Exam Problems PDF

Theory of Elasticity
Worked Examples of Previous Exams

Lecture CT5141 (Previously B16)
Delft University of Technology

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Structural Mechanics Section
Dr.ir. P.C.J. Hoogenboom
CT5141
November 2002
21010310399
Preface
This lecture book contains the problems and answers of the exams elasticity theory from
June 1997 until January 2002. It has been assembled with care. If nevertheless a mistake
is found it would be appreciated if this is reported to the instructor.
Contents
19 June 1997 ... 5
1. Tube, shear, complementary energy
2. Theory questions
3. Plate, axial symmetric, displacement method or force method
12 January 1998 13
1. Box-girder, torsion
2. Theory question, plate bending
3. Plate, axial symmetric
4. System, complementary energy
18 June 1998 21
1. Beam, torsion, complementary energy
2. Theory question
3. Plate bending, axial symmetric, displacement method
15 October 1998 29
1. Theory question
2. Plate, axial symmetry, force method
3. Steel beam, potential energy
29 October 1999 39
1. Beam, potential energy or complementary energy
11 January 2000 45
1. High-rise, tube, torsion
2. Arch system, complementary energy
27 October 2000 51
2. Theory question, plate bending
3. Beam, complementary energy
9 January 2001 57
1. Plate bending, axial symmetry, displacement method
2. Thick wall tube, complementary energy
3. Truss, complementary energy
26 October 2001 67
1. High-rise, spring connected beams, displacement method
2. Hollow core slab, torsion
3. Plate bending, potential energy
8 January 2002 79
1. High-rise, spring connected beams, force method
2. Arch system, complementary energy
3. Tunnel, Spring supported ring, potential energy
Technische Universiteit Delft

Faculteit der Civiele Techniek
Mechanica & Constructies
Vermeld rechtsboven op uw werk:

Naam en Studienummer
Tentamen Elasticiteitstheorie b16

19 juni 1997 van 9.00 -12.00 uur
Problem 1 (3 points)
A hollow tube is loaded by a shear
force. The wall thickness t is small
compared to the radius r of the tube.
In the cross-section a shear force n
per unit of circumference occurs due
to the resulting shear force Q. We
approximate the force n with the
following function.
r
z
Q
nn
n = n cos
The tube material can be considered as linear elastic with a shear modulus G.
a Calculate the resulting shear force Q due to the shear force n. (The positive direction of Q
is = 21 .)
b Give the expression of the complementary energy of a slice of the tube. The slice has a
length z.
c Show that the expression of the complementary energy can be reworked to the following
result.
E compl
z
r n 2
.
2Gt
d Derive the formula for the shear stiffness GAd.
Formulae
2
A
e What is the quantity of the shape factor in Ad = .
cos d = 0
0
2
cos
d =
cos
d = 0
0
2
0

19 juni 1997
A straight track is loaded in
compression because the rails have
expanded on a hot day. The track
might buckle as show in the figure. To
analyse this situation an assumption
is made on the displacement field and
the potential energy of the buckled
track is determined. The result is
u
N
EI
E pot
N
l
p
EI
u
N
l

uEI
2 u 2N
1
= 4 3 + 2 u l p
4 l
l
normal force in the track
buckling length
friction force between the track and the ballast bed
bending stiffness of the track
largest deflection of the track
a In relation to what parameter of parameters should the potential energy of the track be
minimal? Explain your answer. (You do not need to calculate something.)
A statically indetermined system can be analysed by the force method or the displacement
method. In the force method we choose a number of redundants as fundamental unknowns.
In the displacement method the displacements are the fundamental unknowns. The force
method is convenient if the problem is statically indetermined to a small degree. However,
modern computer programs use the displacement method without exception.
b Why is the displacement method used in computer programs for structural analysis?

19 juni 1997
A square plate of room temperature has a round hole
in it. The hole is filled with a plug of the same material
and the same thickness as the square plate. The plug
exactly fits the hole if it is cooled down T degrees from
room temperature. After a while the plug assumes the
room temperature again and is stuck in the hole.
a
E
Data
Radius a of the plug is small compared to the dimensions of the plate.

The thickness of both the plate as the plug is t.
The elasticity modulus of the material is E.
The Poisons coefficient of the material is .
The linear expansion coefficient of the material is .
Questions
a Derive an expression for the plate which relates the stress on the edge of the hole to the
displacement of this edge. (So, the plug is replaced by a stress on to the edge of the hole.)
b Derive an expression for the plug which relates the stress on the edge to the
displacement of the edge. (So, the plate is replaced by a stress on to the edge of the plug.)
c Formulate the transition conditions between the plug and the plate.
d Calculate the stress between the plate and the plug.
e Calculate the stress distribution in the plug and the plate.
Suggestions
The general solution of the radial displacement in an axial symmetrical thin plate is
u (r ) = A
a
r
+B
r
a
The constitutive relation of this plate is
rr
E
=
2
1
1 rr
1 .
Tentamen b16, 19 juni 1997

Answers to Problem 1
a Shear Force
The resulting shear force Q is the integral of the
vertical component of the shear force n ds over
the circumference s of the tube.
2 r
Q=
n ds cos
nds
s =0
Evaluation gives
2
Q=
n cos r d cos
= 0
2
Q = n r
cos2 d
= 0
Q = n r
b Complementary Energy
The complementary energy is the shear force n ds times the displacement z over 2,
integrated over the circumference s of the tube.
2r
E compl =
21 n ds z
s =0
c Evaluation of the complementary energy gives

2
E compl =
E compl =
1
2
=0
n
r z
n r d
z =
2Gt
Gt
r z 2
n d =
n cos2 d .
2Gt
2
r z 2
n
2Gt
d Shear Stiffness
The complementary energy due to the shear force Q is equal to the complementary
energy due to the shear flow n. From this we derive the shear stiffness GAd. (See lecture
book Energy Principles, page 14.)
E compl ,Q = E compl ,n
2
1 Q
2 GA
d
Or,
z =
rz 2
n
2Gt
GAd =
Gt
2
rn
Q2
GAd = G t r
e Shape Factor
The section area of a thin tube is
A = 2 r t
so that the shape factor becomes
GA G 2 r t
=
.
GAd
Gt r
=2
a Potential energy should be minimised as to the parameters that describe the displacement
field. The buckling shape of the track is described by u and l.
b In the first computers little memory was available, therefore the system of equations that
had to be solved needed to be as small as possible. The force method often yields few
unknown and equations so that this method was used in old computer programs.
However, it proved complicated to automatically select the redundants. Many studies have
been devoted to this subject but soon computers with more memory were developed so
that the displacement method could be used. The displacement method often needs more
memory but is easier to program than the force method.
Because the radius a is small compared to the plate dimensions the problem can be
treated as an axial symmetric plate of which the outer edge is infinitely far from the hole.
a Analysis of the Plate
For the displacement method holds that
u(r ) = A
a
r
+B
r
a
so that
du
a
1
= A 2 + B
dr
a
r
.
1
u
a
= = A 2 +B
r
a
r
rr =

For very large r the stresses and strains are zero, therefore
B = 0.
When the plug is at room temperature it is compressed and exerts a force p1 per unit of
edge length into the direction of the radius r.
p1 = rr t
where t is the plate thickness.
Because
rr =
u1
p1
E
1 2
( rr + )
we find for r = a
p1 =
A(1 )
Et A
.
=
1+ a
a
1
Et
We define u(a) = u1. Therefore u1 = A. So the relation between p1 and u1 is
p1 =
1 Et
u1
1+ a
or
u 1 = (1 + )
a
p1 .
Et
(1)
b Analysis of the Plug

The plug is compressed in all directions by a distributed force p2 that is directed inwards.
This gives a homogeneous stress distribution.
rr = =
So
rr =
p2
.
t
p1
1
1
( rr ) =
p2 .
E
Et
The radial displacement of edge of the plug is (directed

inwards)
a rr = (1 )
a
p2
Et
The plug becomes T degrees warmer. If expanding feely this

would give an edge displacement of
Ta
so that the total outward directed displacement becomes
10
u 2 = Ta (1 )
a
p2 .
Et
(2)
c Transition Conditions
The displacements of the edge of the plug and the edge of the hole need be equal.
u1 = u 2 = u
(3)
In addition there needs to be equilibrium
p1 = p 2 = p .
(4)
d Calculation of the Temperature Problem (Force Method)

When we substitute (1) and (2) into (3) we find.
aT (1 )
a
a
p 2 = (1 + ) p1.
Et
Et
From this and (4) it follows that the force per unit of edge length is
p = 21 EtT .
Now u can be calculated with (1) or (2).
u = 21 (1 + )aT
e Stress Distribution
We found already for the strains in the plate
rr = A
= A
a
r2
.
a
r2
Substitution in the constitutive relation gives the stresses
a
E
A 2
1+ r
.
E
a
A
=
1+ r 2
rr =

The constant A is
A = u 1 = 21 (1+ )aT
11
so that
rr (r ) = 21 ET
(r ) = 21 ET
a2
r2
a2
r2
On the edge of the hole the stress is
rr = 21 ET
so that the homogeneous and isotropic stress in the plug is
21 ET .
Remarks
The solution is independent of the thickness t and the Poisons ratio .
The stress in the plug is approximately halve the value that would occur in a completely
restrained plug.
Alternative Answer to Problem 3d (displacement method)
When we substitute (1) and (2) in (4) we find
u1
(1+ )
a
EI
u 2 Ta
.
a
(1 )
EI
From this and (3) it follows that the displacement of the edge is
u = 21 (1 + )aT .
Now p can be calculated with (1) or (2).
p = 21 EtT
12



12 januari 1998 van 14.00 -17.00 uur
A box-girder beam is loaded at torsion. The thickness of all walls is h as shown in the
figure.
We calculate the box-girder with the membrane analogy. The weightless plates in the
corners of the box-girder will have the same displacement because of rotational symmetry
You can assume that the wall thickness h is small compared to the width of the box-girder.
a Calculate the displacements w1 and w2 of the weightless plates.
b Calculate the torsion stiffness GIw of the cross-section.
c Calculate the shear stresses in the cross-section and draw them in the correct direction.
d Suppose that warping (Dutch: welving) of the box-girder is locally restrained by a clamped
boundary condition. Will this cause the torsion stiffness to be larger, smaller or will it
remain unchanged?
a
h
1
h
h
h
1
h
a 12 3
a 12 3
13

12 januari 1998
A structural engineer calculates the stresses in a reinforced concrete floor using the finite
element method. He uses linear elastic elements. Underneath a concentrated load very large
moments appear. What is your advise for this structural engineer? Choose from the following
options and explain your answer.
A Calculate the moments again with a finer element mesh around the concentrated load.
B Replace the concentrated load by a distributed load over a small area.
C Use the moments at some distance of the concentrated load to calculate the reinforcement.
D Use the resultant of the moment over some width around the concentrated load to
calculate the reinforcement.
An oil company drills a hole in deep rock layer. Due to the geological origination a pressure p
is present in all horizontal directions of the material. The hole changes this stress distribution.
We consider the rock to be of a linear elastic material. The situation is axial symmetrical with
a coordinate r in the radial direction and the angle in the horizontal plane.
The general solution of the stress distribution is
rr = 2C 2 + C 3
1
r2
1
= 2C 2 C 3
r = 0
+ C 4 (1 + 2 ln r )
r2
Calculate the tangential stress
+ C 4 (3 + 2 ln r )
hole and draw the stress distribution
14
in the edge of the
and
rr .

