mnh 1. Gi s trong mi khng gian U, V, W chn mt c s
c nh, A = (aij)(m,n) l ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f: V W, B =
(bjk)(n,p) l ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh g: U V. Th th ma trn ca
nh x tuyn tnh fg l ma trn

Ma trn C c gi l tch ca hai ma trn A v B, k hiu l AB.

Chng minh.
Gi s () = { 1,..., 2,..., p} l c s ca U, () = { 1, 2,..., n} l c
s ca V, () = { 2,..., m} l c s ca W. Theo nh ngha ma trn ca
nh x tuyn tnh, ta c:

191

Quy tc nhn hai ma trn. Mun tm thnh phn cik ca ma trn tch
AB ta phi ly mi thnh phn aij ca dng th i trong ma trn A nhn
vi thnh phn bjk ca ct th k ca ma trn B ri cng li.
C th m t bi s sau:

Ch :
1) Theo nh ngha, tch AB ch c xc nh khi s ct ca ma trn
A bng s dng ca ma trn B.
2) Php nhn ma trn khng c tnh giao hon.

192

V d 3. Gi s () = { 1,..., 2,..., n} v () = { 1, 2,..., n} l hai

c s ca K-khng gian vect V, T = (tij) l ma trn chuyn t c s ()
sang c s () (x1, x2,..., xn), (y1, y2,..., yn) ln lt l ta ca vect
i vi c s () v c s (). Th th theo nh l 6.3, Ch. II:

Nu vit hai vect ta di dng ma trn ct

th cc ng thc trn y c th vit l:

hay

X = TY.

V d 4. Gi s hai K-khng gian vect V v W c c s ln lt l

() = { 1,..., n}, () = { 1,..., m} v ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f
193

i vi hai c s ny l

ta ca vect V i vi c s () v ta ca f( ) i vi c s
() c vit di dng ma trn ct ln lt l

Th th

Mt khc

Suy ra yi = ai j x j , vi mi in {1, 2,..., m}. iu ny chng t Y =

j=1

AX.
194

V d 5. Xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh

hay

AX = b.
V d 6. Gi s A = (aij)(m,n) v In l ma trn n v cp n. Khi :

Tng t, nu Im l ma trn n v cp m th ImA = A.

Mnh 2. Vi cc ma trn A, B, C v mi s k K, ta c cc ng
thc sau (nu cc php ton c ngha):
1) Tnh kt hp: (AB)C = A(BC);
2) Tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn i vi php cng:
A(B + C) = AB + AC, (A + B)C = AC + BC,
195

3) k(AB) = (kA)B = A(kB).

Chng minh. 1) Coi cc ma trn A, B, C ln lt nh ma trn ca
cc nh x tuyn tnh h: U X, g: W U, f: V W (vi c s
chn trong mi K-khng gian vect V, W, U, X). Theo mnh 1, mc
2.5, (AB)C l ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh (hg)f, cn A(BC) l ma trn
ca nh x h(gf). Theo mnh 2, mc 3.4, Ch.III, (hg)f-h(gf). Nh song
nh
: HomK(V, X) Mat(m,q)(K), (trong m = dimX, q = dimV),
suy ra (AB)C = ((hg)f) = h(gf)) = A(BC).
2) v 3) c chng minh tng t.
2.6. Thc hin cc php ton ma trn bng my tnh b ti v
my tnh in t

a) Dng my tnh b ti CASIO-fx570MS.

Tnh A + B, A - B, 6A.
Gii. Tnh A + B.
Chn MODE ma trn:
MODE MODE MODE 2
To ma trn A kiu (2,3)

ma trn,s 1 th hai l k hiu ma trn A).

Chn cc thnh phn ca A:

To ma trn B kiu (2,3):

SHIFT MAT 1 2 2 = 3 = (s 2 th nht l k hiu ma trn B)

196

 Thc hin php cng:

ca s my tnh xut hin: - 5. l thnh phn c ca tng hai

ma trn. Nhy con tr sang phi ta c thnh phn c12. Tip tc nhy
con tr sang phi mi ln c mt thnh phn tip theo.
Ma trn A + B =

5 17 11
10 7 29

- Tnh A - B tng t.
- Tnh 6A.
Chn MODE ma trn:

To ma trn A kiu (2,3)

Chn cc thnh phn ca A:

Mn hnh xut hin: 18. l thnh phn c ca ma trn 6A. Nhy

con tr sang phi, mi ln c mt thnh phn theo th t: c12, c13, c21.
V d 2. Nhn ma trn.

Gii.
Thao tc nh khi lm tnh cng.

197

Mn hnh xut hin: 146. l thnh phn c ca tch. Tip tc nhy

con ch sang phi ln lt ta c cc thnh phn tip theo ca ma trn
tch.

b) Dng my tnh in t
Ta thc hin theo chng trnh MATHEMATICA 4.0.
A = {{3, 5,II}, {- 4, 0, 9}}
Mn hnh xut hin:
Out[1]= {{3, 5,11}, {-4, 0, 9}}
B={{ - 8, 12, O},{14, - 7, 20}}
Mn hnh xut hin:
Out[2]= {{ - 8, 12, 0},{14, - 7, 20}}
A+B//1MatrixForm
Mn hnh xut hin:

A-B//MatrixForm
Mn hnh xut hin:
198

6A//MatnxForm

Php nhn c thc hin bng mi thao tc nh i vi php cng

nhng phi thay du cng ( "+") bi du chm (".").

