Overview Heat Transfer Fluid - Gilles Flamant PDF

Solar Facilities for the European Research Area
Heat Transfer Fluid for

Concentrated Solar Systems
Gilles Flamant, CNRS-PROMES
Hadrien Benoit, CNRS-PROMES
SFERA II 2014-2017, Summer School, June 25-27 2014
CONTENT
Motivation
Introduction
Calculation of heat transfer coefficient
Results (liquid, gas, 2-phase)

New HTF
Conclusion
SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant
MOTIVATION
Heat transfer fluid (HTF) is a key component of
concentrated solar systems that governs the
working temperature of the thermodynamical
cycles.
HTF may also be used as storage medium but it is
used at least to extract heat from the storage
tanks.
Heat transfer coefficient (h) determines the wall

temperature of the solar receiver for a given
incident solar flux density (or power transfers to
the HTF). The smaller h the larger absorbing
surface area and cost. P = Sh(Twi Tfb)
MOTIVATION
Power production
Radiation
Concentrating
System
Heat Transfer Fluid
Solar
Receiver
Working Fluid
Storage /
Backup
Power Block
INTRODUCTION
Some selection criteria for HTF

Extended working temperature range and high thermal
stability.
Good heat transfer properties.

For instance a large thermal conductivity (k) is desired for efficient
heat transfer, and a low viscosity () is beneficial to pressure drop
and pumping power. In addition, a large heat capacity (cp) would
allow for direct thermal storage, although indirect solutions with a
secondary medium are also possible.
Low pumping energy losses and low vapor pressure
low hazard properties and large material compatibility

Reduced cost
INTRODUCTION
Temperature limit of current HTF

Heat transfer fluid
Temperature limit
Thermal oil
400C
Molten salt (solar salt)
560C
Air (gas)
More than 1000C
Other HTF than air are needed at high temperature for advanced
thermodynamic cycles
INTRODUCTION
Temperature limit of current liquid

HTF
Li C-J et al. AIMS Energy (2014), 2/2, 133
INTRODUCTION
Temperature limit of liquid HTF

(PbBi)
LBE
Na
HITEC XL
HITEC
Solar Salt
Thermal Oil
0
200
400
600
800
1000
(K)
TT(C)
1200
1400
1600
1800
INTRODUCTION
HTF for Future High Temperature cycles

Thermodynamic
Cycle
Cycle
Efficiency
Overall
Nominal
Plant
Efficiency
Improvement
Steam Cycles
(Rankine)
390C-565C
37% - 42%
20% - 23%
0 (Today technology)
48%
27%
17% - 35%
Supercritical CO2
(Brayton)
600C 800C
50% - 55%
28% - 31%
22% - 55%
Combined Cycle
(Brayton/Rankine)
1300C
60%
33.5%
45% - 67%
Supercritical Steam
600C
Overall efficiency: opt . rec. cyc = 0.7x0.8xcyc

INTRODUCTION
Heat transfer
Tubes, Channels
Monoliths, Foams
= h (TW TF), the highest h the lowest Tw

Calculation of the
heat transfer
coefficient, h
h calculation
Tube of receiver
I (kW/m2)
To fluid
W/m2
Wall
HTF
Two
Outlet
Twi
Tf
Losses
Intlet
h calculation
Data base for temperature dependent
thermophysical properties: density (), viscosity
(), thermal conductivity (k) and heat capacity
(Cp).
Data for heat transfer calculation based generally
on Nu versus Re and Pr correlations that
depend of the flow conditions.
Nu = hd/k
Re = vd/
Turbulent flow: Re > 3000-10 000
Pr = Cp/k
h calculation
Example for thermal oil