12 januari 1998
A steel beam is loaded by a force F (see figure). The beam has flanges of thickness t and
width a at the upper and lower edge. The stiffeners at the middle and at the ends of the beam
have dimensions a x 2a x t. The width of the beam is a, the height is 2a and the span is 12a.
stiffener
stiffener
flange
A
web
web
2a
stiffener
stiffener
6a
flange
6a
a
section A-A
We want to calculate the deflection of the beam using complementary energy. The
approximated stress distribution in the beam is drawn below. The panels have a
homogeneous shear stress. The forces in flanges and stiffeners vary linear over the length
3
2
3
2
F
4at
1
2F
F
4at
3
2
3
2
1
2
a Show that the complimentary energy of a flange is
N 2 l
E c = 61
Eat
where N is the force in the end of a flange or a stiffener and l is the length.
b Calculate the total complementary energy of the beam. Choose a prescribed displacement u
where the force F is attached. Neglect the Poisons effect so that the shear modulus is G =
E/2.
c Express the deflection u in the force F.
15
Tentamen b16, 12 januari 1998

The box-girder of this problem is known in The Netherlands as nabla beam applied in the
Deltawerken in the dam of the Haringvliet estuary.
a Weightless plates
We choose w2 of the middle cell larger than w1 of the corner cell.
Equilibrium of the weight less plates of the corner cell gives
w
w
w w1
p 12 a a 12 3 = a s 1 + a s 1 a s 2
h
h
h
Equilibrium of the weight less plates of the middle cell gives
p 12 a a 12 3 = a s
w 2 w1
w w1
w w1
+a s 2
+a s 2
h
h
h
This we can simplify to
s
(3 w1 w 2 )
h
s
p 14 a 3 = 3 (w 2 w1 )
h
p 14 a 3 =
from which w1 and w2 can be solved.
p
ah
s
p
w 2 = 14 3 ah
s
w1 = 16 3
w1
w2
Section A-A
b Torsion Stiffness
From the membrane we go to the -bubble with the following substitutions.
w =
p = 2
s=
1
G
So
1 = 13 3 G ah
2 =
1
2
3 G ah
The torsion moment equals two times the volume of the -bubble.
16
w1
M w = 2 1 a a 1 3 1 + 1 a a 1 3 1 + 1 a a 1 3 1 + 1 a a 1 3 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= a 2 1 3 (3 1 + 2 )
2
Substitution of the previous relations in the latter gives
M w = a 2 12 3 3 13 3 G ah + 12 3 G ah
= a 2 1 3 (1 + 1 ) G ah
2
= G 9 a3h
4
For a wire frame model of the beam the torsion moment is
M w = GIw .
Therefore, the torsion stiffness is
GIw = G 9 a 3 h
4
c Shear stress
The shear stress is the slope of the -bubble. We first rewrite the relation of the torsion
moment
M
G ah = 94 2w
a
and express 1 and 2 in the torsion

moment
2 =
1
2
a2
In the outside walls of the box-girder

is the shear stress
1
h
4 3
= 27
a
4 Mw
Mw
a2h
Mw
1 = 13 3 94
=2
In the interior walls is the shear stress
2 1
h
2
9
Mw
a2
27
Mw
a2 = 2
27
Mw
a2h
17
d Warping (Dutch: welving)

When warping is locally restrained the box-girder will locally be stiffer than calculated in
this problem (see lecture book Direct Methods, page 197).
Answer to Problem 2
Underneath a concentrated load the bending moment goes to infinity (see lecture book
Direct Methods, Figure 4.20). Probably the element mesh that was selected by the
structural engineer was very fine because otherwise the local peak would not have shown
up. It is not useful to select an even finer mesh (answer A) because this will result in even
larger moments. The explanation for the very large moments is that around the
concentrated load the plate theory is not accurate over a distance of approximately the
plate thickness.
Redistributing the concentrated load over an area (answer B) will indeed reduce the
moments, however this takes much effort. The resulting moment over a distance of two
times the plate thickness (answer D) is very suitable to dimension the reinforcement
because this does not compromise equilibrium. This can be seen as spreading the peak
moment. However, this also takes much effort to calculate. The moment is accurate at a
distance of approximately the plate thickness (answer C).
So, only answer A is really wrong. Answer B and D are impractical but possible. Answer C
is the best.
Answer to Problem 3
We can solve the constants using the boundary conditions. The boundary conditions for
this case are.
- On the edge of the hole r = a are no normal stresses rr.
- Far from the hole the stresses rr and equal -p.
When r becomes very large ln( r ) does not approach a specific value. Instead it continues
to grow. The stress should become equal to -p for large r. This can only be if C4 equals
zero.
C4 = 0
When r becomes very large than
rr r = 2 C 2 = p
1
r2
becomes very small. So
C2 =
p
2
The same result would have been found if we had considered .

If r = a than
rr = 2 C 2 + C 3
So
18
1
a
1
= p + C3 2 = 0
a
C3 = p a 2
rr = 2 C 2 + C 3
1
r2
= 2 C 2 C 3
= p + p a 2
1
r2
= p ( 1
a2
r2
a2
2 1
(
)
p
p
a
p
=
1
+
r2
r2
r2
1
On the edge of the hole
a2
= p ( 1+
a2
= 2 p
The stress distribution becomes
-2p
-p
r
rr
a Complementary Energy
The force in a bar is linear from zero to some value N
N=
x
N
l
The complimentary energy in a bar is
x
l
l N
2
l
N
E c = 21
dx = 21
EA
E at
dx =
N 2
2l 2 E a t 0
x 2 dx =
N 2
2l 2 E a t
1
3
x3
N 2 l
=1
6 E at
0
l
The complementary energy in a panel is

2
Ec = V 1 = V 1
= 6a 2a t 1
2
2
2 G
F 2
)
2
4at
3F
=
8 Gt
G
b The total complementary energy is the energy in the bars plus the energy in the panels
minus the energy of position.
19
( 3 F )2 6a
( 1 F )2 2a
F 2 2a
F2
1
2
1
Ec = 4 6
+2 6 2
+ 61
+ 2 83
Fu
E at
E at
E at
Gt
Ec = 9
F2 1F2 1F2 3F2

+
+
+
Fu
E t 6 E t 3 E t 4 Gt
F2 3F2
E c = 19
+4
Fu
2 Et
Gt
Using G = 1 E this becomes
2
F2
E c = 11
Fu
Et
c In our minds u is a prescribed displacement and F is the resulting support reaction. The
complete stress distribution in the beam is expressed in F. The complementary energy
must be minimal as to the parameter F
0=
dE c
F
= 22
u
dF
Et
Therefore, the relation between force and displacement is
u = 22
20
F
Et



18 juni 1998 van 9.00 -12.00 uur
A prismatic beam is loaded by torsion. The cross-section of the beam is square with
dimension h (see figure). We want to calculate the torsion stiffness of the beam. Therefore,
we consider a slice of length x.
The torsion moment causes shear stresses in the cross-section, which can be derived from a
function . We choose the following function as an approximation.
= A (1 4
y2
z2
)(
1
4
)
h2
h2
where A is a yet unknown constant. The shear

stresses in the cross-section are calculated by.
xz =
y
xy =
a Show that fulfils the boundary conditions.

b Give a formula with which the resulting torsion moment can be calculated (You do not need to
evaluate the formula).
The formula is evaluated for you with the following result
Mw = 8 A h 2
9
c Calculate the largest stress in the cross-section and express this in the torsion moment.
d Give the formula for calculating the complimentary energy of the slice (You do not need to
evaluate the formula).
The formula has been evaluated for you with the following result
A2
E c = 128
x
45 G
where G is the shear modulus of the material.
e Calculate the torsion stiffness GIw of the beam.
Suggestion: Make the complementary energy of the slice equal to the complimentary energy
of a part of the wire frame model.
21
Elasticity theory in three dimensions has a number of variables for describing displacements,
strains and so forth. Write these quantities in the framework below and and write the names
of the relations. (You do not need to give formula).
A storage tank for liquid needs to be jacked up for maintenance (see the figure at the next
page). The steel bottom plate is elevated from the foundation at which it is normally resting.
We want to check the stresses in the bottom plate.
The bottom plate is axial symmetrical and the edges can be assumed clamped. The liquid is
removed from the tank so that only the self-weight p of the plate is relevant. The radius of the
tank is a, the plate thickness is h, the elasticity modulus is E and the Poisons ratio is .
The differential equation of the deflection w of the plate is
1 d d 1 d dw p
r
=
r
r dr dr r dr dr K
where K is the plate stiffness. The general solution of this differential equation is
p r4
w = C1 + C 2 r 2 + C 3 ln r + C 4 r 2ln r +
64 K
a Give the boundary conditions of the bottom plate (You do not need to solve the constants.).
22
The boundary conditions have been

processed for you and we find the
deflection
w =
p
(a 2 r 2 )2
64 K
b Calculate the extreme moment in the

plate.
c Calculate the steel stress based on
the extreme moment in question b.
Use the following quantities:
tank
bottom plate
jacks
side elevation
a = 15 m
p = 900 N/m2
h = 0.012 m
E = 210 109 N/m2
= 0.1
Calculate also the largest deflection of
the plate.
foundation
a
top view
Probably you will notice that the calculated stress in question c is much larger than can be
carried by normal structural steel. An obvious conclusion is that jacking up cannot take place
in this way. However, recently this project has been executed in the described way to the
complete satisfaction of the owner (Dutch: opdrachtgever).
d Explain why the bottom plate does not fail in the jack up process.
23
Tentamen b16, 18 juni 1998

a Boundary Conditions
The stresses are found by differentiating .
y2
z
xy = A (1 4 2 )(8 2 )
h
h
y
z2
xz = A (8 2 )(1 4 2 )
h
h
The stress xy at the edges y = h/2 and y = -h/2 is
xy = A (1 4
h

2
h
z
)(8 2 ) = 0
h
The stress xz at the edges z = h/2 and z = -h/2 is
h

2
y
xz = A (8 2 )(1 4 2 ) = 0
h
h
Therefore, the shear stress perpendicular to the edge of the beam is zero. This is indeed
necessary because at the surface of the beam, are no shear stresses and shear stresses
at perpendicular planes are equal.
b Torsion Moment
The torsion moment is the resultant of the shear stresses
over the section area
h
2
Mw =
Mw
h
2
y xz dy dz z xy dy dz
h h

2 2
xz
z xy
z
As proved in the lecture book this is equal to two times

the volume of the -bubble (Direct Methods, page 169).
c Largest Stress
24
dy
y
dz
The stress xy is largest if y = 0 and z = -h/2.
h
A
xy = A (1 4 2 )(8 22 ) = 4
h
h
h
02
The stress xz has the same extreme value.

We can rewrite the expression for the moment as
M
A = 98 2w
h
Using this the largest stress becomes
Mw
2 h3
9
This result is 6% smaller than an accurate computation by the finite element method.
d Complementary Energy
The complimentary energy is the integral of the energy in all particles in the slice. The
force at a particle is dy dz and the displacement of the force is x .
h h
2 2
Ec =
21 xy dy dz xy x + 21 xz dy dz xz x
h h
2 2
e Torsion Stiffness
The moment in the wire frame model is
M w = GIw
The energy in a length x of this model is
8
Ah 2
M w2
9
1
1
1
E c = M w x =
x =
2
2 GI
2
GIw
w
A 2h 4
x = 32
x
81 GI
w
The energy in the slice must be equal to the energy in the wire frame part
128
45
A2
A 2h 4
x = 32
x
81 GI
G
w
Or
GIw = G 5 h 4
36
A computation with the finite element method is just 1% stiffer (Lecture book, Direct
Methods, Fig. 6.38).
25
Answer to Problem 2
u
x
u
y
u
z
xx
yy
zz
xy
xz
yz
kinematic
relation
xx
yy

zz

xy

xz
yz
constitutive
relation
p
x
p
y
p
z
equilibrium
relation
On the edge (r = a) the plate is clamped, therefore, the local displacement and slope both
equal zero.
w =0
dw
=0
dx
In the origin of the reference frame (r = 0) the slope is zero because of symmetry. In the
origin the shear force q is also zero because a small cylinder in the origin must be in
equilibrium.
dw
=0
dx
q=0
b Extreme Moment
The deflection line is
w =
p
(a 2 r 2 )2
64 K
Differentiation gives
-p
dw
p
2 (a 2 r 2 )(-2r ) =
=
(a 2r r 3 )
64 K
16 K
dr
d2w
dr
-p
(a 2 3r 2 )
16 K
Substitution in the kinematic relations gives