199

3. I S MATN(K) CC MA TRN VUNG CP N

Ta k hiu tp hp cc ma trn vung cp n vi cc thnh phn thuc
trng K bi Matn(K). Theo mnh 2.4, Matn(K) l mt K-khng gian
vect. Hn na, trong Matn(K) tch ca hai ma trn bt k lun lun xc
nh; tuy nhin, php nhn khng giao hon. Theo mnh 2, mc 2.5,
php nhn c tnh kt hp v phn phi i vi php cng v c ma trn
n v

Trong v d 6, mc 3.1, chng minh ma trn n v I c tnh cht:

AI = A = IA, vi mi A Matn(K). Nh vy, Matn(K) l mt khng
gian vect ng thi l mt vnh c n v, khng giao hon.
Ngi ta ni, Matn(K) l mt i s trn trng K hay mt K-i s.
V mi ma trn thuc A Matn(K) l mt ma trn vung nn n c
nh thc |A|.
Ta hy xt mi lin h gia nh thc v cc php ton trong
Matn(K). Bn c c th cho nhng v d chng t rng: vi A, B l hai
ma trn vung cp n v s k K, ni chung:
1) |A + B| |A| + |B|.
2) |kA| k |A|.
Tri li, ta li c: |AB| = |A|.|B| vi mi ma trn A,B thuc Matn(K).
3.1. nh thc ca tch hai ma trn
nh l. nh thc ca tch hai ma trn vung bng tch cc nh
thc ca hai ma trn y.
Chng minh.
Gi s:

200

Ta xt nh thc

Trong nh thc D, nh thc con gc trn bn tri l nh thc |A|,

mi nh thc con khc to bi n dng u u bng 0 v c mt ct vi
cc thnh phn u bng 0; tng t, nh thc con gc di bn phi
l nh thc |B|, mi nh thc con khc to bi n dng cui u bng 0.
Theo nh l Laplace, D = (-1)2(1+2+...+n) |A|.|B| = |A|.|B|.
By gi nhn ln lt cc dng th n + 1 vi a11, dng th n + 2 vi
a12,.., dng th n + j vi a1j,... dng th 2n vi a1n, ri cng vo dng
u. Khi dng u ca D bin thnh
0, 0,..., 0, c11, c12,.., c1n.
Tng qut, nhn dng th n +1 vi a1i,.., dng th n + i vi aij,...,
dng th 2n vi ain ri cng vo dng th i th dng th i trong D bin
thnh
0, 0,..., 0, ci1, ci2,.., cin.
Theo tnh cht ca nh thc, nhng php bin i trn khng thay
i nh thc D.
Do vy:
201

By gi trong n dng u ca nh thc ny c lm gc trn bn

phi, cc nh thc con khc u bng 0. Theo nh l Laplace,

Gi s trong hai K-khng gian vect n chiu V v W c nh hai c

s. Nu A l ma trn ca ng cu f. V W, B l ma trn ca f1 th theo
mnh 1 mc 2.5, AB l ma trn ca ff-1 = 1w, BA l ma trn ca f-1f :
1v. V ma trn ca IV v ma trn ca 1w u l ma trn n v I nn AB =
I = BA. Ngi ta gi A v B l hai ma trn nghch o ca nhau.
3.2. Ma trn nghch o
nh ngha. Ma trn A Matn(K) c gi l kh nghch nu tn ti
mt ma trn B Matn(K) sao cho
AB = I = BA.
B c gi l ma trn nghch o ca A, k hiu B = A-1.
V d 1. Hin nhin I l ma trn kh nghch v I.I = I. Nh vy I l ma
trn nghch o ca chnh n.
2

c ma trn nghch
V d 2. Trong Mat2(R) ma trn A =

5
3
. Tht vy, ta c:

o A-1 =

202

C nhng cu hi t ra l: C phi mi ma trn trong Matn(K) u

c nghch o khng? Nu c th tm ma trn nghch o nh th no?
nh l sau s tr li nhng cu hi ny.
nh l. Ma trn vung A c ma trn nghch o khi v ch khi |A| =
0.
Chng minh.
Gi s ma trn A c nghch o l A 1. Khi theo nh l 3.1,

Gi s li b 0 v

t bjk =

A kj
trong Akj l l phn b i s ca thnh phn akj ca
A

ma trn A (xem nh ngha 4.1, Ch. I). Xt ma trn vung B - (bjk), hay

Khi AB c thnh phn

203

Nhng theo nh l v h qu, mc 4.2, Ch.I,

Ma trn m nh thc ca n khc 0 c gi l ma trn khng suy

bin. Vi khi nim ny c th pht biu nh l trn nh sau:
Mt ma trn l kh nghch khi v ch khi n khng suy bin.
3.3. Tm ma trn nghch o
1) Tm ta trn nghch o bng nh thc
Chng minh nh l trn y cho ta cch tm ma trn nghch o ca
mt ma trn c nh thc khc 0.
V d. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn

Gii. Tnh nh thc lai

Tm cc phn b i s
A11 = 11, A12 = - 3, A13 = - 6, A21 = -15, A22 = 5, A23 = 8, A31 = - 3,
A32 = 1, A33 = 2.
204

 Thit lp ma trn nghch o

2) Tm ma trn nghch o bng cc php bin i s cp

Nhc li rng, cc php bin i sau y trn mt ma trn l nhng
php bin i s cp:
1) i ch hai dng (hai ct) cho nhau;
2) Nhn mi thnh phn trong mt dng (ct) vi cng mt s khc
0;
3) Nhn mi thnh phn trong mt dng (ct) vi cng mt s ri
cng vo thnh phn cng ct (dng) trong mt dng (ct) khc. Bn c
c th t kim tra rng vi ma trn A:
Php bin i 1) chnh l nhn ma trn

vo bn tri (phi) ca A.
Php bin i 2) chnh l nhn ma trn

205

vo bn tri (phi) ca A.
Php bin i 3) chnh l nhn ma trn

vo bn tri (phi) ca A.
Hn na d thy rng cc ma trn P, Q, R, S u khng suy bin. Do
ta c nh l sau:
nh l. Nu thc hin nhng php bin i s cp nh nhau trn ma
trn khng suy din A v ma trn n v I m A bin thnh I th I bin
thnh A-1.
206

Chng minh. Nh nhn xt trn khi thc hin nhng php bin i
s cp trn cc dng ca ma trn A thc cht l nhn vo bn tri A mt
s hu hn nhng ma trn dng P, Q, R. Gi B l tch ca nhng ma trn
nhn vo bn tri A nh th c 1, ta c BA = I. Suy ra:
B = A-1
Theo gi thit, ta cng ng thi nhn B vo bn tri ca I v c:
BI = B =A-1.
V d. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn

Gii. Ta vit hai ma trn A v I lin nhau. Mi khi thc hin mt

php bin i s cp no trn A th cng thc hin php bin i y trn
I.

