CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Abedellah and Levine (1979) stated that interpretation of tabulated data bring
to light the real meaning of the findings of study. This chapter deals with the analysis
and interpretation of the data collected from the selected students of government high
school Gajularamaram, jeedimmetal, hyderbad.
The major findings of the study were organized with appropriate statistical
tool and are represented under the following objectives:
Objectives of study:
To assess the knowledge of school children regarding importance of vitamin-A
by pretest.
To asses effectiveness of structured teaching programme among children
regarding importance of vitamin-A by post test.
To compare pretest and posttest knowledge regarding importance of vitamin-A
among school children.
To find out association between the levels of knowledge among the school
children with their selected demographic variables
Data was collected from 60 students who have study in
Gajularamaram government high school and the data was entered in
master sheet according to section wise for the analysis and
interpretation. Descriptive and inferential statistical procedures such

50

as frequencies, percentage ,mean, standard deviation, standard error,

t test and chi-square tests were used and the results were
presented in tables and figures.
The data is presented under the following headings:
Part-I: Deal with frequency percentage distribution of demographic
characteristics of students of age 12-15 years.
Part-II: Deals with analysis of knowledge scores obtained by the
mothers before and after structured teaching programme

on

importance of vitamin-A by percentage mean, standard deviation,

standard error , paired t test and chi-square test.
Part-III: Deals with the Association between knowledge of
students regarding importance of vitamin-A with selected variables
by using chi-square test and interpreting the results.
Part-Vl: Deal with the Association between knowledge of students
and their selected demographic variables.

51

PART-I
SECTION-I: FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
This Section presents the statistical analysis of the collected data with the help
of frequency and percentage distribution along with the charts.
Table 1. Age of the students
s.no
1
2
3
4

Age
12 years
13 years
14 years
15 years
Total

Percent
25.0
26.7
26.7
21.7
100.0

Frequency
15
16
16
13
60

From the table 1 and figure 1, it is clear that there are more number (25%) of
students having age 12 years, 27% of students are having more than 13 years
of age, 27% of the students are having the age 14 years and 21% of the
students have age in between 15 years.

52

Figure 1. Age of the students

Table 2. Gender

of the students
s.no
Gender Frequency Percent
1
Male
36
60.0
2
Female
24
40.0
Distribution
of
3
Total
60
100.0
students of government high school age 12-15 years according to t gender

From the above figure-2, it is observed that more number (60%) of are
students male and remaining 40% of the students are females.

53

Figure 2.Gender of the respondents

Table 3.
the students

s.no
1
2
3

Religion
Hindu
Muslim
Christian
Total

Frequency Percent
25
41.7
8
13.3
27
45.0
60
100.0

Religion of

Distribution of

students of government high school age 12-15 years according to religion

From the above table-3 and figure-3, it is observed that 42% of the students
are Hindus, 45% of the students are Christians, 13% of the students are Muslims.

54

Religion of the students

Table 4. Type of family of the students

Distribution of students of government high school age 12-15 years according
to type of family

s.n
o

Frequency

Percent

16
40
4
60

26.7
66.7
6.7
100.0

Type of family
1
2
3

Joint family
Nuclear family
Other
Total

55

From the figure-4, more number (67%) of the students are from nuclear
family, 26% of the students are from joint family and 7% of the students are from
other families.

Figure 3. Type of family of the students

Table 5. Diet
Distribution of students of government high school age 12-15 years according
to dietary

s.n
Diet

Frequency

Percent

Vegetarian
Mixed
Total

11
49
60

18.3
81.7
100.0

o
1
2

56

From the above table and figure-5, it is observed that 82% of the students are eating
both vegetarian and non-vegetarian and remaining 11% of the students are eating only
vegetarian

Figure 4. dietary of students

Table 6 . Educational status

Distribution of students of government high school age 12-15 years according
to educational status

57

s.n
Education

Frequency Percent

o
1

7th class

15

25.0

8th class

16

26.7

9th class

16

26.7

10th class

13

21.7

Total

60

100.0

From the above figure-6, (25%) of the students are in 7th class, 27% of
thestudents are in 8th class, 27% of the students are in 9th class and remaining 21% of

58

the students are in 10th class

Figure 5.Educational status of the students

Table 7. Economic status of family for mount
Distribution of students of government high school age 12-15 years according
to economic status
s.n

Economic
Frequency Percent

o
1
2
3

status
Upto Rs 3000/59
Rs 3001-6000
Rs 6001-9000
Total

16
27
17
60

26.7
45.0
28.3
100.0

From table-7 and figure-7, it is clear that, 30% of the students have monthly
family income below Rs. 3000, more number (49%) of the students are having
income between Rs. 3001-6000 and 21% of the students are having income in
between Rs. 6001-9000 .