26
d2w
p
(a 2 3r 2 )
=
2
16 K
dr
1 dw
p
=
(a 2 r 2 )
=
16 K
r dr
rr =
Substitution in the constitutive relations gives
mrr = K ( rr + ) = K
p 2
p
(a 2 3 r 2 + (a 2 r 2 )) =
(a (1+ ) r 2 (3 + ))
16 K
16
m = K ( rr + ) = K
p 2
p
( (a 2 3r 2 ) + (a 2 r 2 )) =
(a (1+ ) r 2 (1+ 3 ))
16 K
16
The moments in the middle of the plate (r = 0) are
p a2
(1 + )
16
mrr =
m =
p a2
(1+ )
16
The moments at the edges of the plate (r = a) are

mrr =
p 2
p a2
(a (1 + ) a 2 (3 + )) =
(2)
16
16
m =
p 2
p a2
(a (1+ ) a 2 (1+ 3 )) =
(2 )
16
16
Therefore, the extreme moment is

mrr =
p a2
(2)
16
m rr = - 81 pa 2
c Steel Stresses
Stress is moment over section modulus
M
W
We consider a plate part with a width of 1 m.
W = 61 bh2 = 61 1 0.0122 = 24 106 m3

Therefore
1 pa 2
1 900 15 2
1 m rr
8
8
=
=
=
W
W
24 10 6
27
= 1055 10 6 N / m2
The larges deflection of the plate is
w=
p a4
64 K
where the plate stiffness is
K =
E h3
=
12 (1 2 )
210 109 0.0123

= 30545
12 (1 0.01)
Nm
The deflection becomes
w=
900 15 4
64 30545
w = 23 m
d Explanation
Membrane stresses (Dutch: zeilwerking) in the bottom plate cause the deflection and
stresses to be much smaller than follows from the plate theory. However, even if these
geometrical nonlinear effects are taken into account the calculated edge stresses will be
larger than the yield stress. Therefore, at the edges plastic deformation occurs during the
jack up process of the tank.
Consequently we need to conclude that the applied linear elastic model is not suitable to
analyse this problem due to the large deflections.
28


Tentamen Elasticiteitstheorie Ctme5141
15 oktober 1998 van 12.00 -15.00 uur
Problem 1 (1 point)
In the force method one or more compatibility equations can be derived by

1 adding the kinematic equations
2 eliminating the strains from the kinematic relations
3 eliminating the displacements from the kinematic relations
We consider two axial symmetrical elements, a ring and a disk loaded in their plane. These
elements will be analysed separately and subsequently connected.
Ring
The radius of the ring is 2a (Figure 1). The
cross-section area is A. It is loaded by a
pressure p per unit of circumference. The
ring material has an elasticity modulus Er .
Disk
The radius of the disk is 2a and its thickness
is t (Figure 2). The disk has a hole in the
middle of radius a. The disk is loaded by a
pressure p per unit of circumference. The
material of the disk has an elasticity
modulus E and a Poisons ratio = 0.
2a
2a
Figure 1. Cross-section of the ring
Kinematic equations of the disk
du
dr
u
=
r
rr =
Equilibrium equation of the disk
d
(r rr ) = 0
dr
Using the force method the solution is
t
a
Figure 2. Disk
29
rr =
r
d
=
dr
a2
= C1 + C2r
r
a Derive the kinematic equation of for the disk. (Suggestion, consider how the shape
changes due to displacement u).
b Derive the equilibrium equation for the disk. (Suggestion, draw an elementary part of the
disk).
c Calculate the stresses in the disk due to the load p.
d Derive the following equation for the disk. u1 is the displacement of the outer edge.
u1 = 10
3
pa
Et
e Derive the following equation for the ring.
pa2
u2 = 4
Er A
The ring is heated T degrees. It now fits exactly around the disk. Subsequently the ring is
cooled down to its normal temperature. The linear expansion coefficient of both materials is
. Er = 30E and A = 1 at .
5
f Calculate the stresses in the connected disk and the ring.
Consider the structural system of Figure 3. It

consists of two beams, which are connected
by a hinge. The left beam has an infinite
bending stiffness. The right-hand beam has
a bending stiffness EI. The left support is a
free hinge and the right-hand support is a
clamp. The left beam is supported by a
spring. The spring stiffness is K. The system
is loaded by a force F at the middle hinge
and a moment T at the left beam.
The system will be calculated using the
principle of minimum potential energy. The
following displacement is assumed for the
30
EI
EI
x
2/3a
w(x)
1/3a
Figure 3. Structural system
deflection of the right-hand beam. (Note that the x-axis starts at the middle hinge.)
x3
x
3 + 2 C
w = 1
2 3
a
a
The following expression can be derived for the potential energy of the system.
EI 2
T
E pot = 2 K + 3
C F C
2 3
a
a
9
a What is the unit of the constant C? How can it be interpreted?
b Derive the expression of the potential energy of the system.
c In the following we assume the values.
EI
K = 27
4 3
a
T = 1 Fa
4
Calculate the constant C.

d Make a drawing of the moment line and give its extreme values.
e Are the calculated results approximations or exact solutions of the system? Explain your
answer.
31
Tentamen b16, 15 oktober 1998

Answer to Problem 1
The correct answer is answer 3. The compatibility equations are derived by eliminating the
displacements from the kinematic equations.
a Kinematic Relation
Consider a circle of radius r. The circle increases due to the loading to a radius r + u. The
circle length before loading is 2r. The circle length after loading is 2(r + u). Therefore,
the strain is
2 (r + u ) 2 r u
=
r
2 r
b Equilibrium Equations
The resulting force in the left section is rr t r d . The resulting force in the right-hand
d
( rr t r d ) dr . The resulting forces in the top and bottom section
dr
are t dr . The latter produce a force t dr d due to the angle d .
section is rr t r d +
Equilibrium in the r direction gives
d
( rr t r d ) dr t dr d = 0 .
dr
This can be simplified by division by t dr d
t dr
d
( rr r ) = 0 .
dr
c Stresses
We know that
= C1
a2
+ C2r
r
= C1
rr t r d +
rr t r d
Substitution gives
rr =
dr
r
t dr
a2
r2
+ C2
d
a2
= C1
+ C2
dr
r2
Applying the boundary conditions we obtain two equations with two unknown.
32
d
( rr t r d ) dr
dr
r = a rr = 0 = C1
r = 2a rr =
a2
a2
+ C2 0 = C1 + C2
p
a2
p
= C1
+ C2 = C1 1 + C2
2
4
t
t
(2a )
The solution is
p
C1 = 4
3 t
p
3 t
C2 = 4
Therefore, the stresses are
p a2
2 1
t r
p a2 4 p
rr = 34
t 2 3 t
rr =
p a2 4 p
4
=
3 t 2 3 t
r
= 34
4
3
p a2
2 + 1
t r
d Displacement of the Disk Edge
We know that =
u
. Therefore,
r
r
p a2
=
u(r ) = r = r
2 + 1
E
E
t r
2a
p a2
p 1
2a
+ 1
=4
+1
r = 2a u1 = 4
3 t
2
3 t 4
E
E
(2a )
pa
u1 = 10
3 tE
4
3
Note that u1 is directed inwards.

e Displacement of the Ring
We assume that the ring is thin in the radial direction. Therefore, moments can be
neglected.
The normal force N in a cross-section of the ring can be found from equilibrium of a
segment d . The resultant of the load p is p 2a d . The resultant of the normal forces N at
both sections is N d . Equilibrium gives
N = 2a p .
The ring has the same kinematic equation as the disk.
u u2
=
r 2a
33
The constitutive equation is
N = Er A .
From the previous three equations we can derive
N
2a p
a2 p
u2 = 2a = 2a
= 2a
=4
.
Er A
Er A
Er A
f System of Ring and Disk
The temperature rise of the ring is included in the constitutive equation.
N = Er A( Tr )
From the equilibrium equation, kinematic equation and constitutive equation we derive
2a p
u2 = 2a = 2a
+ Tr = 2a
+ Tr
Er A
Er A
After the ring is fitted its temperature drops T degrees. Therefore,
2a p
u2 = 2a
T
Er A
The displacements of disk and ring will be equal.
u1 = u2
10
3
2a p
pa
= 2a
T
tE
Er A
Using, Er = 30E and A = 1 at we derive

5
2a p
pa
p
2a p
= 2a
T = 2a
T =
2aT
3 tE
1
30E at
3Et
3Et
2a p 10 p a 12 a p
2aT =
+
=
3 tE
3 Et
3Et
p
T = 2
Et
1
p = TEt .
10
Subsequently, the displacement and stresses can be calculated.
u1 = 10
3
34
pa
= 10 aT
6
tE
Stresses in the disk

1 TEt 2
p a2
a
4
4
2
rr = 3 2 1 = 3
2 1
t r
t
a2
2
rr = 3 TE 2 1
r
1 TEt 2
p a2
a
4
4
2
= 3 2 + 1 = 3
2 + 1
t r
t
a2
2
= 3 TE 2 + 1
r
Stresses in the ring
N = 2a p = 2a 1 TEt = aTEt
2
N aTEt
=
= 5TE
1 at
A
5
Remarks
The internal radius of the ring has been used in all
calculations. We could also have used the radius to
the centreline of the ring cross-section. However,
this has very little effect on the results when the ring
is thin in the radial direction.
Damaged train wheels are often turned off on a
lathe (Dutch: afdraaien op een draaibank) and fitted
with steel tyres. The method of this problem can be
used to model this process.
r
a
1
2
rr
ET
ET
4
3
a Constant C
C has the unit of length. For example meter [m].
When x = 0 then w(0) = C. Therefore, C is the displacement of the middle hinge.

b Potential Energy
T
E pot = Es + E p
v w
Es consists of two parts, due to the righthand beam and due to the spring.
E p consists of two parts, due to the force F
and due to the moment T.
Together this gives
E pot =
1 Kv 2
2
1
2
v
2/3a
1/3a
EI 2dx Fw T
x =0
35
where,
v = 2C
is the shortening of the spring,
w =C
C
=
a
is the displacement of the force F,
is the rotation of the left beam,
d 2w
dx
3x
a3
C is the curvature of the right-hand beam.
Substitution in the equation of the potential energy gives.
E pot =
1 K 4 C2
2 9
E pot = K 2 C 2
9
1
2
x =0
9 EIC
2
6
EI
9
a
2 a
x 2C 2dx FC + T
x 2dx FC + T
x =0
C
a
C
a
EIC 1 3
C
E pot = K 2 C 2 + 9
a FC + T
9
2
a
a6 3
2
EIC
C
FC + T
E pot = K 2 C 2 + 3
9
2
3
a
a
EI 2
T
E pot = 2 K + 3
C F C
2 3
a
a
9
c Constant C
EI
and T = 1 Fa the potential energy becomes
Using K = 27
4
a3
1 Fa
2 27 EI 3 EI 2
4
C
E pot =
+
C F
a
9 4 a3 2 a3
EI
E pot = 3 C 2 3 FC
4
a3
d
EI
E pot = 6 C 3 F = 0
4
dC
a3
C=
3
1 Fa
8 EI
d Deflections and Moments

Largest deflection
Fa
w (0) = C = 1
8 EI
Moment in the right-hand beam
36
3
1 Fa
8 EI
M = EI = EI
3x
a3
C = EI
3 x 1 Fa3
= 3 Fx
3 8 EI
8
a
The force in the spring is
EI 2 1 Fa3
= 9 F
F = Kv = K 2 C = 27
3
4 3 3 8 EI
16
a
Moment equilibrium of the left beam
gives the shear force D left of the
middle hinge
1 Fa
4
1 Fa = Da 9 F 2 a
4
16 3
5
D= F
8
9 F
16
from which the moment at the spring can

be calculated.
1 Fa
5 Fa
24
3 Fa
8
M = 5 F 1 a = 5 Fa
8
24
e Approximation or Exact
The results are exact if the assumed displacement function w(x) gives a moment line
which is in equilibrium with the load and fulfills the dynamic boundary conditions.
Equilibrium q =
d 2M
dx 2
d2 3
Fx = 0 , which is correct.
dx 2 8
Dynamic boundary condition M = 3 Fx