382 C
390 C
Cp
2560
2592
0,0796
0,07755
720
707
0,0001562
0,0001516
h calculation
Example for thermal oil

Four correlations available:
Y. T. Wu et al. Int Com in Heat and Mass Transfer 2012; 39: 1550-1555
Heat transfer
coefficient for liquids
and gases
Thermal oil
V = 2 m/s
T = 320C
Molten Salts
Thermophysical properties of solar salt
Molten Salts
V = 1.8 m/s
Molten Salts
V = 1.8 m/s
Molten Salts
V = 1.8 m/s
Liquid Metal
Thermophysical properties of liquid sodium
Temperature range 97.8C-873 C (BP)C
Liquid Metal
V = 3.7 m/s, Tmax = 880C

Pressurized Air
T = 900C, 6 atm.
Pressurized He
1300
1200
h (W/m2.K)
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
700
h4
h3
h2
h1
750
800
850
T (K)
900
950
1000
Pressurized CO2
V = 12 m/s, 20 atm.
Pressurized CO2
Influence of radiation on heat transfer
Simulation conditions:
- R=2 cm and L=2 m
- Inlet: for pure CO2 at 400 K
- Inlet velocity: parabolic with a mean value of 1 m/s that leads to 0.0017 kg/s
at 0.1 Mpa
- Tube wall: 1100K
- Pressure: from 0.1 MPa to 20 Mpa
- Reynolds number from 2 660 to 478 500 as a function of pressure
- Spectroscopic database: HITEMP-2010
- Line-by-line model used to derive a Absorption Distribution Function (ADF)
global spectral model for computation
CALIOT C. and FLAMANT G. AIMS Journals, Energy (2014), vol.2 N.2, pp. 172-182
Pressurized CO2
Evolution with pressure
Evolution with temperature
Pressurized CO2
Without radiation
0.1 MPa
With radiation
1 MPa
Pressurized CO2
10 MPa
5 MPa
The influence of radiation decreases with pressure

Two-phase liquid-gas flow

water
Physics of flow
Only water
Only steam
Drawbacks: Instabilties in
the phase change domain
Kandlikar, 1997
DSG receivers
In most of the water/steam receivers, the liquid water heating

and evaporation part is separated from the steam
superheating part because they have different characteristics in
terms of heat transfer which would results in high thermal stresses
on the piping.
In the evaporation part of the process, another challenge is to

control the boiling well enough so that most of the liquid is
evaporated, avoiding energy losses due to the water recirculation,
without reaching the point of complete dryness. At this point
the sudden drop of the heat transfer coefficient would
provoke a violent increase of the tube temperature and
therefore threaten the integrity of the piping..
DSG receivers
Two cases:
Case 1: 150 bar and 500 kW/m: Point concentration
Case 2: 80 bar and 50 kW/m : Linear concentration
Vertical versus horizontal pipes?

The flows are similar if Froude number is larger than 0.04
Fr = G2/l2.g.D > 0.04

With G: mass flux (kg/m2.s), l: liquid density, g: gravity,
diameter of the pipe.
Liquid water
0.5 Pr 2000 and 104 Rel 5x106
where Relo is the Reynolds number for liquid only, Prl is the liquid Prandtl
number and f is the friction factor.
Petukhov and Popov (1963)

Liquid water
Heat transfer coefficient h as a function of the bulk temperature Tb

for the liquid region, at a constant mass flux of 1444.4 kg/(m.s)
Liquid water
heat transfer coefficient h as a function of the bulk temperature Tb

for the liquid region, at a constant velocity of 2 m/s
Fully Boiling
Heat transfer dominated by nucleated boiling in the fully
developed boiling regime (FDB)
Bo the boiling number,
is the mass flux
Tsat is the wall superheat defined by Tsat = Tsat Tw, Tsat is the
saturation temperature, Llg is the latent heat of vaporization
Tsub is the fluid subcooling defined by Tsub = Tsat Tb
Transition
Pure steam
Transition
Heat transfer coefficient as a function of the apparent thermodynamic quality xa, from
the liquid to the saturated boiling region, with a constant mass flux of 1444 kg/(m.s)
Ll the specific enthalpy of the liquid, Ll,sat the specific enthalpy of the
liquid at the saturation temperature and Llg the latent heat of vaporization
Steam
Heat transfer coefficient h as a function of the bulk temperature Tb

for the steam region, at a constant velocity of 15 m/s
New heat transfer fluid: solid particles
Specifications
New HTF is needed with:
Wide operating temperature range (as air),