Nhn dng th nht vi -3 ri cng vo dng th ba:

Nhn dng th hai vi

1
:
2

Nhn dng th hai vi - 3 ri cng vo dng th nht v nhn dng

th hai vi 8 ri cng vo dng th ba:
207

Nhn dng th ba vi ba vi

3
ri cng vo dng th nht, nhn dng th
2

1
ri cng vo dng th hai:
2

Ta thy li kt qu tm c v d trong mc 4.3.

3) Tm ma trn nghch o bng my tnh b ti v my tnh in
t
a) Dng my tnh CASIO-fx-570MS.
(Ch p dng c i vi ma trn cp 2 v cp 3)
V d. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn

Gii. To ma trn A nh thng l:

Tm ma trn nghch o
208

Mn hnh xut hin thnh phn ba ca ma trn nghch o. Nhy con

tr sang phi mi ln ta c mt thnh phn tip theo: b12, b13, b21,
b22,... Kt qu:

b) Dng my tnh in t (theo chng trnh "MATHEMATICA

4.0").
V d. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn

Gii. To ma trn
B = {{3,1,0,7},{6,-2,2,1},{5,1,7,0},{-4,3,8,-5}}
Mn hnh xut hin:
Out[1] = {{3,1,0,7},{6, - 2,2,1},{5,1,7,0},{- 4,3,8, - 5}}
Tm ma trn nghch o:
Inverse[B]//MatrixForm
Mn hnh xut hin:

209

 l ma trn nghch o B-1.

3.4. Mt vi ng dng u tin ca ma trn nghch o
1) Tm ma trn chuyn.
V ma trn chuyn t c s () sang c s () v ma trn chuyn t
c s () sang c s () l hai ma trn ca hai nh x ngc nhau nn
nu T l ma trn chuyn t c s (E) sang c s () th ma trn chuyn t
c s () sang c s () l T-1.
V d. Tm ma trn chuyn t c s () gm cc vect 1 = (1, 1, 0),
3
2 = (0, 1, 1), 3= (1, 0, 1) sang c s chnh tc ca khng gian R .
Gii. D dng tm c ma trn chuyn t c s chnh tc () sang c
s () l:

Tm ma trn nghch o ca T ta c ma trn chuyn t c s ()

sang c s chnh tc l:

2) Gii h Cramer
V d 4, mc 2.5, cho cch vit h phng trnh di dng ma
trn
AX = b
trong A l ma trn ca h phng trnh, X l ma trn ct cc n, b l
ma trn ct cc hng t t do.
T suy ra:

X = A-1b.

ng dng ny ch mang tnh l thuyt: n chng minh rng h

Cramer c nghim duy nht. Trong thc hnh, n khng em li li ch
210

g hn cch gii bng nh thc.

u mc ny ta thy nu mt ng cu f xc nh bi ma trn A
th A kh nghch. By gi ta chng minh y mt c trng ca ng
cu bi ma trn.
3.5. Ma trn ca mt ng cu
Mnh . Mt nh x tuyn tnh l mt ng cu khi v ch khi ma
trn ca n khng suy bin.
Chng minh. Gi s f. V W l mt nh x tuyn tnh. C nh hai
c s trong V v W. Gi A l ma trn ca f. Ta c dy cc tng ng
sau y:
f l ng cu tn ti f-1 = W V vi ma trn B sao cho f -1f = 1v,
ff -1 = 1v vi ma trn B sao cho BA= I = AB A kh nghch |A| 0
A khng suy bin.

211

4. S THAY I CA MA TRN CA MT NH X TUYN

TNH KHI THAY I C S - MA TRN NG DNG
4.1. S thay i ca ma trn ca mt nh x tuyn tnh khi thay
i c s
Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f: V W ph thuc vo hai c s ca
V v W Chng hn, v d 1, mc 1.1 cho thy ma trn ca ng cu 1v =
V V i vi c s () l ma trn n v I. Gi s S = (sij) l ma trn
chuyn t c s () sang c s (). Khi ta c:

iu ny chng t ma trn chuyn t c s () sang c s () l ma

trn ca ng cu ng nht 1v i vi hai c s () v (). Nh vy, ma
trn ca 1v thay i khi i c s.
Vy tng qut, khi i c s th ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh thay
i nh th no?
nh l. A v B l hai ma trn ca cng mt nh x tuyn tnh khi v
ch khi tn ti hai ma trn khng suy bin S v T sao cho
B = T-1AS.
Chng minh. Gi s A l ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f: V
W i vi hai c s () v () tng ng trong V v W, B l ma trn ca
f i vi hai c s () v (). Gi S l ma trn chuyn t c s () sang
c s (), T l ma trn chuyn t c s () v (). Nh trn ni, S l
ma trn ca ng cu ng nht 1v i vi hai c s () v (). Tng
t, T l ma trn ca ng cu ng nht 1w i vi hai c s () v ().
Hin nhin
1w.f = f = f.1v.
Theo mnh 3.2, TB l ma trn ca 1w.f cn AS l ma trn ca f.1 v
i vi hai c s () v (). Nh vy:
212

TB = AS.
V cc ma trn chuyn kh nghch nn t suy ra:
B =T-1AS.
Gi s B T-1AS, A l ma trn ca f i vi hai c s () v ()
S v T l nhng ma trn khng suy bin. Coi S v l ma trn chuyn t
c s () sang c s () no , cn T l ma trn chuyn t c s ()
sang c s () no . Khi T-1 l ma trn chuyn t c s () sang
c s (). Theo nhn xt trc nh l, S v T-1 ln lt l ma trn ca
cc nh x tuyn tnh 1v v 1w. Theo mnh 1, mc 2.5, B l ma trn
ca 1w.f.1v

Nhng 1w.f.1v = f nn B cng l ma trn ca f.