8
x = 0 M = 0 , which is correct.
Therefore, the results are exact.
37
38


29 oktober 1999 van 14.00 -17.00 uur
A non-prismatic beam has a length L

and is simply supported at both ends
(Figure 1). The bending stiffness at
the left support is EIo and at the
EIo
3 EI
4 o
M1
right-hand support 3 EIo . Between
the supports the bending stiffness

varies linear. The beam is loaded by
a moment M1 at the left support
Figure 1. Non-prismatic beam
A structural designer calculates the rotation 1 of the beam at the left support. He or she
uses the standard formula (Dutch: vergeet-mij-nietje) for prismatic beams and the average
bending stiffness of the beam.
a What is the percentage error that the structural designer makes?
Apply one of Castiglianos theorems to calculate the rotation 1 . In this problem you can
use either the displacement method or the force method. Explain your selection of the
interpolation function.
b If the displacement method were used: Would the force method give a larger or smaller
value for the rotation?
If the force method were used: Would the displacement method give a larger or smaller
value for the rotation?
Suggestion
If you need to calculate an integral for
which you do not know the solution, use
Simpsons rule for numerical integration
(Figure 2.).
L
f ( x )dx = 61 L(f1 + 4f2 + f3 )
f2
f3
f1
Figure 2. Simpsons rule
39
Consider the composite bridge shown

in Figure 3. The continuous lines are
reinforced concrete plates and the
dotted lines are steel trusses. Figure 4
shows part of one of the trusses. The
thickness of all concrete walls is t and
the shear modulus of the concrete is
G.
7a
2a
3a
4
3a
4
Figure 3. Cross-section of a composite bridge
We need to calculate the torsion stiffness and the torsion stresses in the cross-section.
Therefore, we replace the trusses by homogenous isotropic plates with the same shear
modulus G as the concrete plates and a fictitious thickness tf . The extension stiffness of the
truss bars is EAs .
1F
2
a The fictitious thickness of the wall is
EAs
. Use energy to derive this
tf =
2aG
c Calculate the shear stresses due to a

torsion moment Mw .
1F
2
1F
2
1F
2
a 2
1F
2
1F
2
1F
2
fictitious thickness (Figure 5).

b Assume that tf = 1 2t . Calculate the
2
torsion stiffness of the cross-section of
the bridge.
3a 2
1F
2
Figure 4. Elevation of one of the trusses
a 2
nxy
F
F
F
a 2
nxy
nxy
nxy
Figure 5. Truss and isotropic plate
40
Tentamen Ctme5141, 29 oktober 1999

a Method of the Structural Designer
Average bending stiffness
M1L
3EI
EI = 21 (EI o + 0.75EI o ) = 0.875EI o
Substitution
1 =
Formula of the prismatic beam
1 =
M1L
M1L
=
3EI 3 * 0.875EI o
1 = 0.381
M1L
EI o
Force Method (Minimum complementary energy or Castigliano 2)

x
M = M1(1 )
Moment line
L
The linear moment line is in equilibrium with the load. Therefore, it can be used in
complementary energy. The beam is statically determined. Therefore, we can easily see
that the linear moment line can describe the exact solution too. Consequently,
approximations are not introduced here.
x
Bending stiffness
EI = EI o (1
)
4L
L
Complementary energy
Ec =
1
2
M2
dx
EI
0
x 2
)
M 12
L
1
Ec = 2
dx =
x
2EI o
0 EI (1
)
o
4L
x
(1 )2
L
f (x) =
x
(1
)
4L
L
Substitution
M 12 (1
f ( x ) dx
0
Approximation of the integral

using Simpsons rule
f (0 ) =
(1 0) 2
=1
(1 0)
f ( 12 L) =
f (L ) =
Ec =
(1 12 ) 2
=
(1 81 )
2
7
(1 1) 2
=0
(1 41 )
M12 L
(1 + 4 * 72 + 0) =
2EI o 6
5
28
M12 L
M 2L
= 0.179 1
EI o
EI o
Intermezzo The integral can also be calculated exactly
Ec =
Complementary energy
M 12
M 2L
(72 ln 2 36 ln 3 10)L = 0.178 1
EI o
2EI o
E compl = E c M 11 0 =
1 =
E compl
E c
ML
= 0.179 * 2 1
EI o
M 1
M1
E c
1
M1
1 = 0.358
M1L
EI o
41
Error of the structural designer
0.381 0.358
* 100% = 6% too large
0.358
Displacement Method (Minimum potential energy or Castigliano 1) Alternative answer

x x
Deflection line
w ( x ) = C (1 )
L L
This is the simplest function that still fulfils the kinematic boundary conditions
w (0 ) = 0
w (L ) = 0
x 1
dw
1x
The rotation of the beam
=
=C
+ C (1 )
L L
dx
LL
1
1 = (0) = C
L
2
d w
C
11
11
Curvature
=
=C
+C
=2 2 =2 1
2
LL
LL
L
dx
L
L
Es = 21 EI 2dx
Strain energy
0
L
)(2 1 )2dx =
Es = 21 EIo (1
4L
L
Substitution
2
7
x
)dx = 2EI o ( 1 ) 2 L = 74 EI o 1
= 2EI o ( 1 ) 2 (1
4L
L 0
L 8
L
E pot = Es M11
Potential energy
0=
E pot
1
Es
M1
1
ML
Es
= 2 74 EIo 1 1 = 0.286 1
EI o
1
L
0.381 0.286
* 100% = 33% too large
0.286
M1 =
Error of the structural designer
b Displacement versus Force Method
The displacement method gives a too stiff solution, so a too small 1 . The force method gives
the exact solution except for the approximation of the in the integration rule.
a Fictitious Thickness
The energy in the plate parts should be equal to the energy in the truss walls. From this we
calculate the fictitious thickness tf .
Energy in a plate part
Ec =
42
1
2
2
nxy
(a 2)2tf
nxy a 2 tf = F
F
a 2 tf
1
Ec = 2
G
2
(a 2)2 t = F
f
2G tf
Energy in two truss bars

N2
N2
Ec = 21 1 2a + 21 2 2a
EAs
EAs
N1 = 21 F 2
Ec = 21
N2 = 21 F 2
( 21 F 2)2
EAs
( F 2)
F 2a
2a + 21 2
2a =
EAs
EAs
To equate
F2
F 2a
=
2G tf
EAs
EAs
tf =
2aG
b Torsion Stiffness
We use the membrane analogy.
w
w w1 1 2
S 1 a 2 + S 1 a S 2
a = 2 a p
t
t
tf
w
w
w w1
S 2 a + S 2 a + S 2
a = a2 p
t
t
t
Simplified
atp
4w1 w 2 = 21
S
atp
w1 + 3w 2 =
S
2a
From which we can solve

5 atp
w1 = 22
S
atp
9
w 2 = 22
S
Substituting S =
w1
w2
w1
1
and p = 2 we obtain the -bubble.
G
5 at G
1 = 11
9 at G
2 = 11
43
The torsion moment Mw is two times the volume of the -bubble.

5 at G + 2 9 at G )
Mw = 2(a21 + 2a 22 ) = 2a2 (1 + 22 ) = 2a 2 ( 11
11
Mw = 46
a3t G
11
Therefore,
Iw =
Mw
G
Iw = 46
a3t
11
c Shear Stresses
The shear stress is the slope of the -bubble. At the previous page we found
5 at G
1 = 11
9 at G
2 = 11
11 Mw = at G , which gives
To eliminate we substitute 46
a2
5 Mw
1 = 46
a2
.
9 Mw
2 = 46
a2
9 Mw
The shear stresses in the top and bottom plates are = 2 = 46
t
a 2t
9 Mw 5 Mw
46
1
a2 46 a2 = 4 Mw
=
The shear stresses in the vertical plates are = 2
46 2
t
t
a t
M
w
5
46 2
1
a = 10 Mw = 5 2 Mw
=
The shear stresses in the fictitious trusses are =
46
1 2t
1 2t
2a2t 46
a 2t
2
2
5 2
9
4
44
5 2
1
x 46
Mw
a 2t

Faculteit der Civiele Techniek en Geowetenschappen


Dinsdag 11 januari 2000, 9:00 12:00 uur
Problem 1
A high-rise building has a tube frame structure. The cross-section is modelled as a tube
loaded in torsion (Figure 1). The walls are plates of a homogenous isotropic material of
thickness h and shear modulus G.
We calculate the tube using the membrane analogy. You can assume that the wall thickness
is small compared to the width of the tube.
h
h
h
Mw
h
2a
h
a
Figure 1. Cross-section of the tube
Figure 2. Alternative cross-section
a Calculate the position of the weightless plates.

b Calculate the torsion stiffness GIw of the cross-section.
c Calculate the shear stresses in the cross-section due to a torsion moment Mw and draw the
stresses in the correct direction.
As an alternative it is suggested to leave out the interior wall. This cross-section has been
drawn in Figure 2.
d Does the interior wall contribute much to the torsion stiffness? Explain your answer.
45
Problem 2
An arch and a tension bar are idealised according to the figure below. The materials are
linear elastic. The bending stiffness of the arch is EI and the tension stiffness of the arch is
infinitely large. The tension stiffness of the tension bar is EA.
The structure is calculated by complementary energy. We choose the force in the tension
bars as redundant (Dutch: statisch onbepaalde).
F
EI
w
r
EA
F/ 2
F/ 2
a Express the arch moment as a function of , r, F and . (Due to symmetry only halve the arch
needs to be considered.)
b Give the formula for the complimentary energy of the structure.
c Evaluation of the complimentary energy gives the following result. Derive this result.
Ecompl =
2 r
r3 2 1
[ 4 21 F + F 2 ( 161 41 )] +
EA
EI
d Calculate .
e Calculate the deflection w of the arch top.
f Assume that the calculation would have been made by the
direct method instead of complementary energy. Would we
have found different answers to question d and e? Explain
your answer.
/2
sin d = 1
0
/2
cos d = 1
0
/2
sin
d =
d =
/2
cos
0
/2
sin cos d = 2
0
46
Tentamen Ctme5141, 11 januari 2000

Answer to Problem 1
a Weightless plates
2
sw
h
w2
w1
2a
w2
w1
Equilibrium plate 1
Equilibrium plate 2
w1
w
w
w
w w1
+ as 1 + as 1 + as 1 as 2
h
h
h
h
h
w2
w2
w2
w 2 w1
+ 2as
+ as
+ as
p a 2a = 2as
h
h
h
h
p a 2a = 2as
This can be simplified to

p
2ah = 6 w 1 w 2
s
p
2ah = 6w 2 w1
s
From which w1 and w2 can be solved.
p
w1 = 51 2ah
s
p
w 2 = 51 2ah
s
b Torsion Stiffness
From the bubble we go the -bubble using the following substitutions.
w =
p = 2
s=
1
G
Therefore
1 = 2 = 51 2ah2G = 54 ahG
The torsion moment is two times the volume of the -bubble.

Mw = 2(a 2a 1 + a 2a 2 ) = 4a 2 (1 + 2 ) = 4a 2 ( 54 + 54 )ahG =
32
5
a 3 hG
For a wire frame model of the beam we have

47
Mw = GIw
Therefore the torsion stiffness is
GIw = G 32
a3h
5
c Shear Stresses
The shear stress is the slope of the -bubble. First we rewrite the equation for the torsion
moment
5 Mw
ahG = 32
a2
and express 1 and 2 in the torsion moment.

M
1 = 2 = 54 ahG = 81 2w
a
This gives for the shear stress
M
= 1 = 81 2w .
h
a h
d Alternative
The interior wall does not contribute to the torsion
stiffness. After all 1 and 2 are equal and the shear
stress in the wall is zero.
a Moment line
M = r sin F / 2 (r r cos )
0<<
EI
w
M
r sin
b Complementary energy
/2
Ecompl
EA
2r
2
M2
=2
ds +
dx
2EI
2EA
=0
x =0
F/2
F/2
r - r cos
c Evaluation
Ecompl =
=
=
48
1
EI
1
EI
r
EI
/2
M 2ds +
=0
/2
M2 r d +
=0
2r
2
dx
2EA x = 0
2
2r
2EA
/2
[ r sin 21 F (r r cos )]2d +
=0
2r
EA
r3
=
EI
/2
r3
EI
/2
r3
=
EI
/2
[ sin 21 F (1 cos )] 2d +
=0
2 r
EA
[2 sin2 2 sin 21 F (1 cos ) + 41 F 2 (1 cos )2 ] d +
=0
2r
EA
[2 sin2 F sin + F sin cos + 41 F 2 21 F 2 cos + 41 F 2 cos 2 ] d +
=0
2r
EA
r3 2
1
2 r
[
F + F + 41 F 2 21 F 2 + 41 F 2 ] +
EI
4
2
4 EA
2
3
r
r
=
[2 41 21 F + F 2 ( 161 41 )] +
EI
EA
=
d Redundant
0=
Ecompl
r 1
r
[ 2 21 F ] + 2
EA
EI
F
=
4EI
+
r 2EA
0=
e Deflection
For this we assume that the deflection w of the arch top is imposed. The complementary
energy becomes
r3 2 1
2r
[ 4 21 F + F 2 ( 161 41 )] +
Ecompl =
Fw
EA
EI
We can calculate the support reaction F by minimising the complimentary energy.