Figure 6.Family income (Rs /Month) of the students

Table 8. Distribution of the students according to source of information

Distribution of students of government high school age 12-15 years according
to source of information

S.no
1
2
3

Source of information
Newspaper
60
Text book and tv
Internet & Mass- media
Total

Frequency Percent
16
26.7
41
68.3
3
5.0
60
100.0

From the above table and figure, it is clear that more number (68%) of the
students are getting information text books and tv, 28% of the student are receiving
information from newspaper, 6% of the students are informed by mass media .

Figure 7. Distribution of the respondents as per the source of information

PART 2

61

Deals with analysis of knowledge scores obtained by the students before and
after structured teaching programme on importance of vitamin-A. The table shows
percentage, mean, standard error, paired t test and chi- square test .
Table-9

knowledge level

Chi-Square Tests
Below
equa
Value
avg(<=33.3
Pearson Chi-Square %) 114.000
PRE TEST
TES
T

POST
TEST

Total

Df
Avg(33.3%
-66.6%)
2

Above
Asymp. Sig.Total
(2-sided)
Avg(>66.6
.000
%)

Count

58

60

96.7%

3.3%

0.0%

100.0%

Count

54

60

0.0%

10.0%

90.0%

100.0%

Count

58

54

120

48.3%

6.7%

45.0%

100.0%

From the above table and the figure below clearly indicate that the knowledge of the
student in pre test 96% of below average ,3.3% of average 0% of above average. After
STP the students got 0% 0f below average, 10% 0f average, 90% of above average.
And the value of pearson chi square is 114.00 then df is 2 equals to 5.99 it is no
association .

62

knowledge level
100.0%

96.7%
90.0%

90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
Axis Title

Below avg(<=33.3%)
Avg(33.3%-66.6%)

50.0%

Above Avg(>66.6%)

40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%

10.0%
3.3%
PRE TEST
0.0%

POST TEST
0.0%

Axis Title

PART-3:
63

PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST SCORES

The following table presents the descriptive statistics of the pre-test and post
test scores of the present study.
Table 9. Descriptive statistics for pre-test and post-test scores
Statistics

Pre test

Post test

60

60

Mean

5.98

26.55

Median

28

Mode

28

Std. Deviation

1.73

3.49

Minimum

16

Maximum

11

29

From the above table it is observed that the pre-test scores varied from 3 to
11out of 30 with the mean and standard deviations 5.98 and 1.76 respectively. Posttest scores varied from 16 to 29 out of 30 with the mean standard deviations 26.55 and
3.49 respectively. With respect to their mean scores, it is also observed that the post
test scores are more than the pre-test scores.

64

Samples Statistics
30.000

26.550

25.000
20.000
pre test
Axis Title

15.000
10.000

post test
5.983
3.495
1.732

5.000
0.000

Mean

0.2240.451

Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Axis Title

65

PART -4
Deal with the Association between knowledge of students and their
selected demographic variables.
Table-10 Age and knowledge

TEST

PRE
TEST

Age
in
year
s

12
year
s
13
year
s
14
year
s
15
year
s

Total

POST
TEST

Age
in
year
s

12
year
s
13
year
s
14
year
s
15
year
s

Total

Count

knowledge level
Below
Avg(33.3%Above
avg(<=33.3%)
66.6%)
Avg(>66.6%)
15
0

Total
15

100.0%

0.0%

100.0%

Count

16

16

100.0%

0.0%

100.0%

Count

14

16

87.5%

12.5%

100.0%

Count

13

13

100.0%

0.0%

100.0%

Count
%
Count

58
96.7%

2
3.3%
5

10

60
100.0%
15

33.3%

66.7%

100.0%

Count

16

16

0.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Count

16

16

0.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Count

12

13

7.7%

92.3%

100.0%

Count
%

6
10.0%

54
90.0%

60
100.0%

Chi-Square Tests
TEST
PRE
Pearson ChiTEST
Square
POST Pearson ChiTEST
Square

Value

Df

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

5.690

.128

12.707

.005

From the above table in pre-test x 2 calculated

value 5.69 at 5% level of significance with 3 df ,x2 table
value is 7.33 since the calculated value is less than the table
value ,there is no association between age and knowledge.

66

From the above table in post-test x 2 calculated

value 12.70 at 5% level of significance with 3 df ,x2 table
value is 7.33 since the calculated value is more than the
table value ,there is
association between age and
knowledge.