Ni ring, khi V = W v () = (), () = () th S = T v B = T-1AT.
4.2. Ma trn ng dng
nh ngha. Hai ma trn A v B c gi l ng dng nu c mt
ma trn T sao cho B = T-1AT. K hiu A ~ B.
Theo nh ngha ny, mun tm mt ma trn ng dng vi mt ma
trn A ch cn ly mt ma trn T khng suy bin ri ly ma trn tch T
IAT.
H qu. Hai ma trn ng dng khi v ch khi chng l hai ma trn
ca cng mt t ng cu.
V d. Cho

l ma trn ca t ng cu f. V V i vi c s { 1, 2} ca V.
Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s gm cc vect:

Gii. Ma trn chuyn t c s () sang c s () l

213

nh ngha 4.2 cho ta thy mt iu l th v mi lin quan gia hai

ma trn ca cng mt t ng cu i vi hai c s khc nhau. By gi
ta mun tin xa hn na: i vi mt t ng cu f: V V ta mun tm
mt c s () = { 1, 2,..., n} ca khng gian V sao cho ma trn ca n
c dng "p nht", l ma trn A = (aij) c dng

Ta gi l ma trn cho.
Khi f( j) = ajj j v ni rng j l mt vect ring ca f, cn li l
gi tr ring ca f ng vi vect j.

214

5. VECT RING-GI TR RING

5.1. Vect ring- Gi tr ring
nh ngha 1. Gi s V l mt khng gian vect, f: V V l mt t
ng cu. Vect 0 ca V c gi l mt vect ring ca f nu tn
ti mt s K sao cho
f( ) = k .
S k c gi l gi tr ring ca f ng vi vect ring .
Nu A l ma trn ca t ng cu f th gi tr ring ca f cng c
gi l gi tr ring ca ma trn A.
V d 1. Cho php bin i tuyn tnh f: R2 R2 c ma trn i vi
c s chnh tc () l

f c hai gi tr ring l k1 = 1, k2 = - 2, = (4, - 1) l vect ring ng

vi k1, = (1, -1) l vect ring ng vi k2. Tht vy, v f( 1) = 2 1 2, f( 2) = 4 1 - 3 2, = 4 1 - 2 nn

C nhng t ng cu m mi vect khc 0 u l vect ring.

V d 2. Gi s f: V V l mt t ng cu ca R-khng gian vect
V, xc nh bi f( ) = 3 , vi mi V. D kim tra rng f l mt t
ng cu ca khng gian vect V. R rng mi vect khc 0 ca V u
l vect ring ng vi gi tr ring k = 3.
215

Li c nhng t ng cu khng c vect ring no.

V d 3. T ng cu f: R2 R2 xc nh bi f(a1, a2) = (- a2, a1)
khng c vect ring no. Tht vy, nu = ( a1, a2) l vect ring ng
vi gi tr ring k th k(a1, a2) = f(a1, a2) = (- a2, a1) hay (ka1, ka2) = (- a2,
a1). Suy ra:

V 0 nn, chng hn, a1 0. T cc ng thc trn suy ra a1 = k a1, ko theo k2 = - 1. l iu v l.

2

Theo nh ngha ca vect ring ta thy rng ng vi mt gi tr

ring c v s vect ring. Chng hn, nu l mt vect ring ng vi
gi tr ring k ca t ng cu f: V V th mi vect ca khng gian
con U sinh bi cng l vect ring ng vi gi tr ring k; hn na
f(U) U. Tht vy, vi mi r U ta c:
f(r ) = rf( ) = r(k ) = k(r ) U.
Ngi ta ni U l mt khng gian con bt bin ca V i vi f. Tng
qut ta c nh ngha sau.
nh ngha 2. Gi s f: V V l mt t ng cu ca khng gian
vect V. Khng gian con W ca V c gi l mt khng gian con bt
bin i vi f nu vi mi W ta u c f( ) W.
By gi ta xt tp hp cc vect ring ng vi mt gi tr ring.
Mnh . Gi s V l mt khng gian vect, tp hp gm vect 0 v
cc vect ring ng vi gi tr ring k ca t ng cu f: V V l mt
khng gian con bt bin ca V v c gi l khng gian ring ng vi
gi tr ring k.
Chng minh. Gi W l tp hp gm vect 0 v cc vect ring ng
vi gi tr ring k ca f. R rng W v 0 W. Gi s , W v
r, s K. V f l nh x tuyn tnh nn:

iu chng t r + s 1 mt vect ring ng vi k. Do r +

216

s W. Vy W l mt khng gian con ca V. Hn na W bt bin i

vi fv nu W th f( ) = k( ) W.
Cc vect ring ng vi cc gi tr ring phn bit ca mt t ng
cu lin quan vi nhau nh th no?
nh l. Nu 1, 2,..., p l nhng vect ring tng ng vi cc
gi tr ring i mt phn bit k1, k2,..., kp ca t ng cu f th chng
lp thnh mt h vect c lp tuyn tnh.
Chng minh. Ta chng minh bng quy np theo p.
Khi p = 1, mnh ng v 1 0 .
Gi s p > 1 v mnh ng vi p 1. Ta phi chng minh rng
nu c ng thc
r 1 + r2 2 +... + rp-1 p-1 + rp p = 0 (1)
th bt buc r1 = r2 =...= rp-1 = rp= 0.
V i l nhng vect ring ng vi gi tr ring ki nn tc ng f vo
hai v ca ng thc (1) ta c:

By gi nhn hai v ca (1) vi p ri tr vo (2) ta c:

Theo gi thit quy np, h vect { 1, 2,,..., p-1} c lp tuyn tnh.

