Professional Documents
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4 2
Therefore, =
; 0 =
4
1
4
2 2
4 3
31.Expand PAR.
Precision Approach Radar
32.What is scanning?
The scanning process examines each line turn & extracting the value for each
pixel on the line in a sequential manner usually from left to right until entire image is
scanned.
33.What is a facsimile communication system?
A facsimile means an exact reproduction. In facsimiles transmission document
or picture is exactly reproduced at the receiving end.
34.Define index of cooperation.
The IOC is a number derived from the width-height ratio.
35.What is direct recording?
Direct recording means that the image is transferred directly to the copy paper,
no post processing is required to develop the image.
36.What are the four reference points in ISDN model?
U Connection between ISDN exchange in the carriers office & NT1.
T Connector on NT1 provided to the customer
S Interface between the ISDN PBX and the ISDN terminals
R Connection between the terminal adapter and non-ISDN terminals.
37.Expand CCITT.
Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and Telephony
38.What is the use of synchronization?
In synchronous system, it is necessary for the receiver scanner and the
transmitter scanner to run at exactly the same speed.
39.What are the features of ISDN?
High speed internet access
High flexibility
Video conferencing
Provides data rate of 3Mbps on a local link & 64 Kbps/128Kbps over a wide
area link
40.Expand GCA.
Ground Controlled Approach
41.Expand IOC.
Index Of Cooperation
42.Expand ILS.
Instrument Landing System
43.Expand PPI.
Plan Position Indicator
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44.Expand ISDN.
Integrated Service Digital Network
45.Expand ASR.
Airport Surveillance Radar
46.What are the uses of fax?
To transmit photographs, documents, weather maps and language texts etc.
47.What is ILS?
Instrument Landing System (ILS) is an electronic system used for Aircraft
Landing System (ALS). It consists of essential elements like Runway Localizer,
Glide-path Equipment & Marker Beacons.
UNIT-II DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
1. What is the use of data system?
The data system is required to transmit rectangular pulses at a rate of ranging from
100 to 500 Kbits per second. The typical uses are:
Computer to computer communication
Programming & data collection
Telemetry & alarm system
2. What are the types of digital communication?
On line system
Offline system
3. Define online system.
In an online system the data is transmitted directly to or from a computer.
4. Define offline system.
In an offline system the data is transmitted to or from an intermediate storage
point such as card, a paper tape punch, magnetic tape or disk.
5. What is real time system & non real time system?
If the system requires rapid response then it is a real time system.
In non real system the data is much delayed.
6. What is simplex, semi-simplex & full-duplex connection?
A one-way channel connection is known as simplex connection. An either way
transmission requires semi-duplex connection & a full-duplex is the one in which the
data can be sent in both directions simultaneously.
7. What is a digital signal?
The digital signal does not provide the continuous representation of the original
signal. Instead, the digital signal represents data as a series of digits such as a number.
This digital representation can be considered as a code which approximates the actual
value.
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diode. So the APDs have high sensitivity & high response over pin diodes due to the
avalanche multiplication.
40.What are the types of fiber coupling devices?
Fiber splices (Permanent joint)
Fiber connectors (Temporary joint)
41. Define connector & splices.
Two fibers are connected by a permanent bond called splice, connected by a
demountable joint called connector.
42.What are the types of couplers?
Diffusion couplers
Radiative couplers
Area splitting couplers
Beam splitter coupler
43.What are the types of splicing techniques?
Fusion splice, V-groove splice
Elastic tube splice,Rotary splice
Mechanical tube splice
44.What are the advantages of fushion splicing techniques?
Low splice loss
There is perfect bonding between two fibers
45.What are the light sources used in optical fiber system?
Light emitting diodes & Semiconductor lasers are used in optical fiber system.
46.Mention advantageof ILD over LED.
The radiant output power from an ILD is greater than that for a LED.
47.How scattering loss occurs?
Linear scattering may cause the attenuation of operating mode by means of
transferring power to leaky or radiation mode. Nonlinear scattering occurs when the
refractive index of the medium depends upon the optical intensity of the signal.
48.Mention the principle of LASER.
The principle of operation of Laser action is the result of 3 key processes: they are:
Photon absorption
Spontaneous emission
Stimulated emission
49.What is lasing?
The ends of ILD are highly polished. The mirror like ends trap the photons in te
active region and as they reflect back and forth, stimulate free electrons to recombine
with holes at a higher than normal energy level. This is called lasing.
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14.Define apogee.
The point farthest from the earth is called apogee.
15.What is the advantage of inclined elliptical orbit?
The main advantage of this is, it provides coverage of the polar region. The
apogee or highest point of the orbit is arranged to occur over the region requiring most
coverage. This puts the satellite at its greatest height and therefore gives the greatest
earth coverage of this region.