Ecompl r 3 1
0=
=
[ + 2F ( 161 41 )] w
F
EI 2
We now know the relation between w and F. It does not matter any longer which has been
imposed
r 3F 1
r 2EA
1
1
w=
8 2 2
EI
4EI + r 2EA
f We would have found the same answers because the moment line of question a is not an
approximation.
49
50


Vrijdag 27 oktober 2000, 14:00 17:00 uur
Problem 1
A four-cell box-girder is loaded in torsion (Figure 1). All wall parts have the same thickness t.
The centre to centre (Dutch: hart-op-hart) distances are all a. The thickness t can be
considered very small compared to a.
a Which parts of the four cell boxgirder can be neglected in
calculating the torsion stiffness?
t
a
b How many weightless plates do we

need to consider in calculating the
torsion stiffness by the membrane
analogy?
c Calculate the torsion stiffness.
t
a
d Determine the shear stresses in all

wall parts due to a torsion moment
Mt. Express the stresses in Mt /(a2t).
Figure 1. Cross-section of a box-girder
Problem 2
Consider an axial symmetrical plate which is loaded perpendicular to its plane (Figure 2). The
curvature in the radial direction is rr =
d 2w
dr 2
. What is the curvature in the tangential
direction?
A
= 0
r
1 dw
r dr
w
r2
Figure 2. Axial symmetric plate
51
Problem 3
A non-prismatic beam is loaded by a

moment M1 (Figure 3). At the left end
the beam is simply supported and at
the right-hand side it is clamped. The
bending stiffness EI varies according
to
M1
1
x
x
x
EI ( x ) = EI1 (1 ) + 21 EI1 .
L
L
Figure 3. Non-prismatic beam

The following function is proposed for the moment line.
M ( x ) = M1 (1
x
x
)+ A
L
L
where A is a constant that will be determined later.

a Draw the moment line. To do so make an estimate of constant A.
b Is the proposed moment line suitable or application in the principle of minimum
complimentary energy? Is this moment line an approximation? Explain your answer.
c Give the formula of the complimentary energy of the beam.
d Show that the complimentary energy can be evaluated to the following result. Use
Simpsons rule (Figure 4).
Ecompl =
L
(0.194 M12 + 0.222 M1A + 0.278 A2 )
EI1
e Calculate constant A.
f (x)
f Calculate the rotation 1 of the left end of

the beam.
f (0)
f ( 12 L)
f (L)
f ( x ) dx = L (f (0) + 4f (
1
6
1 L ) + f (L )
2
x =0
Figure 4. Simpsons rule for approximation

of the integral of f (x)
52
Tentamen CTme5141, 27 oktober 2000

Answers to Problem 1 (4 points)
a The cells at the left top and right bottom are not closed. The contribution of these wall
parts is calculated as that of a strip ( l t 3 = 2 x 3 a t 3 ). This is much smaller than the
contribution of the closed cells, therefore the open cells can be neglected.
b For the calculation is just one weightless plate required. After all, when we rotate the
cross-section over rad we obtain the same shape. Would the weightless plates of the
closed cells have different displacements than the drawn cross-section and the rotated
section would have different solutions. This is not possible, so the weightless plates will
have the same displacements.
c We consider the weightless plate as draw below. The total circumference O of the plate is
O = 2(2a ) + 6(a ) = 10a
a
The surface A of the plate is

A = 2(2a a ) = 4a 2
a
Equilibrium of the plate gives

w
S 10a = p 4a 2
t
Therefore
pat
w=2
5 S
Transition from w to .
p = 2
1
S=
G
= 4 G at
5
The torsion moment is two times the volume of the volume of the -bubble.
Mt = 2 A = 2( 4a 2 ) 4 G at = G 32 a 3t
5
We also know that Mt = GIt

Therefore It = 32 a 3t
5
d The shear stress in the wall parts is equal to

the slope of the -bubble. In all wall parts is
the size of the shear stress the same.
4
5 G at 4
Mt
= =
= Ga = 4Ga
5
5
32
t
t
G a 3t
5
M
= 1 t
8 2
a t
53
Answer to Problem 2 (1 point)
The correct answer is B. (Lecture book, Direct Methods, page 122)

Answers to Problem 3 (5 points)
a The constant A is the moment at the right-hand side of the beam. From the expected
curvature of the beam we can conclude that A will be negative.
-A
M1
b Yes, the proposed moment line is suitable for complementary energy because it is in
d2M
= q = 0 . The moment line is not an

dx 2
approximation because it can describe the real moment line.
equilibrium with the loading M1=M(0) and
c In general the complimentary energy of beam consists of an internal part and an external
part.
L
Ecompl =
1
2
x =o
M2
dx F1uo 2 F2uo 2 M 2o 2
EI
where uo1, uo2 and o2 are imposed displacements (free support and clamp) and F1, F2 and
M2 are the corresponding support reactions. The complimentary energy of the beam in this
problem is
L
Ecompl =
1
2
x =o
M2
dx
EI
After all, the imposed displacements uo1, uo2 and o2 equal zero.
d Evaluation of the complimentary energy
2
Ecompl
x
x
M1(1 ) + A
L
L
dx
1
=
2
x
x
1
x = o EI1(1 ) + 2 EI1
L
L
Ecompl
x
x
L M1(1 ) + A
1
L
L
dx
=
x
2EI1
1
1
x =o
2 L
Ecompl =
1
2EI1
f ( x )dx
x =o
x
x
M1(1 ) + A
L
L
f (x) =
x
1 21
L
f (0) = M12
f ( 21 L ) =
1
3
(M1 + A)2
f (L ) = 2 A 2
54
Ecompl
1 1
L f (0) + 4f ( 1 L ) + f (L )
2
2EI1 6
Ecompl =
1 1
L M12 + 4 (M1 + A)2 + 2 A2 )
3
2EI1 6
Ecompl =
1 1 7 2 8
L( M1 + M1A + 10 A2 )
3
3
2EI1 6 3
Ecompl =
L
(0.194 M12 + 0.222 M1A + 0.278 A2 )
EI1
Intermezzo
The integral can also be calculated exactly. The result is
L
[(2M1 A)A + (M1 2 A)2 (2 ln(2) 1)]
Ecompl =
2EI1
L
Ecompl =
(0.193 M12 + 0.227 M1A + 0.273 A2 )
EI1
e Complementary energy needs to be minimal with respect to the parameters of the moment
line.
d Ecompl
=0
dA
From this A is solved.
d Ecompl
L
=
(0.222 M1 + 0.556 A) = 0
dA
EI1
A=
0.222 M1
= 0.399M1
0.556
f The rotation 1 is not part of the expression of the complementary energy. Therefore we
use a trick. We assume that 1 is imposed, so 1 = o1 . The complementary energy
becomes
L
Ecompl =
(0.194 M12 + 0.222 M1A + 0.278 A2 ) M1o1 .
EI1
Two parameters determine the moment line. These are A and the support moment M1.
The complimentary energy again needs to be minimal with respect to these parameters.
d Ecompl
L
=
(0.222 M1 + 0.556 A) = 0
dA
EI1
d Ecompl
d M1
L
(0.388 M1 + 0.222 A) o1 = 0
EI1
In principle, form these two equations we can solve the unknown A and M1. However, since
we know the relation between 1 and M1 it does not matter which was imposed and which
was calculated. Therefore we can also write
0.222 M1
A=
= 0.399M1
0.556
L
M L
1 =
(0.388 M1 + 0.222 A) = 0.299 1
EI1
EI1
55
56



Dinsdag 9 januari 2001, 9:00 12:00 uur
A new software tool has become available for calculation of circular plates*. We want to check
the program with a manual calculation. Therefore, the computation of Figure 1 has been
performed.
CL
Formulae
dw
d 1 d
1 d
(r
(
(r
)))
dr
r dr dr r dr
mrr = D (w + w )
r
1
m = D ( w + w )
r
1
1
qr = D (w + w
w )
r
r2
p=D
E = 25 106 psi
v = 0.3
thickness = 0.2 in
C
3 pr 2
+ 2C2 3 + (3 + 2 ln(r ))C4
16D
r2
w =
3 pr 2C3 2C4
+
+
r
8D
r3
D=
1 in
6 in (inch)
w
-0.219
207
mr r
C
pr 3
+ 2rC2 + 3 + (r + 2r ln(r ))C4
w =
r
16D
w =
100 psi (pound / inch2)
645
m
-182
qr
Eh 3
12(1 2 )
-607
-343
Figure 1. Computation results of the software tool
a What are the units of w, mrr, m and qr in Figure 1.

b Clearly an axial symmetrical plate can be modelled by a differential equation. The total
solution of this differential equation is
w (r ) =
pr 4
+ C1 + C2r 2 + C3 ln(r ) + C4 r 2 ln(r )
64D
Give the boundary conditions that can be used to calculate the constants C1 , C2 , C3 and C4.
Are the graphs of Figure 1 in agreement with these boundary conditions? Explain your
answer.
c
Derive the four equations from which the constants can be solved. (You can leave D, and p
in the equations. You do not need to solve the constants.)
WinPlate, Archon Engineering, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A. Shareware, http://www.archoneng.com/
57
d The constants have been solved for you. The result is
C1 = 0.2248 C2 = 0.006428 C3 = 0.02548 C4 = 0.0006825

Use this to check the largest deflection in Figure 1. Explain possible differences.
A prismatic tube with thick walls is loaded by

torsion. The cross-section of the tube is square
with dimension h and wall thickness t (Figure 2).
We want to calculate the torsion stiffness and
the largest shear stress. Therefore, we
considerer a slice of length x.
h
t
The torsion moment causes shear stresses in

the cross-section, which can be derived from a
function . We select the following function as
an approximation.
y2
A
(
1
4
)
h2
z2
= A (1 4 )
h2
A (1 (1 2 t )2 )
Figure 2. Cross-section of the tube
y >z
en
1h t
2
y 1h
z y
en
1h t
2
z 1h
y,z < 1h t
2
where A is a jet unknown constant. Function

has been drawn in Figure 3. The shear stresses
in the cross-section are calculated by
xz =
y
xy =
y
z
Figure 3. The bubble
a Use Figure 3 to show that fulfils the boundary conditions.