Do :
r1(k1 kp) = r2(k2 kp) =... = rp-1(kp-1 kp) = 0.
V cc ki i mt khc nhau nn r1 = r2 =... = ra = 0.
0.

Thay cc gi tr ny vo (1) ta li c rp p = 0 . Nhng p 0 nn rp =

Vy h vect { 1, 2,,..., p} c lp tuyn tnh.
5.2. Da thc c trng - Cch tm vect ring

tm vect ring ta ch cn tm ta ca chng i vi c s

cho.
217

Gi s ma trn ca t ng cu f. V V i vi c s () l

c ta l (x1, x2,.., xn) l mt vect ring ng vi gi tr ring k khi

v ch khi f( ) = k . Nhng khi ta ca f( ) l (kx1, kx2,..., kxn).

Theo v d 4, mc 2.5,

C th hn l:

hay

Ni tm li l mt vect ring ng vi gi tr ring k khi v ch khi

ta (x1, x2,..., xn). Ca n l nghim ca h phng trnh (**).
V vect ring khc 0 nn h phng trnh ny c nghim khng tm
thng. Do nh thc

iu ny chng t mt t ng cu m ma trn ca n l A =
218

(aij)(m,n), c vect ring khi v ch khi phng trnh (***) i vi n k c

nghim.
nh thc D chnh l nh thc ca ma trn A - kI, trong I l ma
trn n v. nh thc ny vit c di dng mt a thc bc n ca k:
|A kI| = D = (-1)nkn +... + |A|.
Ch rng nu A v B l hai ma trn ca cng mt t ng cu th
c mt ma trn khng suy bin T sao cho B = T-1AT. Do :

Nh vy, i vi mt t ng cu, a thc ni trn khng ph thuc

vo c s ca khng gian vect.
nh ngha. Gi s A l ma trn ca t ng cu f. Ma trn A - kI
c gi l ma trn c trng, cn a thc
|A kI| = (-1)nkn+... + |A|
c gi l a thc c trng ca t ng cu f.
T nhng iu ni trn suy ra cch tm vect ring nh sau.
Cch tm vect ring.
1) Tm nghim ca a thc c trng (tc l nghim ca phng
trnh (***)). l cc gi tr ring,
2) Thay mi gi tr ring tm c vo v tr ca k trong h (**) ri
gii h ny. Mi nghim ring ca h l ta ca mt vect ring ng
vi gi tr ring y. Khng gian nghim ca h (**) xc nh khng gian
ring ng vi gi tr ring va chn.
V d 1. Cho php bin i tuyn tnh f: R3 R3 c ma trn i vi
c s chnh tc l

Tm cc gi tr ring ca f v ng vi mi gi tr ring tm mt vect

219

ring. Tm cc khng gian bt bin tng ng ca f.

Gii. Gii phng trnh

ta c: k1 = - 3, k2 = 1, k3 = 3.
Vi k1 = 3, h phng trnh (**) l h:

6
5

Gii h ny c nghim tng qut l ( c, -

7
c, c).
5

Cho c3 = 5 ta c mt nghim ring 1 = (6, - 7, 5).

6
5

Khng gian bt bin gm tt cc cc vect c dng ( c, -

7
c, c) hay
5

c
(6, - 7, 5). l khng gian sinh bi 1.
5

Vi k2 = 1, gii h

ta c nghim tng qut (- 2c3, c3, c3).

Cho c3 = 1, c mt nghim ring 2 = (- 2, 1, 1).
Khng gian bt bin tng ng gm cc vect c dng c3(- 2, 1, 1) =
c3 2. Vy khng gian bt bin ny sinh bi 2.
Vi kt = 3, gii h

220

ta c nghim tng qut: (0, c, c).

Cho c = 1 ta c mt vect ring ng vi k3 = 3 l 3 = (0, 1, 1).
Khng gian bt bin tng ng gm cc vect c dng: (0, c, c) =
c(0, 1, 1) = c 3. Vy khng gian bt bin ny sinh bi 3.
V ba vect ring 1, 2, 2 tng ng vi ba gi tr ring phn bit
nn theo nh l mc 5.1, chng c lp tuyn tnh. V dimR3 = 3 nn
chng to thnh mt c s ca R3.
V d 2. Cho t ng cu f: R3 R3 c ma trn i vi c s chnh

Tm cc gi tr ring v vi mt khng gian ring tm mt c s.

Gii. Gii phng trnh

ta c: k1 = - 9, k2 = k3 = 9.
Vi k1 = - 9, gii h

ta c nghim tng qut: (2c, c, 2c). V hng ca ma trn ca h

phng trnh ny bng 2 nn theo nh l 3.2, Ch.IV, khng gian ring
W1 tng ng (tc l khng gian nghim) c dimW1 = dimR3 - 2 = 1. Do
mt vect ring bt k l mt c s, chng hn, vi c = 1, = (2, 1, 2)
l mt c s.
Vi k2 = 9, gii h