16.What is geostationary synchronous orbit?
A geostationary satellite is one that appears to be stationary relative to the earth.
There is only one geostationary satellite, but this is occupied by a large number of
satellites. This satellite is placed in the orbit at the height of 36000km from the earths
equatorial plane is called geostationary orbit. It is visible for continuous time.
17.What is the height of geosynchronous orbit?
The earths equatorial radium is approximately 6378km, and hence the height of
the geostationary orbit above the earth is
h=42164-6378 = 35786km.
This value is rounded up to 36000km. There can be only one geostationary orbit.
18.What are the advantages of geostationary synchronous satellite?
Tracking equipment is not required at the earth stations.
The satellites are available to all the earth stations within their shadow 100% of
the time.
No breaks in transmission.
The effect of Doppler shift is negligible.
19.What are the disadvantages of geostationary synchronous satellite?
High altitude geosynchronous satellites introduce much longer propagation
delays
It requires higher transmit powers & more sensitive receivers because of the
longer distances & greater path losses.
20.Define Sidereal Period.
The sidereal period is the time taken for a satellite to make a complete
revolution in an orbit.
21.Define perigee.
The point of closest approach to the earth is perigee.
22.Define active satellite.
The signal received by the satellite is retransmitted rather than being simply
reflected back on board to earth. It contains highly transmitting & receiving antennas
& complex interconnecting circuits.
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9. What are the different ways for minimizing adjacent channel interference?
Adjacent channel interference can be minimized through careful filtering and
channel assignments. Each cell is given only a fraction of the available channels, a cell
is need not be assigned channels which are adjacent in nature.
10.How to improve coverage & capacity in cellular systems?
The techniques such as cell splitting, sectoring and coverage zone approaches
are used to expand the capacity of cellular systems.
11.Define foot print.
The hexagonal shaped model of radio coverage for each base station has the
actual radio coverage of a cell is known as the footprint.
12.Define cell splitting.
Cell splitting is the process of subdividing highly congested cells into smaller
cells, each with its own base station and a corresponding reduction in antenna height
and transmitted power. The purpose is to increase the channel capacity and improve
the availability and reliability of a cellular telephone network.
13.Mention the drawbacks of cell splitting.
The major drawback of cell splitting is that it results in more base station
transfers (handoffs) per call and a higher processing load per subscriber.
14.Define sectoring.
In cell splitting method the cell radius is decreased and keeping the co-channel
reuse ratio D/R unchanged, which will increase the number of channels per unit area.
In another way to increase capacity is to keep the cell radius unchanged and decreased
the D/R ratio is called sectoring.
15.Define roaming.
When a mobile unit moves from its own service area to another service area is
called roaming. This allows the subscribers to operate in service areas other than the
one which service is subscribed.
16.Define handoff.
Once a call is on progress, the MSC adjusts the transmitted power of the mobile
and changes the channels of the mobile unit and base stations in order to maintain call
quality as the subscriber moves in and out of range of each base station. This is called
handoff.
17.What are the various stages of handoff?
A hand off consists of four stages:
Initiation
Resource reservation
Execution
Completion
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18.Define FDMA.
In FDMA, all users share the satellite at the same time, but each transmits in its
own unique frequency band. This is most commonly employed with analog
modulation, where signals are present all the time. The available transponder
bandwidth is divided among the users and all can transmit simultaneously.
19.Define TDMA.
In TDMA, only one user transmits at any time and that user can use the entire
available bandwidth, so the instantaneous data rate is proportional to the available
bandwidth.
20.Define CDMA.
In CDMA, many earth stations simultaneously transmit orthogonally coded
spread- spectrum signals that occupy the same frequency band. That is in CDMA;
users can transmit simultaneously and also share the frequency allocation.
21.What is the use of CDMA?
CDMA is more suitable for military tactical communications environment
where many small groups of mobile stations are briefly at regular intervals.
22.Define digital cellular system.
Cellular systems which use digital modulation technique are called digital
cellular systems. Digital systems offer large improvement in capacity and system
performance.
23.What is GSM?
Global system for mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular system
standard. GSM was the worlds first cellular system to specify digital modulation and
network level architecture and services. It is the most popular 2G (second generation)
technology.
24.What is the maximum transmission speed in GPRS network?
The maximum transmission speed in the GPRS network is theoretically
1722Kbit/sec. the devices available on the market offer a maximum transmission
speed of 586 Kbit/sec.
25.What are the types of GSM services?
Telephone services
Bearer services or data services
Supplementary ISDN services
26.What are the primary subsystems used in GSM architecture?
Base station subsystem (BSS)
Network and switching subsystem (NSS)
Operation subsystem (OSS)
27.Expand GPRS.
General Packet Radio Service
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