b Give the formula for calculating the resulting torsion moment (You do not need to evaluate
the formula).
The formula has been evaluated for you with the following result.
58
Mw = Ah 2 1 (1 2 )4
h
c Calculate the largest stress in the cross-section and express this in the torsion moment.
d Give the formula for calculating the complementary energy of the slice of length x (You do
not need to evaluate the formula).
The formula has been evaluated for you with the following result
Ec = 4
A2
t 4
1 (1 2 ) x
G
h
where G is the shear modulus of the material

e Calculate the torsion stiffness GIw of the beam.
Suggestion: Make the complementary energy of the slice equal to the complementary energy
of a part of wire frame model.
A statically indetermined truss is loaded by a concentrated load F (Figure 4). All bars have a
cross-section area A and an elasticity modulus E. The bars are connected with hinges to the
nodes. The diagonal bars are not connected in the middle. The complementary energy of the
truss is
Ecompl =
l 3 1
( +
2 )F 2 + ( 5 + 2 2 )2 (2 + 3 2 )F
4
2
2
2
EA
a Explain the parameter in the equation of the complementary energy. How can be
calculated?
b Calculate the deflection of the concentrated load.
F
l
Figure 4. Statically indetermined truss
59

a Units
w
mrr, m
qr
inch; in
inch-pound / inch; pound; lb
pound / inch; lb / in
b Boundary Conditions
1. w ( 7 ) = 0
2.
3.
dw
(7 ) = 0
dr
mrr (1) = 0
4. qr (1) = 0
In Figure 3 we see that the deflection line w at the clamped support (r = 7) does not have a
slope. This agrees with boundary conditions 1 and 2. We also see that mrr and qr equal zero
at the free edge (r = 1). This agrees with boundary conditions 3 and 4. Therefore the graphs
fulfil the boundary conditions.
c System of Equations
mrr = D [w +
= D[
=
w ]
r
C
3p r 2 p r 3
C3
+
+ 2C2 + 2C2r 3 +
+ 2C4 ln r + 2C4 + C4 + 2C4r ln r + C4r ]
2
16D r 16D
r
r
r
r
r
r
pr 2
D( 1)
( + 3) 2D ( + 1)C2
C3 D [2 ln r ( + 1) + + 3] C4
16
r2
1
1
qr = D [w + w
w ]
r
r2
= D[
C
3p r
2C4 1 3 p r 2 1
1 C3 1
1
+2 3 +
+
+ 2C2
+ 2C4 ln r + 3C4
2
3
8D
r
r 16D r
r r
r
r
r
1 pr3
1
1 C3
1
1
C4 r ]
2C2r
2C4 r ln r
2 16D
2
2 r
2
r
r
r
r
r2
p r 4D
C4
=
r
2
p 74
+ C1 + C2 7 2 + C3 ln 7 + C4 72 ln 7 = 0
w (7) =
64D
C
p 73
w (7) =
+ 2C2 7 + 3 + 2C4 7 ln 7 + C4 7 = 0
16D
7
mrr (1) = 16 ( + 3) 2D ( + 1) C2 D ( 1) C3 D [2 ln1( + 1) + + 3] C4 = 0
q (1) = p 4DC = 0
4
r
2
60
d Numbers
D=
25 * 106 * 0.23
12(1 0.32 )
w (1) =
= 18315 in-lb (Pronounce: inch-pound)
100 * 14
+ C1 + C2 12 + C3 ln1 + C4 12 ln1 = 0.218 in
64D
The graph shows a deflection of 0.219 in. Apparently the program uses a different
positive sign convention than the lecture book. The small difference in the number is
definitely caused by round off errors.
Encore (not an exam question)

The other values in the figure are checked below. From the figure we estimate the
maximum moment at r = 2.2 in.
mrr (2,2) =
100 * 2.22
18315 * 0.7
C3 18315 [2ln 2.2 * 1.3 + 3.3] C4
3.3 2 * 18315 * 1.3 C2
16
2.22
= 99.83 47619 C2 + 2649 C3 97985 C4 = 205 Correct

mrr (7) =
100* 72
18315* 0,7
C3 18315 [2ln 7 * 1.3 + 3.3] C4
3.3 2 * 1 8315 *1.3 C2
16
72
= 1010.6 47619 C2 + 261.6 C3 153102 C4 = 607 Correct
1
m = D [ w + w ]
r
C
C
1 pr 3
3 pr 2
= D [ (
+ 2rC2 + 3 + (r + 2r ln( r ))C4 ) + (
+ 2C2 3 + (3 + 2 ln(r ))C4 )]
r 16D
r
16D
r2
= D [
C3
C
3pr 2
pr 2
+ 2C2 + 3 + (1 + 2 ln(r ))C4 +
+ 2C2
+ (3 + 2 ln( r ))C4 ]
16D
16D
r2
r2
1
pr 2
+ 2(1 + )C2 +
C3 + [1 + 2 ln( r ) + (3 + 2 ln( r ))]C4 ]
16D
r2
100
+ 2.6 C2 + 0.7C3 + 1.9 C4 ] = 645 Correct
m (1) = 18315 [1.9
16 * 18315
100 * 72
0.7
m (7) = 18315 [ 1,9
+ 2.6 C2 +
C3 + [1 + 2ln(7) + 0.3 * (3 + 2ln(7))] C4 ]
16 * 18315
72
= 581.9 47619 C2 261.6 C3 127461 C4
= 182 Klopt
= D [(1 + 3 )
q r (7 ) =
100 * 7 4 * 18315
C4 = 343
2
7
Correct too
61
At the internal and external edges the shear stresses that are perpendicular to the edge
should be zero.
xy = 0 if y = 1 h and z y , y = 1 h t and z y
2
2
1
1
xz = 0 if z = h and y z , z = h t and y z
2
2
This follows from moment equilibrium of

infinitesimal cubes in the edges.
The formulae of the stress shows that the shear
stress is zero when the bubble does not have a
slope in the direction perpendicular to the stress.
The thick lines in the right-hand figure show that the
bubble correctly does not have a slope at the
edges. Therefore, the boundary conditions are
fulfilled.
Equilibrium of infinitesimal cubes

in the edges of the tube
b Torsion Moment
The torsion moment is the resultant of the shear
stress over the cross-section area.
h h
2 2
Mw =
h hyxzdydz z xy dydz

2 2
As shown in the lecture book, this equals two times

the volume of the bubble (Direct Methods, page
169).
y
z
The bubble does indeed not

have a slope at the edges of the
tube.
c Largest Stress
The stress is largest where the slope of the bubble is largest. For example, xz is largest
when y = h/2.
y
1
1
A 8 2 y > z en 2 h t y 2 h
h

xz =
= 0
z y en 1 h t z 1 h
2
2
y
1ht
0
y
,
z
<
A
xz ( y = 1 h, z = z ) = 4
2
h
The expression for the torsion moment can be
reworked as
A=
62
Mw
h 2 1 (1 2 )4
h
Mw
y
xz
xy
z
z
dy
y
dz
This makes the largest stress

=
4Mw
h
1
t
1 (1 2 )4
h
d Complimentary Energy
The complementary energy is the integral over a slice x of the energy in all particles. The
force at one particle is dy dz and the displacement of this force is x.
h h
2 2
h h21 xy dy dz xy x + 21 xzdy dz xz x
Ec =

2 2
e Torsion Stiffness
The torsion moment is
Mw = GIw
The energy in a length x of this model is

M2
Ec = 1 Mw x = 1 w x
2
2 GI
w
The energy of the slice can also be expressed in the torsion moment
Mw2
4
t
h 1 (1 2 )4
2
A
t 4
t 4
h
Ec = 4
1 (1 2 ) x =
1 (1 2 ) x = 4
G
h
G
h
4Mw2
Gh 1 (1 2 t )4
h
4
The energy of a part of the wire frame model should be equal to the energy of the slice.
2
1 Mw
2 GI
w
x =
4Mw2
Gh 1 (1 2 t )4
h
4
Or
GIw = G 1 (h 4 (h 2t )4 )
8

The calculated tube is situated between two extreme tubes. If the walls are thin (t << h) we
can calculate the torsion stiffness simply using a weightless plate GIw = t h3G . If the crosssection is monolithic (t = h/2) we can find the torsion stiffness in a table GIw = 0.141 h 4G
63
(See lecture book Direct Methods at page 183) (See also this book page 25). With this we
can plot the following graph.
monolithic
0,14
GIw
Gh4
0,12
0,10
thin walled
0,08
derived
0,06
0,04
0,02
t
h
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
The derived formula appears to be accurate for thin and thick wall tubes. However, the
formula is not accurate for very thick wall tubes and monolith cross-sections.
a Parameter
Parameter is the redundant (Dutch: statisch onbepaalde) in the force flow of the truss.
can be solved from the equation
dEcompl
d
=0.
b Deflection
We impose the deflection u o . The complementary energy becomes

Ecompl =
l 3 1
( +
2 )F 2 + ( 5 + 2 2 )2 (2 + 3 2 )F Fu o
2
2
4
2
EA
The force F is an unknown support reaction, which also determines the force flow. The
complementary energy needs to be minimal with respect to the parameters that determine
the force flow.
dEcompl
=0
dEcompl
=0
dF
From this the deflection can be solved.
(
(
)
)
l
5
3
EA 2( 2 + 2 2 ) (2 + 2 2 )F = 0
l 2( 3 + 1 2 )F ( 2 + 3 2 ) u o = 0
2
EA 4 2
64
(5 + 4 2 ) = (2 + 3 2 )F
2
l
( 3 + 2 )F (2 + 3 2 ) = u o
2
EA 2
2 + 3 2
l 3
2
F = uo
( + 2 )F (2 + 3 2 )
2
EA 2
5+4 2
uo =
7+5 2 F l
F l
= 1.32
EA
5 + 4 2 EA
65
66



Vrijdag 26 oktober 2001, 14.00 17.00 uur
Consider a symmetric structural system

consisting of three high walls in one plane
(Figure 1). The extension stiffness are EA1,
2EA2 and EA1 respectively. The walls are
supported by springs at the bottom. (pile
foundation). The spring stiffness are K1, 2K2
and K1 respectively. The two rows of horizontal
connection beams between the walls are each
modelled as a system of distributed springs of
stiffness k. The height of the structural system
is l. The x-as start at the bottom of the wall
(x=0) and end at the top of the wall (x=l ).
l
x
The two outside walls have a temperature of T

degrees higher that the middle wall. The linear
extension coefficient of the walls is .
A structural designer wants to calculate the
shear force s in the connection beams. The
structural designer uses symmetry and uses
only the left part of the structure.
EA 1
K1
2EA2
EA 1
2K2
K1
Figure 1. Three connected high walls
a Give the framework that shows the degrees of freedom, deformations, stress quantities
and loading in the structural system. (Make drawings that explain the quantities and their
positive directions).
b Which is most suitable to solve this problem, the force method of the displacement
method? Explain your answer.
c Formulate for the structural system
- the kinematic equations
- the constitutive equations
- the equilibrium equations
(if need be supplement the drawings of question a).
d The structural designer uses the displacement method.
Using the kinematic, constitutive and equilibrium equations he derives two differential
equations. The solution of the differential equation has four coefficients that need to be
determined by four boundary conditions. Two boundary conditions occur at the top (x = l )
of the wall and two boundary conditions occur at the bottom (x = 0 ) of the wall.
Formulate the boundary conditions at the top of the wall? Evaluate these to an equation in
the wall displacements u1 and u2.
e Formulate the boundary conditions at the bottom of the wall. (Draw a small finite slice at
the bottom of each wall with a height d. Thus, the slice goes from x=0 to x=d. d is small
67
compared to l. Draw the forces on the slices. Formulate the equilibrium conditions of the
slices and subsequently let d approach to zero.) Evaluate the equilibrium equations to
equations in the wall displacements u1 and u2.
f Bonus Question (one point if completely correct)
Two descending exponential functions appear in the solution of the displacements and
stress quantities. One of them is descending from the bottom of the system and the other
from the top of the system. We select the stiffness such that exponential functions can be
neglected at a distance of l/3 form the bottom or the top respectively.
Questions
- Consider the situation that K1 is infinitely large and K2 has a finite value. Draw the
expected distribution of the normal forces in the walls and shear forces in the
connection beam. (You do not need to calculate something. It is sufficient to just
reason). Write down whether the normal forces are tension or compression.
- Draw the direction of the shear force s in the distributed springs on each of the walls.
- Write down on which position(s) the normal forces N1 and N2 (in absolute sense) are
equal.
A hollow core slab (Dutch: kanaalplaat) with 11 cells is modelled as a thin wall cross-section
(Figure 3). Just six webs are taken into account in the model. All walls have a thickness t.
Figure 2. Cross-section of a hollow core slab

t
t
1
a
t
a
3
t
7a
a
a
Figure 3. Model of the hollow core slab for calculation of the torsion properties
a Why are some of the webs left out of the model?
b Formulate the equations for calculation of the torsion stiffness according to the membrane
analogy. Use symmetry. (You do not need to evaluate the equations.)
c The equations are evaluated for you with the following result.
pat
w1 = 85
232 s
w 2 = 108
pat
232 s
w 3 = 115
pat
232 s
where w1 is the displacement of the plate above cell 1, w2 that of cell 2 and w3 that of cell
3. s is the membrane stress and p is the pressure underneath the weightless plates.
Calculate the torsion stiffness GIw of the cross-section.
68
d Calculate the shear stresses in the cross-section as function of the torsion moment. Draw the
shear stresses in the correct direction.
A square plat of thickness t carries an evenly distributed load q (Figure 4.). At each edge the
plate is simply supported. According to elasticity theory we assume that the kinematic,
constitutive and equilibrium equations are linear. As you know an exact solution of the
deflection of this plate does not exist. However, it can be approximated. A calculation using
potential energy is very suitable because we can accurately estimate the deformation of the
plate.
G
y
x
C
G
cross-section G-G
q
q
cross-section C-C
Figure 4. Square plate with distributed load
The following deflection function is assumed