221

ta c nghim tng qut: (c1, - 2c1-2c3, c3). Hng ca ma trn ca h

phng trnh ny bng 1 nn khng gian ring tng ng W2 (khng
gian nghim) c
dimW2 = dimR3 - 1 = 2.
Mt c s ca n l mt h nghim c bn ca h phng trnh.
Vi c1 = 1, c3 = 0 ta c nghim ring 1= (1, - 2, 0), vi c1 = 0, c3 = 1
ta c nghim ring 2 = (0, - 2, 1). H vect { 1, 2} l mt c s ca
W2 .
5.3. Tm gi tr ring v vect ring bng my tnh in t
Ta ly li hai v d trong mc 5.2.
V d. Cho mt t ng cu c ma trn

a) Tm gi tr ring.
b) Tm vect ring.
Gii. a) Tm gi tr ring
B={{1,- 4,- 8},{- 4,7,- 4},{- 8, - 4, 1}}
Mn hnh xut hin ma trn:
Out[1]={{1, - 4, - 8}, {- 4, 7, - 4},{- 8, - 4, 1}}
Eigenvalues[B]
Mn hnh xut hin:
Out[2]={-9,9,9}.
b) Tm vect ring:
To cc ma trn nh trn. Nu c ma trn trn mn hnh th khng
cn to na.
tm vect ring nh lnh:
Eigenvectors [B]
222

Mn hnh xut hin:

Out[]={{2,1,2},{-1,0,1},{-1,2,0}}.
c) Tm ng thi c gi tr ring v vect ring
{vals, vecs}=Eigensystem[B]
Mn hnh xut hin:
Out[]={{-9,9,9},{{2,1,2},{-1,0,1},{-1,2,0}}}

223

6. CHO HO MA TRN
Nh ni trc 5, khi cho ma trn ca mt t ng cu i vi
mt c s no , ta mun tm nhng c s m i vi chng ma trn
ca t ng cu cho c dng p nht- dng cho. Khi ta ni
rng ma trn cho cho ho c.
6.1. nh ngha
Mt ma trn vung c gi l cho ho c nu n ng dng vi
mt ma trn cho.
V d Ma trn

1 1
v B =
2 1

cho ho c. Tht vy, vi T =

2 0

ta c: T-1 =
0
3

1 1

v bn c c th kim tra rng A = T-1BT, ngha l A ~ B.

Phi chng mi ma trn u cho ho c?

Trc ht ta thy: nu t ng cu c ma trn cho i vi mt c s
no th mi vect ca c s y l mt vect ring. Ta s thy iu
ngc li cng ng.
6.2. iu kin mt ma trn cho ho c
nh l. Mt ma trn vung cho ho c khi v ch khi n l ma
trn ca mt t ng cu c mt h vect ring l c s ca khng gian.
Chng minh. Coi A nh ma trn ca mt t ng cu f. V V i
vi c s ().
A l ma trn vung cho ho c khi v ch khi c mt ma trn T
sao cho:

224

Theo nh l 5.1, iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi B l ma trn ca f i

vi mt c s () m f( j) = kj j, vi mi i {1, 2,..., n}; ngha l () l
mt c s gm nhng vect ring.
H qu. Nu A l ma trn vung cp n m a thc c trng |A kI|
c n nghim phn bit th A cho ho c.
V d 1. Cho ma trn

a) Cho ho ma trn.
b) Gi s ma trn cho va tm c l B. Hy tm ma trn T B =
T AT.
-1

Gii. a) v d 1 mc 5.2, ta thy, nu coi A nh ma trn ca t

ng cu f ca R3 i vi c s chnh tc th f c ba gi tr ring phn
bit l : k - - 3, k2 = 1, k3 = 3. Cc vect ring tng ng: 1 = (6, - 7,
5), 2 = (- 2, 1, 1), 3 = (0, 1, 1) lp thnh mt c s ca R3. Theo chng
minh ca nh l 6.2.

b) Gi T l ma trn chuyn t c s chnh tc ca R3 sang c s { 1,

2, 3}. V

nn ma trn chuyn t c s chnh tc sang c s { 1, 2, 3} l

225

Theo chng minh nh l 4.1, B = T-1AT.

By gi ta xt trng hp a thc c trng ca ma trn A c nghim
bi. Chng hn,

= k2(k - 4) c nghim n l k 4, nghim kp k2 = k3 = 0.

Vi k1 = 4, khng gian ring W1 tng ng gm cc vect c dng
(3c, 2c, c) hay W1 sinh bi vect (3,2,1). Do dimW1 1.
Vi k2 = k3 = 0, khng gian ring W2 tng ng gm cc vect c
dng (c, 2c, - c) hay c, 2, - 1); tc l W2 sinh bi vect (1, 2, -1) v
dimW2 = 1.
V A ch c hai gi tr ring k = 0 v k = 4 nn nu A cho ho c
th A ng dng vi ma trn c dng

Nu A ng dng vi B th R3 c mt c s { 1, 2, 3} sao cho

f( 1) = 0 = f( 2). Suy ra 1, 2 thuc khng gian ring W2. Nhng hai
vect ny c lp tuyn tnh. Tri vi nhn xt trn rng dimW2 = 1.
Tng t, nu A ng dng vi C. Vy A khng cho ho c.
Tm li, nu s bi ca nghim ring ln hn s chiu ca khng
gian ring tng ng th ma trn khng cho ho c. Khi s bi ca
mi nghim ring u bng s chiu ca khng gian ring tng ng th
sao? Ta c nh l sau.
226

6.3. nh l
Gi sa l mt ma trn vung cp n; k1, k2,..., kp l cc nghim ca
a thc c trng \A kI\, mi l s bi ca nghim ki, vi mi i {1,
2,..., p}, m1 + m2+...+ mp = n, tc l:

v hng(A kiI) = n - mi. Khi A cho ho c.