67

Age in years * knowledge level

100.0%
100.0%100.0% 100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
92.3%
90.0%

87.5%

80.0%
70.0%

66.7%

60.0%

Below avg(<=33.3%)
Avg(33.3%-66.6%)

Axis Title

50.0%
40.0%
30.0%

Above Avg(>66.6%)

68
33.3%

Table-11

PRE TEST

POST TEST

GENDER AND KONWLEDGE

knowledge level
Below Avg(33. Above
TEST
avg(<=
3%Avg(>6
33.3%) 66.6%) 6.6%)
Count
35
1
Male
%
97.2%
2.8%
Gender
Count
23
1
Female
%
95.8%
4.2%
Count
58
2
Total
%
96.7%
3.3%
Count
3
33
Male
%
8.3%
91.7%
Gender
Count
3
21
Female
%
12.5%
87.5%
Count
6
54
Total
%
10.0%
90.0%

TEST
PRE TEST
POST TEST

Pearson Chi-Square
Pearson Chi-Square

From the above table in pre-test x2

Value

Df

.086
.278

1
1

Total
36
100.0%
24
100.0%
60
100.0%
36
100.0%
24
100.0%
60
100.0%

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
.769
.598

calculated value 0.86 at 5% level of

significance with 1 df ,x2 table value is 3.84. since the calculated value is less than
the table value ,there is no association between gender and knowledge.

69

From the above table in post-test x 2 calculated value o.27 at 5% level of

significance with 1 df ,x2 table value is 3.84 since the calculated value is less than
the table value ,there is no association between gender and knowledge.

Gender * knowledge level

100.0%

97.2%

95.8%

91.7%

90.0%

87.5%

80.0%
70.0%
Below avg(<=33.3%)

60.0%
Axis Title

Avg(33.3%-66.6%)

50.0%

Above Avg(>66.6%)

40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%

2.8%

4.2%

8.3%

12.5%

0.0%
0.0%

0.0%0.0%
Axis Title

70

0.0%

Educational status and knowledge

Table-13

TEST
Count
%
Count
8th class
%
Count
9th class
%
Count
10th class
%
Count
%
Count
7th class
%
Count
8th class
%
Count
9th class
%
Count
10th class
%
Count
%
Chi-Square Tests
7th class

Educational status
PRE TEST

Total

Educational status
POST TEST

Total

TEST
PRE TEST

knowledge level
Below Avg(33 Above
avg(<=
.3%Avg(>6
33.3%) 66.6%) 6.6%)
15
0
100.0%
0.0%
16
0
100.0%
0.0%
14
2
87.5%
12.5%
13
0
100.0%
0.0%
58
2
96.7%
3.3%
5
10
33.3% 66.7%
0
16
0.0% 100.0%
0
16
0.0% 100.0%
1
12
7.7%
92.3%
6
54
10.0% 90.0%
Value

Pearson Chi-Square
71

5.690

D
f
3

Total
15
100.0%
16
100.0%
16
100.0%
13
100.0%
60
100.0%
15
100.0%
16
100.0%
16
100.0%
13
100.0%
60
100.0%

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
.128

POST TEST

Pearson Chi-Square

12.707

From the above table in pre-test x2 calculated value 5.69 at 5% level of

significance with 3 df ,x2 table value is 7.33 since the calculated value is less than
the table value ,there is no association between educational status and knowledge.
From the above table in post-test x 2 calculated value 12.70 at 5% level of
significance with 3 df ,x2 table value is 7.33 since the calculated value is more
than the table value ,there is

association between educational status and

knowledge.

72

.005

Educational status * knowledge level

100.0%
100.0%

100.0%
90.0%

100.0%

100.0%
100.0%

92.3%

87.5%

80.0%

66.7%

70.0%

Below avg(<=33.3%)

60.0%
Axis Title

Avg(33.3%-66.6%)

50.0%

Above Avg(>66.6%)
33.3%

40.0%
30.0%
20.0%

12.5%

7.7%

10.0%
0.0%

0.0%0.0%
0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
0.0%
0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
0.0%0.0%
Axis Title

73

TABLE -14
FAMILY TYPE AND KNOWLEDGE
knowledge level
TEST

PRE
TEST

POST
TEST

Count
Joint
family
%
Type
of
Nuclear Count
famil family
%
y
Count
Other
%
Count
Total
%
Count
Joint
family
%
Type
of
Nuclear Count
famil family
%
y
Count
Other
%
Count
Total
%