2
2x
2y
2x
2y
w ( x, y ) = A (1
)(1
) + B (1
)(1
)
a
a
a
a
where A and B are coefficients that need to be determined later.
a Show that the deflection function fulfils the kinematic boundary conditions of the plate.
b Give the formula for calculation of the potential energy of the plate. (You do not need to
evaluate the formula.)
c Using the deflection function the potential energy Epot of the plate can be calculated. This
has been done for you. The following equations have been used.
69
mxx = D( xx + yy )
xx =
2w
x 2
2w
myy = D( yy + xx )
yy =
mxy = 1 D(1 ) xy
xy = 2
D=
Et 3
12(1 )2
y 2
2w
xy
The result is
D
Epot = 256
(17712 B 2 + 10248 BA + 2695 A2 ) 4 qa2 (36 B + 25 A)
11025 2
225
a
Solve the coefficients A and B from the equation of the potential energy.
d Calculate the deflection in the middle of the plate as a function of a, D and q.
e Since now A and B are known the potential energy of the plate can be calculated. This has
been done for you with the following result.
qa6
Epot = 103
121760 D
This potential energy is an approximation of the exact potential energy because the assumed
deflection function in the beginning of this problem is an approximation.
Will the exact potential energy of the plate be larger of smaller than the approximation?
Explain your answer. (You do not need to make calculations.)
70
Tentamen Ctme5141, 26 oktober 2001

a Framework
1

2
e
u1
u
2
constitutive
equations
kinematic
equations
dN
N 1 + dx1 dx
u1
f1
N1
N
2
s
f1
f
2
equilibrium
equations
dN
N 2 + dx 2dx
s
s
EA1
u2
f2
EA2
N2
N1
(The positive directions of s and e can also be chosen differently.)
b Method
The force method is most suitable. The displacement method results in two differential
equations (because two degrees of freedom, so two equilibrium equations). The force
method results in one differential equation. (because one redundant, because two equilibrium
equations and three stress quantities).
c Equations
Kinematic equations
du
1 = 1
dx
du
2 = 2
dx
e = u2 u1
Constitutive equations
N1 = EA1 (1 T )
N2 = EA 2 2
s=ke
Equilibrium equations
dN1
+ s + f1 = 0
dx
dN2
s + f2 = 0
dx
f1 = f2 = 0
d Boundary Conditions x = l
71
N1(l ) = 0 1(l ) = T
du1
= T
dx x = l
N2 ( l ) = 0 2 ( l ) = 0
du2
=0
dx x = l
e Boundary Conditions x = 0
N1
d
f1
N2
s s
f2 d
N1 + d (f1 + s ) Fv 1 = 0
N2 + d (f2 s ) Fv 2 = 0
Fv2
Fv1
lim d 0 :
du
T en Fv 1 = K1 u1(0)
met N1(0) = EA1 1
dx x =0
du
en Fv 2 = K 2 u2 (0)
N2 (0) Fv 2 = 0 met
N2 (0) = EA 2 2
dx x =0
Result:
du
T K1 u1(0) = 0
EA1 1
dx x =0
du
EA 2 2
K 2 u2 (0) = 0
dx x =0
N1(0) Fv 1 = 0
f Bonus Question
The described situation is in between two extremes.
Extreme 1
K1 = and K 2 = This situation is described in the lecture book (Direct Methods, page
36).
s
N2
N1
-
Extreme 2
K1 = and K 2 = 0 The behaviour at the top and bottom is the same.
s
N2
N1
-
+
+
72
In between
K1 = and K 2 has a finite value The result is in between the extremes.
s
N2
N1
1
3l
1
l
3
1
l
3
K2
top
f2
f1
N1
N2
Equilibrium of the top of the walls gives
l
(f1 + f2 ) dx N1 N2 = 0
x = l a
Since f1 = f2 = 0 , it holds N1( x ) = N2 ( x ) . So, the normal forces are equal in absolute
sense over the total height.
Answer to Problem 2
a Flanges
Some of the middle flanges have been left out for two reasons. 1) They probably contribute
little to the torsion properties. 2) The number of equations that need to be solved is now far
less.
b Equations
w1
w2
w3
Equilibrium of the plate above cell 1

Plate 2
Plate 3
w2
w1
w
w w1
pa2 = 3a s 1 a s 2
t
t
w w2
w w1
w2
+ 2a s
as 3
pa2 = a s 2
t
t
t
w w2
w
pa 7a = 2a s 3
+ 2(7a ) s 3
t
t
c Torsion Stiffness
The membrane is transformed into the bubble by the following substitutions.
73
w =
p = 2
Therefore
1 = 85 2Gat
232
s=
1
G
2 = 108 2Gat
232
3 = 115 2Gat
232
The torsion moment is two times the volume of the bubble.
(
)
Mw = 2 ( 2 85 2Gat a2 + 2 108 2Gat a 2 + 115 2Gat a(7a ) )
232
232
232
Mw = 2 21 a2 + 22 a 2 + 3 a(7a )
Mw = 1191 Ga3t
58
The moment in a wire frame model of the beam is
Mw = GIw
Therefore the torsion stiffness is
GIw = 1191Ga3t
58
d Shear Stresses
The shear stress is the slope of the bubble. First we rewrite the equation of the torsion
moment
M
Gat = w 58
a2 1191
and express 1, 2 and 3 in the torsion moment.
M
1 = 85 2 w 58
232
a 2 1191
Mw
1 = 85
2382 2
a
M
2 = 108 2 w 58
232
a2 1191
M
2 = 108 w
2382 2
a
The shear stresses become
1 1 3 2 4 3
Mw
1 = 1 = 85
2382 2
t
a t
2 108 Mw
2 =
=
2382 2
t
a t

Mw
3 = 2 1 = 23
2382
t
a 2t
2
Mw
4 = 3
= 7
2382 2
t
a t
74
M
3 = 115 2 w 58
232
a2 1191
M
3 = 115 w
2382 2
a
4 2 3 1 1
5

M
5 = 3 = 115 w
2382 2
t
a t
In the figure below the torsion stiffness is plotted as a function of the number of webs n in the
model. It shows that a model with 4 flanges is sufficiently accurate for calculating the torsion
stiffness.
21
n=2
n=4
GIw
Ga3 t
20.5
n=6
20
n = 12
n
2
10
12
The largest shear stress converges less quickly with increasing n (not plotted). The largest
M
shear stress in the model with 12 webs is max = 225 w which is only 0.8% larger than
4624 2
a t
that of the model with 6 webs [1]. Therefore, the model with 6 webs is more than sufficiently
accurate.
The plate is simply supported on all edges. Therefore, the deflection w must be zero at the
edges.
w ( 1 a, y ) =
2
A( 1
4
( 1 a )2
2
a2
w ( 1 a, y ) = A ( 1
2
w ( x, 1 a ) =
2
A( 1
4
w ( x, 1 a ) =
2
)( 1
4
( 1 a )2
2
a2
y2
a
) + B( 1
2
16
)( 1
4
y2
a2
( 1 a )4
y4
2
)( 1
)=0
16
a4
a4
) + B( 1
16
( 1 a )4
2
a4
y
)( 1
)=0
16
a4
1 2
1 4
x 2 1 ( 2 a)
x 4 1 ( 2 a)
1
)(
) + B(
)(
)=0
16
a2 4
a2
a 4 16
a4
A( 1
4
1 2
1 4
x 2 1 ( 2 a)
x 4 1 ( 2 a)
1
)(
) + B(
)(
)=0
16
a2 4
a2
a 4 16
a4
The kinematic boundary conditions are correctly satisfied.

It is noted that the dynamic boundary conditions do not need to be fulfilled for application of
the principle of minimum potential energy.
b Potential Energy
Epot = 1
2
1a
2
1a
2
1a 1a
2
2
(mxx xx + myy yy + mxy xy ) dx dy q
1a
2
1a
2
w dx dy
1a 1a
2
2
75
c Coefficients
For the correct displacement field the potential energy is minimal.
Epot
D
= 256
(10248 B + 5390 A) 4 qa2 25 = 0
11025
2
225
A
Epot = 256 D (35424 B + 10248 A) 4 qa 2 36 = 0

B
11025 2
225
a
From these two equations the two coefficients A and B are solved.
qa 4
535,4 B + 281.6 A =
qa 4
B
A
+
=
1285,2
371.8
qa 4
535.4 B + 281.6 A =
qa 4
B
A
+
=
535.4
154.9
0.4166
D
4
qa
535.4 B + 281.6 A =
qa 4
A
=
126.7
0.5834
D
4
qa
281.6 A
535.4 B =
qa 4
A
=
0.004605
qa 4
qa 4
= 0.2968
535.4 B = (1 281.6 0.004605 )
D
D
4
qa
A = 0.004605
qa 4
B = 0.000554
4
qa
A = 0.00460
D
d Deflection
2
0
0
0
0
w (0,0) = A (1 )(1 ) + B (1 )(1 ) = A + B
a
a
a
a
w (0,0) = 0.00460
qa 4
qa 4
0.000554
D
D
w (0,0) = 0.00405
qa 4
D
e Larger or Smaller
76
We are looking for a solution with the smallest potential energy. The potential energy of a
good approximation is small. The potential energy of the exact solution is smaller.
Using the coefficients A and B we can calculate the moments in the middle of the plate.
mxx = 897 qa2 (1 + )

myy =
24352
897 qa 2 (1 + )
24352
mxy = 0
Moments in plates have been published for many plate shapes and dimensions. Often
these calculations have been performed using the finite difference method. (To date the
finite element method would have been used.) For example in [2] we find the following
formula for the plate of problem 2.
mxx = 0.03676 qa2

If we assume that = 0 this moment is only 0.2% smaller than the calculated result.
Literature
[1] L. Span, Grote openingen in kanaalplaten (Large Openings in Hollow Core Slab
Floors), Preliminary Graduation Report, Delft University of Technology, May 2001 (In
Dutch).
[2] K. Stiglat, H. Wippel, Platten, Zweite Auflage, Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin
1973, p. 158 (In German).
77
78



Dinsdag 8 januari 2002, 9.00 12.00 uur
Consider a symmetric system consisting of

three high walls that are in one plane (Figure
1). The extension stiffness are respectively
EA1, 2EA2 and EA1. The walls are supported by
springs at the bottom (pile foundation). The
spring stiffnesses are respectively K1, 2K2 and
K1. Two rows of horizontal connection beams
between the walls are each modelled as
distributed springs of stiffness k. The height of
the structural system is l. The x-axis starts at
the bottom of the walls (x=0) and ends at the
top (x=l ).
l
x
EA 1
2EA2
EA 1
The two outer walls have a temperature that is

T degrees higher than the middle wall. The
linear extension coefficient of the walls is .
A structural designer wants to calculate the
shear force s in the connection beams. The
structural designer uses symmetry and
considers only the left part of the system.
K1
2K2
K1
Figure 1. Three connected high walls
a Give the framework which shows the degrees of freedom, deformations, stress quantities
and load quantities of the structural system. (Make drawings that explain the quantities
and show their positive directions).
b Is the force method or the displacement method most suitable to solve this problem?
Explain your answer.
c Write down the
- the kinematic equations
- the constitutive equations
- the equilibrium equations
(If need be supplement the drawings that were made for question a).
d The structural designer continues with the force method
- Propose the redundant(s) and show how the stress quantities can be expressed in the
redundant.
- Derive the compatibility condition(s) from the kinematic equations.
e The structural designer derives one differential equation based on the redundant(s) and
the compatibility conditions(s). (You do not need to derive this differential equation.) Two
coefficients occur in the solution to the differential equation. These need to be determined
by two boundary conditions. One boundary condition can be found in the top of the system
(x = l ) and on boundary condition can be found at the bottom (x = 0).
79
Formulate the boundary condition in the top of the system. Evaluate this to an equation in
the redundant(s).
f Formulate the boundary condition at the bottom of the system. Evaluate this to an equation
in the redundant(s).
g Bonus Question (one point if completely correct)
Two descending exponential functions appear in the solution of the displacements and
stress quantities. One of them is descending from the bottom of the system and the other
from the top of the system. We select the stiffness such that exponential functions can be
neglected at a distance of l/3 form the bottom or the top respectively.
Questions
- Draw the expected distribution of the normal forces in the walls and the shear forces in
the connection beams for the situation that K1 and K2 both have a finite value. Write
down whether the normal forces are tension or compression. (calculation is not needed,
just understanding).
- Draw in which direction the shear force s in the distributed springs acts on each of
the adjacent walls.
- Write down shortly (only words) how the results change if the horizontal connection
beams are not present over the middle third part of the height l.
A semi circular arch and tension bar are

idealised according to Figure 2. The
materials are linear-elastic. The bending
stiffness of the arch is EI and the extension
stiffness is infinitely large. The extension
stiffness of the tension bar is EA. The
distributed load q is constant per unit of arch
length (for example self weight).
The structure will be calculated using
complimentary energy. We choose the force
in the tension bar as redundant . The
moment in the arch can be expressed in .
q
M
EI
EA
Figure 2. Arch and tension bar
M () = q r 2 ( 21 sin )- r ( + q r ) cos
a Show that the moment M(0) in the top of the arch is in equilibrium with the load.
b Give the formula for the complimentary energy of the structure. (You do not need to evaluate
the formula.)
c The complementary energy has been evaluated for you with the following result.
r3
2r
[12 2 12 r q + r 2q 2 (72 66)] +
48EI
EA
2
r EA
Calculate . Use the parameter =
EI
Ecompl =
80
d Calculate the moment M(0) in the top of the arch. Can this moment have a negative value?
Explain your answer.
A tunnel is loaded by a train that does not move.

