BLAKE Summary

LISTS OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 2: RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUITS
CHAPTER 3: AMPLITUDE MODULATION
CHAPTER 4: ANGLE MODULATION
ADDITIONAL NOTES: FM and PM
CHAPTER 5: TRANSMITTERS
CHAPTER 6: RECEIVERS
CHAPTER 7: DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
CHAPTER 8: THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
CHAPTER 9: DATA TRANSMISSION
CHAPTER 10: LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
CHAPTER 11: WIDE AREA NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET
CHAPTER 12: DIGITAL MODULATION AND MODEMS
CHAPTER 13: MULTIPLEXING AND MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 14: TRANSMISSION LINES
CHAPTER 15: RADIO-WAVE PROPAGATION
CHAPTER 16: ANTENNAS
CHAPTER 17: MICROWAVE DEVICES
CHAPTER 18: TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 19: TELEVISION
CHAPTER 20: SATELITE COMMUNICATION
CHAPTER 21: CELLULAR RADIO
CHAPTER 22: PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 23: PAGING AND WIRELESS DATA NETWORKING
CHAPTER 24: FIBER OPTICS
CHAPTER 25: FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS
ADDITIONAL NOTES: NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

1. It moves information from a source to a destination

Communication System

BLAKE Summary
through a channel.
2. Elements of a communication system
3. Three essential
system

elements

of

Source, Transmitter, Channel,

Receiver, Destination

any

communication

Transmitter,
Channel

4. Sources of information signals

Analog and Digital

5. Sources are often described in terms of the ___________

________ that they occupy

Frequency Range

6. The element of a communication system wherein the

signal will be driven out of the source to the channel.

Transmitter

7. This element of communication system can be a pair

of conductors or an optical fiber or the free space
wherein the signal is traveling to the receiver

Channel

8. In a free space channel, ______ signal is required to

avoid interference.

Carrier

9. When a carrier is used, the information signal can be

also called as __________ ______.

Modulating Signal

10. Since the carrier frequency is generally much higher

than that of the information signal, the frequency
spectrum of the information signal is often referred to
as _________.

Baseband

11. Modulation is done at the _______.

12. This process takes place at the receiver wherein the
signal has to be restored to its original baseband signal.
13. It states that the amount of information that can be
transmitted in a given time is proportional to bandwidth
for a given modulating scheme..
14. It refers to the combining of two or more information
signals.

Receiver,

Transmitter
Demodulation

Hartleys Law

Multiplexing
Frequency-Division

15. Methods of multiplexing.

Multiplexing,

16. When the available frequency is divided among the

signals,

the

process

is

known

as

______________

_________.

Time-Division Multiplexing
Frequency-division
Multiplexing

17. In this process, the entire bandwidth is used for each

signal, but only for a small part of time.
18. It is the available bandwidth of a communication
satellite divided among a number of transmitterreceiver combinations.

Time-Division Multiplexing

Transponder

BLAKE Summary
19. It is any undesirable change in an information signal.
20. A representation of a signals power or amplitude as a
function of frequency.
21. A way of representing the periodic functions as a series
of sinusoids.
22. Any undesired disturbance that is superimposed on a
signal and obscures its information content
23. Noise which originates within the communication
equipment.
24. Noise outside the communication equipment.
25. Noise generated by equipment that produces sparks.
26. Noise that is originated from lightning.
27. Refer to no. 28: another name for this kind of noise
28. Noise that comes from heavenly bodies that are
powerful sources of radiation.
29. This noise is produced by the random motion of
electrons in a conductor due to heat.
30. This is due to random variations in current flow in
active

devices

such

as

tubes,

transistors,

and

semiconductor diodes.
31. Noise that occurs in the partition of the Negative and
Positive elements in a semiconductor such as BJT.
32. This noise is cause by variations in carrier density.
33. Refer to no. 34: another name for it.
34. Noise that many junction devices produce due to cut-off
frequency reaching.
35. ratio of signal to noise power at a given point in a
system.
36. Device for displaying signals in the frequency domain.
37. It is a figure to merit, indicating how much a

Distortion
Frequency Domain
Fourier Series
Noise
Internal Noise
External Noise
Equipment Noise
Atmospheric Noise
Static
Space Noise
Thermal Noise

Shot Noise

Partition Noise
Excess Noise
Flicker Noise, Pink Noise
Transit-Time Noise
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Spectrum Analyzer

component, stage, or series of stages degrades the

Noise Figure

signal-to-noise ratio of a system.

38. Refer to no. 39: Another name for that.
39. It is the absolute temperature of a resistor that,

Noise Factor

connected to the input of a noiseless amplifier of the

Equivalent

same gain, would produce the same noise at the

Temperature

output.
40. Representation of a signals amplitude as a function of
time.

Time Domain

CHAPTER 2: RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUITS

1. A mixer in which the input frequencies are cancelled
and are therefore not present at the output.

Balanced Mixer

Noise

BLAKE Summary
2. Removal of an unwanted signal by providing a lowimpedance path to ground.
3. The total frequency range over which a PLL can become
locked to a signal.
4. A small stab of quartz with attached electrodes; used as
a resonant circuit.
5. It is to prevent the undesired passage of signals
between circuits.
6. A frequency multiplier whose output frequency is twice
that of the input signal.
7. The frequency at which a VCO operates when its control
voltage is zero.
8. A circuit whose output frequency is a small integer
multiple of the input signal frequency.
9. A device that can produce a large number of output
frequencies from a smaller number of fixed-frequency
oscillators.
10. Movement of a signal from one frequency to another
using a mixer-oscillator synthesizer.
11. A small length of wire, connected at only one end as a
capacitance to ground.
12. An artificial ground, often consisting of an area foil left
on one side of a circuit board.
13. Total range of frequencies over which a PLL, once
locked, can remain locked.
14. This effect is in some amplifiers that the internal
capacitance of the active device can cause feedback
that produces the same effect on the circuit as much

Bypassing
Capture Range
Crystal
Decouple
Doubler
Free-running Frequency
Frequency Multiplier

Frequency Synthesizer

Frequency Translation
Gimmick
Ground Plane
Lock Range

Miller Effect

larger capacitance across the amplifier input.