Below
avg(<=33.3%
)
15
93.8%
40
100.0%
3
75.0%
58
96.7%

Avg(33.3%Above
66.6%)
Avg(>66.6%)
1
6.3%
0
0.0%
1
25.0%
2
3.3%
4
25.0%
2
5.0%
0
0.0%
6
10.0%

12
75.0%
38
95.0%
4
100.0%
54
90.0%

Total
16
100.0%
40
100.0%
4
100.0%
60
100.0%
16
100.0%
40
100.0%
4
100.0%
60
100.0%

Chi-Square Tests
TEST

Value
74

df

Asymp. Sig. (2sided)

PRE TEST
POST TEST

Pearson Chi-Square
Pearson Chi-Square

7.629
5.556

2
2

.022
.062

From the above table in pre-test x 2 calculated value 7.69 at 5% level of

significance with 2 df, x2 table value is 5.99 since the calculated value is more than
the table value, there is association between family and knowledge.
From the above table in post-test x 2 calculated value 5.55 at 5% level of
significance with 2 df, x2 table value is 5.99. Since the calculated value is less than
the table value, there is association between family type and knowledge.

Type of family * knowledge level

100.0%
100.0%93.8%

100.0%
95.0%

90.0%
75.0%

80.0%

75.0%

70.0%

Below avg(<=33.3%)

60.0%
Axis Title

Avg(33.3%-66.6%)

50.0%

Above Avg(>66.6%)

40.0%
25.0% 25.0%

30.0%
20.0%
10.0%

6.3%

5.0%

0.0%
0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0%
Axis Title

75

Table-15
ECONOMIC STATUS AND KNOWLEDGE
knowledge level
Below
avg(<=33.
3%)

TEST

PRE TEST

Economic
status of
family for
mount.

Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count

Upto Rs
3000/Rs 30016000
Rs 60019000

Total
POST TEST

Upto Rs
3000/Economic
status of
family for
mount.

Rs 30016000
Rs 60019000

Total
76

15
93.8%
26
96.3%
17
100.0%
58
96.7%

Avg(3
3.3%66.6%
)
1
6.3%
1
3.7%
0
0.0%
2
3.3%
1

6.3%

Count

7.4%

Count

17.6%

Count

Abov
e
Avg(
>66.6
%)

15
93.8
%
25
92.6
%
14
82.4
%
54

Total

16
100.0%
27
100.0%
17
100.0%
60
100.0%
16
100.0%
27
100.0%
17
100.0%
60

10.0%

90.0
%

100.0%

Chi-Square Tests
TEST
PRE TEST
POST TEST

Pearson Chi-Square
Pearson Chi-Square

Value

df

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

1.020
1.556

2
2

.600
.459

From the above table in pre-test x 2 calculated value 1.02 at 5% level of

significance with 2 df ,x2 table value is 5.99. Since the calculated value is less
than the table value ,there is no association between economic status and
knowledge. From the above table in post-test x 2 calculated value 1.55 at 5% level
of significance with 1 df ,x2 table value is 5.99 .since the calculated value is less
than the table value ,there is on association between economic status and
knowledge.

Economic status of family for mount. * knowledge level

100.0%
96.3%
93.8%
100.0%

93.8% 92.6%

90.0%

82.4%

80.0%
70.0%

Below avg(<=33.3%)

60.0%
Axis Title

Avg(33.3%-66.6%)

50.0%

Above Avg(>66.6%)

40.0%
30.0%

17.6%

20.0%
10.0%

6.3% 3.7%

6.3% 7.4%

0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Axis Title

77

Table-16
knowledge level
Below
avg(<=33.
3%)
11
100.0%
47
95.9%
58
96.7%

TEST

Vegetarian
Dietary
PRE TEST

Mixed
Total
Vegetarian
Dietary

POST TEST

Mixed
Total

Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%

Avg(33.3
%-66.6%)
0
0.0%
2
4.1%
2
3.3%
2
18.2%
4
8.2%
6
10.0%

Above
Avg(>66
.6%)

9
81.8%
45
91.8%
54
90.0%

Total
11
100.0%
49
100.0%
60
100.0%
11
100.0%
49
100.0%
60
100.0%

Dietary and knowledge

Chi-Square Tests
TEST
PRE TEST
POST TEST

Pearson Chi-Square
Pearson Chi-Square

78

Value

df

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

.464
1.002

1
1

.496
.317

From the above table in pre-test x 2 calculated value 0.46 at 5% level of

significance with 1 df ,x2 table value is 3.84. since the calculated value is less than
the table value ,there is no association between diet and knowledge.
From the above table in post-test x 2 calculated value 1.00 at 5% level of
significance with 1 df ,x2 table value is 3.84 since the calculated value is less than
the table value ,there is no association between diet and knowledge.