The tunnel is modelled as a ring with a bending
stiffness EI. The surrounding soil is modelled
with distributed springs of stiffness k per unit
length. The wheel load by the train is modelled
as a concentrated load F.
We assume the following function for the
displacement w of the ring.
s
s
s
w (s ) = A cos + B cos(2 ) + C cos(3 )
r
r
r
where A, B and C are coefficients that are to be
determined.
The kinematic equation for the curvature in the
ring is
(s ) =
d 2w
ds 2
EI
F
r
s
w(s)
Figure 3. Spring supported ring
r2
a The displacement function w (s ) consists of three terms. Which of the three terms give a
rigid displacement of the tube? Show that the rigid displacement does not produce a
curvature in the ring.
b Give the equation of the potential energy of the model. (You do not need to evaluate the
equation.)
c The potential energy has been evaluated for you with the following result.
Epot =
EI
2r
(9B 2 + 64C 2 ) + 1 k r ( A2 + B 2 + C 2 ) F ( A + B + C )
2
Solve the coefficients A, B and C op. Use the parameter =

in
kr 4
and express A, B, and C
EI
Fr 3
EI
d Calculate the moment M in the tube at = 0.
81

a Framework
1

2
e
u1
u
2
constitutive
equations
kinematic
equations
dN
N 1 + dx1 dx
u1
f1
N1
N
2
s
equilibrium
equations
dN
N 2 + dx 2dx
s
s
EA1
f1
f
2
u2
f2
EA2
N2
N1
(The positive direction of s and e can also be selected differently.)
b Method
The force method is most suitable. The displacement method results in two differential
equations (because two degrees of freedom, so two equilibrium equations). The force
method results in one differential equation. (because one redundant, which follows from two
equilibrium equation and three stress quantities).
c Equations
Kinematic equations
du
1 = 1
dx
du
2 = 2
dx
e = u2 u1
Constitutive equations
N
1 = 1 + T
EA1
2 =
e=
N2
EA 2
s
k
Equilibrium equations
dN1
+ s + f1 = 0
dx
dN2
s + f2 = 0
dx
82
f1 = f2 = 0
d Redundant
We choose s = and substitute this in the equilibrium equations.
dN1
=
dx
dN2
=
dx
Compatibility Condition
We use the kinematic equations and eliminate u1 and u2
de du2 du1
=
dx
dx
dx
de
= 2 1
dx
e Boundary Conditions x = l
N1 = 0 1 = T
substitution in the compatibility condition
N2 = 0 2 = 0
d
de
d
= k T
= T
= T
dx
dx
dx k
f Boundary Conditions x = 0
e = u1 u2
F
Substitution of u1 = v 1 , u2 = v 2 and e =
gives
K2
k
K1
Fv 1 Fv 2
=
k K1 K 2
l
From equilibrium of wall 1 follows Fv 1 = dx .

0
From equilibrium of wall 2 follows Fv 2 = dx .

0
dx dx
0
=
0
k
K1
K2
l
1
1
=
+
dx
k K1 K 2
0
l
1
1
1
+
dx = 0
k
K1 K 2
0
g Bonus Question
The described situation is in between two extremes.
83
Extreme 1
K1 = and K 2 = . This situation is described in the lecture book (Direct Methods, page
36).
s
N2
N1
-
Extreme 2
K1 = and K 2 = 0 . The behaviour at the top and bottom is the same.
s
N2
N1
-
+
+
In between
K1 = and K 2 is some finite value. The result is in between the extremes.
s
N2
N1
1
3l
1
l
3
1
l
3
K2
The shear force is zero over the middle 1/3 of the height. The results do not change if the
connection beams are removed over the middle 1/3 of the height.
a Equilibrium
The load on a little part of the arch of length ds is q ds.
The lever arm of this load is r sin . Therefore we find
for the equilibrium
M(0)
M (0) = R r r
1
2
q ds r sin .
= 0
The support reaction R is equal to the load q times the

length of the semi arch.
R = q 1 r
2
84
ds
r sin
R
During evaluation we use ds = r d .
M (0) = q 1 r 2 r qr 2
2
1
2
sin d
= 0
1
2
2
1
2
= q r r qr cos 0
2
= q 1 r 2 r qr 2 cos 1 + cos0
2
2
2
2
1
= q r r qr 0 + 1
2
= q 1 r 2 r qr 2
2
[
[
According to this exam problem the moment in the top equals
M (0) = q r 2 ( 21 0 sin 0)- r ( + q r ) cos 0

= q r 2 21 - r ( + q r )
which indeed is the same.
b Complementary Energy
1
2
Ecompl =
1 M ds
2
+ 21 2r
= 1
2
When we substitute the constitutive equations and ds = r d we obtain

1
2
Ecompl =
1
2
= 1
2
M2
2
r d + 21
2r
EI
EA
c Force in the Bar
r3
2r
[12 2 12 r q + r 2q 2 (72 66)] +
48EI
EA
3
Ecompl
2r
r
[24 12 r q ] +
=0
=0
EA
48EI
Ecompl =
r 3EA
[24 12 r q ] + 2 r = 0
48EI
r
[24 12r q ] + 2 r = 0
48
24 12 r q + 2 = 0
48
48
2 + 8 = r q
2 ( + 4) = r q
= 21 q r
+4
d Moment in the Top
85
M (0) = q 1 r 2 r qr 2
2
= q 1 r 2 1 q r
2
r qr 2
+4

M (0) = 1 qr 2 2
2
+4
The stiffness EI and EA are always positive. Therefore 0 . So
< 1.
+4
So M (0) > 0 provided that q > 0 .
a Rigid Displacement
We draw the terms of the displacement function.
cos
s
r
cos 2
The rigid displacement is therefore w = A cos
s
r
cos3
s
r
s
r
Substitution in the kinematic equation gives

s
s
A cos
A cos
1
d 2w w
d2
s
s
r = A cos
r =0
=
=
A cos r
r
ds 2 r 2
ds 2
r2
r2
r2
Therefore, the rigid displacement does not give a curvature of the ring.
b Potential Energy
2 r
Epot =
s =0
1 M ds +
2
2 r
s =0
1 f w ds F w (0)
2
where M is the moment in the ring and f is the spring force per unit of length. Using the
constitutive equations we can write this as
2 r
Epot =
s =0
1 EI 2ds +
2
2 r
s =0
1 k w 2ds F w (0)
.
2
c Coefficients
EI
Epot =
(9B2 + 64C 2 ) + 1 k r ( A2 + B 2 + C 2 ) F ( A + B + C )
3
2
2r
86
Epot
A
Epot
B
Epot
C
=0
=0
=0
k r A F = 0
EI
r3
EI
r3
A=
9B + k r B F = 0
F
Fr 3 1
=
k r EI
F
Fr 3 1
=
EI
9
+ k r EI + 9
3
r
F
Fr 3 1
C=
=
EI
64
+ k r EI + 64
3
r
64C + k r C F = 0
B=
d Largest Moment
s
s
s
w = A cos + B cos(2 ) + C cos(3 )
r
r
r
w
1
s 2
s 3
s
= A sin B sin(2 ) C sin(3 )
s
r
r r
r
r
r
2w
s 4
s
9
s
A cos B cos(2 ) C cos(3 )
2
2
r r
r
r
s
r
r
2
d w w
=
ds 2 r 2
1
s 4
s
9
s
1
s
s
s
=
A cos + B cos(2 ) + C cos(3 ) A cos + B cos(2 ) + C cos(3 )
2
2
2
2
r r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
3
s
8
s
=
B cos(2 ) + C cos(3 )
2
2
r
r
r
r
2
s =0 =
3
r2
B+
8
r2
C=
M s =0 = EI s =0 =
3 F r3 1
8 F r3 1
Fr 3
8
+
=
+
r 2 EI + 9 r 2 EI + 64 EI + 9 + 64
Fr 3
8
+
+ 9 + 64

We can also select more than three
terms for the displacement function.
is
w = Ai cos
r
i =1
F r3
1
Ai =
2
EI + (i 1)2
i = 1,2,3 ...
The largest moment becomes

Fr
0,6
1)2
+ i(i 11)
0,4
i =1
0,3
0,2
3
8
+
+ 9 + 64
0,1
i2 1
+ (i
i =1
0,7
0,5
These coefficients Ai can be calculated

in the same way.
M s =0 =
3
4
200
400
600
800
1000
The graph shows that the approximation using three terms substantially underestimates
the largest moment.
87
88

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Theory of Elasticity

Worked Examples of Previous Exams

Delft University of Technology

Technische Universiteit Delft

Vermeld rechtsboven op uw werk:

Tentamen Elasticiteitstheorie b16

d Derive the formula for the shear stiffness GAd.

Tentamen Elasticiteitstheorie b16

Tentamen Elasticiteitstheorie b16

Radius a of the plug is small compared to the dimensions of the plate.

The constitutive relation of this plate is

Tentamen b16, 19 juni 1997

c Evaluation of the complementary energy gives

We define u(a) = u1. Therefore u1 = A. So the relation between p1 and u1 is

b Analysis of the Plug

The radial displacement of edge of the plug is (directed

The plug becomes T degrees warmer. If expanding feely this

In addition there needs to be equilibrium

d Calculation of the Temperature Problem (Force Method)

Substitution in the constitutive relation gives the stresses

On the edge of the hole the stress is

Technische Universiteit Delft

Vermeld rechtsboven op uw werk:

Tentamen Elasticiteitstheorie b16

Tentamen Elasticiteitstheorie b16

Calculate the tangential stress

hole and draw the stress distribution

in the edge of the

Tentamen Elasticiteitstheorie b16

a Show that the complimentary energy of a flange is

Tentamen b16, 12 januari 1998

This we can simplify to

from which w1 and w2 can be solved.

For a wire frame model of the beam the torsion moment is

and express 1 and 2 in the torsion

In the outside walls of the box-girder

In the interior walls is the shear stress

d Warping (Dutch: welving)

becomes very small. So

The same result would have been found if we had considered .

On the edge of the hole

The stress distribution becomes

The complimentary energy in a bar is

The complementary energy in a panel is

F2 1F2 1F2 3F2

Therefore, the relation between force and displacement is

Technische Universiteit Delft

Vermeld rechtsboven op uw werk:

Tentamen Elasticiteitstheorie b16

where A is a yet unknown constant. The shear

a Show that fulfils the boundary conditions.

The boundary conditions have been

b Calculate the extreme moment in the

Tentamen b16, 18 juni 1998

The stress xz at the edges z = h/2 and z = -h/2 is

As proved in the lecture book this is equal to two times

The stress xy is largest if y = 0 and z = -h/2.

The stress xz has the same extreme value.

Substitution in the kinematic relations gives

Substitution in the constitutive relations gives

The moments in the middle of the plate (r = 0) are

The moments at the edges of the plate (r = a) are

Therefore, the extreme moment is