Chng minh. Gi s A l ma trn ca t ng cu f: Rn Rn i
vi c s chnh tc. Gi Wi l khng gian ring ng vi gi tr ring ki.
V hng(A kiI) = n - mi, nn theo nh l 3.2, Ch. IV,
dimWi = n (n - mi) = mi.
Vi mi i = {1, 2,..., p}, ta chn mt c s { i1, i2,..., im }} ca
Wi. H vect
i

c lp tuyn tnh. Tht vy, gi s

V i Wi nn n l vect ring ng vi gi tr ring ki. Nhng cc

ki l nhng gi tr ring i mt phn bit ca f. Theo nh h mc 5.1,
h vect { 1, 2,,..., p} gc lp tuyn tnh.
T (3) suy ra i = r1i il +...+ rimi imi = 0.
Theo cch chn, h { i1, i2,..., imi} c lp tuyn tnh. Do cc
h s rij = 0, vi mi i {1, 2,..., p} v mi j {1, 2,..., mi}. V dimRn =
n v h (1) gm n vect ring c lp tuyn tnh nn n l mt c s ca
Rn. Theo nh l 7.2, A cho ho c.

227

TM TT
Chng ny nu ln cc quy tc tnh trn tp cc ma trn.
Php cng hai ma trn cng kiu v php nhn mt ma trn vi mt
s c thc hin trn cc thnh phn tng ng. Tp hp cc ma trn
cng kiu l mt K-khng gian vect.
Nhn ma trn A = (aij)(m,n) vi ma trn B = (bjj)(n,p) c ma trn C =
(cik)(m.p)
vi

Php nhn c tnh cht kt hp nhng khng giao hon.

Tp hp cc ma trn vung cp n va l mt K - khng gian vect
va l mt vnh, c gi l mt K - i s.
Trong i s Matn(K) c nhng ma trn kh nghch. l nhng ma
trn c nh thc khc 0, gi l nhng ma trn khng suy bin. Ma trn
nghch o ca ma trn A l ma trn

trong Aij l phn b i s ca thnh phn aij ca ma trn A.

Hai ma trn vung A v B c gi l ng dng nu c ma trn T
sao cho
B = T-1AT
y ta cng chng minh c nh thc ca tch hai ma trn bng
tch hai nh thc ca hai ma trn y:
|AB| = |A|.|B|
Ma trn c mi lin quan mt thit vi nh x tuyn tnh: i vi hai
c s () v () tng ng ca hai khng gian V v W mt nh x tuyn
tnh f: V W xc nh v c xc nh bi mt ma trn duy nht A =
228

(aij) gi l ma trn ca f i vi hai c s () v (). N tho mn cc

ng thc:

Nu A v B ln lt l hai ma trn ca hai nh x tuyn tnh f v g

th A + B l ma trn ca f + g, ma trn AB l ma trn ca fg (nu cc
php ton c ngha); nu k K th kt l ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh
kf.
Ni ring, i vi cc t ng cu f : V V, ta c khi nim vect
ring v gi tr ring. Vect 0 v f( ) = k vi mt s k no
c gi l mt vect ring ca f, cn k c gi l gi tr ring ng vi
. Nh ma trn A = (aij) ca f v nh thc |A kI| ta tm c cc gi
tr ring ca f, l cc nghim ca phng trnh |A kI| = 0. Ma trn A
- kI c gi l ma trn c trng, |A kI| l a thc c trng ca f (hay
ca ma trn A). Mun tm ta ca vect ring ng vi gi tr ring k,
ta gii h phng trnh

Tp hp W gm 0 v cc vect ring ng vi mt gi tr ring l

mt khng gian con bt bin i vi f, tc l f(W) W.
p vect ring ng vi p gi tr ring i mt phn bit th c lp
tuyn tnh. Do nu dimV = n v a thc c trng c n nghim phn
bit th V c mt c s gm cc vect ring.
Ma trn A c gi l cho ho c nu n ng dng vi mt ma
trn cho. Mt ma trn cho ho c khi v ch khi n l ma trn ca
mt t ng cu c mt h vect ring l c s ca khng gian V.

229

BI TP
Trc ht nhc li rng c s chnh tc ca khng gian vect Ra l c
s gm cc vect:

1. MA TRN CA NH X TUYN TNH

1. Cho hai khng gian vect V v W c c s ln rt l ( 1, 2,
3}, ( 1, 2, 1, 2,} v nh x tuyn tnh f: v W xc nh bi:

a) Tm ma trn ca f i vi hai c s cho.

b) Cho = 3 2 + 3. Tm nh f( ).
2. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: R3 R2 xc nh bi:
f( 1) = (-2, 3), f( 2) = (0, 5), f( 3) = (7, - 1), trong { 1, 2, 3} l
c s chnh tc ca R3.
a) Tm ma trn ca f i vi cc c s chnh tc ca hai khng gian.
b) Tm vect f( ), vi = (5, -1, 1).
3. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f: R3 R2 xc nh bi

a) Tm ma trn ca f i vi hai c s chnh tc () v () ca hai

230

khng gian.
b) Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s () gm cc vect
3
1 = (1, 1, 0), 2 = (0, 1, 1), 3 = (1, 0, 1) ca R v c s chnh

tc () ca R2.

4. Xc nh nh x tuyn tnh f : R3 R3, bit rng ma trn ca n

i vi c s chnh tc ca R3 l

Cho = (3, - 2, 0). Tm f( ) i vi c s chnh tc.