Acceptable wall-heat transfer coefficient,
Small energy need for pumping,

High value of heat capacity,
No freezing limitation,
No environmental impact and safety issues,
Double use as HTF and storage medium.
Particle
suspension
Particle Dense
Suspension (PDS)
Circulating
Fluidized Bed
(CFB)
30-40%
3-5%
Gas velocity
< 0.1 m/s
10 m/s
Mechanical
energy
consumption
Low
High
Tube erosion,
particle attrition
Low
High
Good
Low
Particle volume
ratio
hwall-to-bed
Principle
PDS
The hydrostatic pressure of the suspension

(Pstatic), which is the sum of the gas pressure
drop across the bed and the gas hydrostatic
pressure, maintains the balance with the flow
driving force (Pmotor) thus raising the bed level in
the tube (htube). At equilibrium it comes,
htube
hchamber
Pressurized vessel with fluidized particles at Pchamber
Upward flow of particles
Experimental
Concentrated
solar energy
1/ Opaque metallic tube (dia 42.4 mm, height 1 m) 2/ Dispenser fluid bed
3/ Receiver fluid bed 4/ Storage 5/ Solar receiver cavity 6/ Water-cooled screen
Flamant G et al. Chemical Engineering

Science (2013), 102, 567.
Results
Heat transfer coefficient versus mean particle velocity (particle

volume fraction 0.29 < p< 0.32)
Results
The problem of heat transfer coefficient
calculation in the DSP tube
Irradiated tube
Main upward flow
Secondary
downward flow
How to calculate h?
Particle buffer tank
Results
Last results, June 23 2014: a 750C HTF
CONCLUSION
Solar Facilities for the European Research Area
We are developing new stable HTF

for low and high temperature
applications
Gilles.flamant@promes.cnrs.fr
SFERA II 2014-2017, Summer School, June 25-27 2014

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Solar Facilities for the European Research Area

Heat Transfer Fluid for

SFERA II 2014-2017, Summer School, June 25-27 2014

Results (liquid, gas, 2-phase)

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

Heat transfer coefficient (h) determines the wall

Heat Transfer Fluid

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

Some selection criteria for HTF

Good heat transfer properties.

Low pumping energy losses and low vapor pressure

low hazard properties and large material compatibility

Temperature limit of current HTF

Molten salt (solar salt)

More than 1000C

Temperature limit of current liquid

Li C-J et al. AIMS Energy (2014), 2/2, 133

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

Temperature limit of liquid HTF

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

HTF for Future High Temperature cycles

Overall efficiency: opt . rec. cyc = 0.7x0.8xcyc

= h (TW TF), the highest h the lowest Tw

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

Turbulent flow: Re > 3000-10 000

Example for thermal oil

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

Example for thermal oil

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

V = 3.7 m/s, Tmax = 880C

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

Influence of radiation on heat transfer

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

Influence of radiation on heat transfer

Evolution with pressure

Evolution with temperature

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

Influence of radiation on heat transfer

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

Influence of radiation on heat transfer

The influence of radiation decreases with pressure

Two-phase liquid-gas flow

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

In most of the water/steam receivers, the liquid water heating

In the evaporation part of the process, another challenge is to

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

Vertical versus horizontal pipes?

Fr = G2/l2.g.D > 0.04

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

0.5 Pr 2000 and 104 Rel 5x106

Petukhov and Popov (1963)

Heat transfer coefficient h as a function of the bulk temperature Tb

heat transfer coefficient h as a function of the bulk temperature Tb

Bo the boiling number,

is the mass flux

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant

Heat transfer coefficient h as a function of the bulk temperature Tb