Dietary * knowledge level

100.0%

100.0%

95.9%

90.0%

91.8%
81.8%

80.0%
70.0%

Below avg(<=33.3%)

60.0%
Axis Title

Avg(33.3%-66.6%)

50.0%

Above Avg(>66.6%)

40.0%
30.0%

18.2%

20.0%

8.2%

4.1%

10.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

0.0% 0.0%
Axis Title

79

0.0%

TABLE-17
Religion and knowledge
knowledge level
TEST

Hindu
Religion

Muslim

PRE TEST
Christian
Total
Hindu
Religion

Muslim

POST TEST
Christian
Total

Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%

Below
avg(<=33.
3%)
25
100.0%
8
100.0%
25
92.6%
58
96.7%

Avg(33.3
%-66.6%)
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
2
7.4%
2
3.3%
2
8.0%
1
12.5%
3
11.1%
6
10.0%

Above
Avg(>6
6.6%)

23
92.0%
7
87.5%
24
88.9%
54
90.0%

Total
25
100.0%
8
100.0%
27
100.0%
60
100.0%
25
100.0%
8
100.0%
27
100.0%
60
100.0%

Chi-Square Tests
TEST
PRE TEST

Pearson Chi-Square
80

Value

df

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

2.529

.282

POST TEST

Pearson Chi-Square

.204

.903

From the above table in pre-test x2 calculated value 2.52 at 5% level of

significance with 2 df ,x2 table value is 5.99. since the calculated value is less than
the table value ,there is no association between religion and knowledge.
From the above table in post-test x 2 calculated value 0.24 at 5% level of
significance with 2 df ,x2 table value is 5.99 since the calculated value is less than
the table value ,there is no association between religion and knowledge.

Religion * knowledge level

100.0%100.0%
100.0%
92.6%

92.0%

90.0%

87.5% 88.9%

80.0%
70.0%

Below avg(<=33.3%)

60.0%
Axis Title

Avg(33.3%-66.6%)

50.0%

Above Avg(>66.6%)

40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%

7.4% 8.0%

12.5% 11.1%

0.0%
0.0%
0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Axis Title

81

TABIE-18

TEST

Count
Newspaper
PRE
TEST

Source of
information

T.V
Internet & Massmedia
Total
Newspaper

POST
TEST

Source of
information

T.V
Internet & Massmedia
Total

%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%

knowledge level
Below
Avg(33. Above
avg(<
3%Avg(>6
=33.3
66.6%) 6.6%)
%)
16
0
100.0
0.0%
%
39
2
95.1%
4.9%
3
0
100.0
0.0%
%
58
2
96.7%
3.3%
2
14
12.5%
87.5%
4
37
9.8%
90.2%
0
3
0.0%
100.0%
6
54
10.0%
90.0%

Total

16
100.0%
41
100.0%
3
100.0%
60
100.0%
16
100.0%
41
100.0%
3
100.0%
60
100.0%

SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

TEST
PRE TEST

Pearson Chi-Square
82

Value

Df

.959

Asymp. Sig. (2sided)

.619

POST TEST

Pearson Chi-Square

.447

.800

From the above table in pre-test x2 calculated value 0.95 at 5% level of

significance with 2 df ,x2 table value is 5.99. Since the calculated value is less than
the table value, there is no association between source of knowledge and
knowledge.
From the above table in post-test x 2 calculated value 0.44 at 5% level of
significance with 2 df ,x2 table value is 5.99 since the calculated value is less than
the table value ,there is no association between source of knowledge and
knowledge.

Source of information * knowledge level

100.0%
100.0%
95.1%
100.0%
90.0%

100.0%

87.5%

90.2%

80.0%
70.0%

Below avg(<=33.3%)

60.0%
Axis Title

Avg(33.3%-66.6%)

50.0%

Above Avg(>66.6%)

40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%

12.5%
4.9%

9.8%

0.0%
0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0%
0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.0%
Axis Title

83

Findings
The students on knowledge about importance of vitamin-A
with the help of structured questionnaire. Maximum marks allotted
for questionnaire was 30. The students obtained knowledge scores
on questionnaire in post-test ranged from average to above average.
The mean score 88 and standard deviation is 11.65.

The study relented that on the whole in pre-test 96.7% were

scored below average, 3.3% were scored average and 0% scored
above average. In post-test 0% clients scored below average, 10.7%
scored average and 90% scored above average. So there is
significant difference in knowledge levels between pre-test and
post-test.

84

85