5. Cho

l ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f: V W i vi c s { 1, 2, 3}

ca v v c s { 1, 2} ca W, V c ta l (-1, 2, 3). Tm ta
ca f( ) i vi c s { 1, 2}.
6. Cho P2, P3 ln lt l nhng khng gian con gm 0 v cc a thc
bc khng vt qu 2, qu 3, : P2 P3 l nh x tuyn tnh xc nh
bi:
(a + bx + cx2) = a + (a + b)x + (b + c)x2+ cx3.
a) Tm ma trn ca i vi c s {1, x, x2} ca P2 v c s {1, x,
x2, x3} ca P3.
b) Cho = 2 - 5x + x2. Tm ta ca ( ) i vi c s cho
cu a).
7. Cho php bin i tuyn tnh f: R4 R4 c ma trn i vi c s
chnh tc l:

231

a) Tm ta ca f( ), trong = (2, 5, 1, - 2).

b) Tm Kerf.
2. CC PHP TON TRN TP CC MA TRN
8. Cho cc ma trn

Tnh :
a) A + B - C;
b) 2A - 7B;
c) 3A + 5B - 2C.
9. Cho hai ma trn:

Tm ma trn X sao cho:

a) A - X = B;
b) 3B + 2X = A;
C) 5X - 2A = 4B.
10. Cho hai ma trn:

Tm ma trn X trong mi trng hp sau:

a) X = A + t B;
b) 3 t B - 2X = 2A;
c) 3X + t A - 2B = 0, (0 y l ma trn 0).
11. Vi iu kin no ca hai ma trn A v B th A + t B xc nh? tA
232

- B xc nh?
12. Cho:

ln lt l ma trn ca hai nh x tuyn tnh f v g (i vi cng nhng

c s). Tm ma trn ca nh x f- 2g.
13. Nhn cc ma trn:

14. Cho hai ma trn:

Tnh AB v BA. C kt lun g v tnh giao hon ca php nhn ma

trn?
15. Cho cc ma trn:

a) Tnh AB, BC.

b) Tnh (AB)C v A(BC). So snh hai kt qu.
16. Cho ma trn

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Tm tt c cc ma trn X sao cho AX = I, (I l ma trn n v).

17. Gi s A l mt ma trn vung, f(x) = a0 + a1x +...+ anxn, ta k
hiu
f(A) = a0I + a1A +...+ anAn.
Cho ma trn
1 2
v a thc f(x) = x2 2x + 3.
3 0

A =

Tnh f(A).
18. Cho AB l tch ca hai ma trn A v B. Chng minh rng: t(AB)
= tB.tA.
19. Gi () v () ln lt l c s chnh tc ca hai khng gian R4 v
R3. Cc nh x tuyn tnh f: R4 R3, g: R3 R3 xc nh bi:

Tm ma trn ca nh x gf i vi cc c s chnh tc cho.

4. I S CC MA TRN VUNG CP N
20. Chng minh rng vi A v B l hai ma trn vung cp n kh
nghch ta c:

21. Cho cc ma trn

Tnh nh thc ca AB.

22. Tm ma trn nghch o ca cc ma trn sau:

234

23. Cho cc ma trn

Tm ma trn X tho mn ng thc AX + B - C.

24. a) Tm mt ma trn vung A khc ma trn 0, cp ln hn 1, m A
= 0.
b) Chng minh rng nu ma trn vung A tho mn iu kin A2 = 0
th I + A v I - A l hai ma trn nghch o ca nhau, ( y I l ma trn
n v).
25. Chng minh rng nu mt trong hai ma trn A v B khng suy
bin th hai ma trn AB v BA ng dng.
26. Cho f: V V l mt t ng cu c ma trn i vi c s

235

Hy tm ma trn ca f i vi c s () gm cc vect:

27. Trong khng gian vect V cho c s () = { 1, 2, 3} v c s ()

gm cc vect:

Ma trn ca t ng cu y: V V c ma trn i vi c s () l

Tm ma trn ca f i vi c s ().
28. f v g l hai t ng cu ca khng gian vect R2. Ma trn ca f
3 5

. Ma
i vi c s gm hai vect 1 = (1, 2), 2 = (2, 3) l A =
4
3

trn ca g i vi c s gm hai vect 1 = (3, 1), 2 = (4, 2) l B =

4 6

. Tm ma trn ca t ng cu f + g i vi c s { 1, 2}.
6 9

5. VECT RING - GI TR RING

29. Gi s A l ma trn ca t ng cu f ca khng gian vect V i
vi mt c s chn. Hy xt xem trong mi trng hp sau vect no
l vect ring:

236

30. Gi s l vect ring ca hai t ng cu f v g ng vi hai gi

tr ring tng ng l k, k2' chng minh rng a cng l vect ring ca
cc t ng cu fg v f + g. Tm cc gi tr ring ng vi a ca tng t
ng cu y.
31. Tm vect ring ca cc t ng cu c ma trn di y:

32. Tm vect ring v khng gian ring tng ng vi mi gi tr

ring ca cc t ng cu c ma trn di y:

33. Hai ma trn sau c ng dng khng:

6. CHO HO MA TRN
34. Trong cc ma trn sau ma trn no cho ho c? Nu c hy
a n v dng cho.
237

35. Vi mi ma trn A sau y hy tm mt ma trn T t|A| l mt

ma trn cho:

36. Gi s A l ma trn ca t ng cu f trong khng gian R3 i

vi c s chnh tc. Hy tm mt c s ca R3 ma trn ca f l ma trn
cho:

37. Bi tp t kim tra

Cho f. R3 R4 v g: R4 R3 xc nh ln lt bi
f(a1, a2, a3) = (a1, a2, a1 - a2, a3), g(a1, a2, a3, a4) = (a1 + a2, a3, a4).
a) Tm ma trn ca f v ma trn ca g i vi cc c s chnh tc
trong R3 v R4.
b) Tm ma trn ca gf v fg i vi cc c s chnh tc.
c) Trong hai ng cu gf v fg, nh x no l ng cu? Tm ma trn
ca nh x ngc ca ng cu.
d) Tm mt c s ca Ker(fg), mt c s ca Im(fg).
e) Tm cc gi tr ring v cc khng gian con bt bin tng ng ca
gf v ca fg.
238

f) Trong hai ma trn ca gf v fg, ma trn no cho ho c? Hy

cho ho trong trng hp c th.

239