15. A nonlinear circuit designed to generate sum and
difference frequencies when two or more frequencies
are present at its inputs.
16. The number by which a digital divider chain divides.
17. A circuit whose output is proportional to the product of
the instantaneous amplitudes of two input signals.
18. A means of avoiding instability in amplifiers by using
negative feedback.
19. A device whose output voltage is a function of the
phase difference between two input signals.
20. A device that locks the frequency of a VCO exactly to
that of an input signal.
21. An effect that occurs in some materials, such as quartz
and some ceramics, whereby a voltage is produced
across the material when it is deformed.

Mixer

Modulus
Multiplier
Neutralization
Phase Detector
Phase-locked Loop (PLL)

Piezoelectric Effect

BLAKE Summary
22. A divider that precedes the main programmable divider
in a frequency synthesizer.
23. In a frequency synthesizer, it is the smallest amount by
which the output frequency can be changed.
24. The frequency at which a single component becomes a
resonant

circuit,

because

the

presence

of

stray

capacitance or inductance, or both.

25. A frequency multiplier whose output frequency is three
times that of the input signal.
26. A reverse-biased diode used as a voltage, variable
capacitor.
27. An oscillator whose frequency can be controlled by
changing external control voltage.
28. This oscillator type can be recognized by its use of a
tapped inductor, part of the resonant circuit, to provide
feedback.
29. Its an oscillator that uses capacitive voltage divider
instead of a tapped inductor to provide feedback.
30. It is a variation of Colpitts circuit, designed to swamp
device capacitances for greater stability.
31. This is typically tuned by moving a ferrite core into or
out of the coil.

Prescaler
Resolution

Self-Resonant Frequency

Tripler
Varactor
Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
(VCO)
Hartley Oscillator

Colpitts Oscillator
Clapp Oscillator
Slug Tuning

CHAPTER 3: AMPLITUDE MODULATION

1. A modulation scheme in which the amplitude of a highfrequency signal is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of an information signal.
2. The curve produced by joining the tips of the individual
RF cycles of a modulated wave
3. Measure of the extent of the modulation of a signal.
4. Modulation of a greater depth than allowed.
5. The power measured at modulation peaks in an AM or
single-sideband signal.
6. Transmission of two separate information signals using

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Envelope
Modulation Index
Over modulation
Peak Envelope Power (PEP)
Quadrature AM

BLAKE Summary
two

amplitude-modulated

carriers

at

the

same

frequency but differing in phase by 90 degrees.

7. A signal component in a modulated signal, at a
frequency different from that of a carrier.
8. All of the side frequencies to one side of the carrier
frequency.
9. Any AM scheme in which only one of the two sidebands
is transmitted.
10. An AM signal in which the carrier frequency component
is eliminated and only one or both sidebands are

Side Frequency
Sideband
Single-sideband

Suppressed-carrier Signal

transmitted.
11. It is a colloquial term used to describe additional side
frequencies produced by over modulation or distortion

Splatter

in an AM system.
12. A signal consisting of two audio frequencies, not
harmonically related, used to test single-sideband

Two-tone Test Signal

transmitters.
13. The higher-frequency signal that is combined with an
information signal to produce the modulated waveform

Carrier

is called ________.

CHAPTER 4: ANGLE MODULATION

1. A general term that includes frequency and phase
modulation.
2. It is the ability of an FM receiver to receive the stronger
of two signals, ignoring the weaker.
3. The frequency of a signal before modulation is applied
and the power transmitted at the carrier frequency
varies with modulation for an FM signal.
4. It is the use of low-pass filter in a receiver to remove
the effect of pre-emphasis on the frequency response.
5. The amount by which the frequency of an FM signal
shifts to each side of the carrier frequency.

Angle Modulation
Capture Effect

Carrier Frequency

De-emphasis
Frequency Deviation

BLAKE Summary
6. IN FM and PM, the peak amount in radians by which the
phase of a signal deviates from its resting value.
7. Fm with relatively low modulation index.
8. It is the use of a high pass filter in an FM transmitter to
improve the signal-to-noise ration; always used with deemphasis at the receiver.
9. It is the frequency of the unmodulated carrier of an FM
signal.
10. Refer to no. 9: Another name for it.
11. A secondary carrier that can carry an additional
modulating signal and is itself modulated onto the main
carrier.
12. It is the noise-reduction effect that occurs with strong
FM signals.
13. FM with a relatively large modulation index.
14. This represents normalized voltages for the various
frequency components of an FM or PM signal.

Modulation Index
Narrowband FM (NBFM)
Pre-emphasis

Rest Frequency
Carrier Frequency
Subcarrier

Threshold Effect
Wideband FM (WBFM)
Bessel Functions Table

ADDITIONAL NOTES: FM and PM

1. A type of angle modulation wherein the frequency is
varied relative to the modulating frequency.
2. It is the amount by which the frequency varies from
its unmodulated value.
3. The total Variation in frequency.
4. It is the ratio of the actual deviation to the
maximum deviation multiplied by 100%.
5. In AM, P total is variable while in FM P total is _____.
6. It is the boosting of the higher modulating
frequencies at the transmitter, in accordance with
pre-arranged curve to improve noise immunity at
FM.
7. The cutting of the higher modulating frequencies at
the receiver.
8. Forms of interference in FM.

Frequency Modulation
Frequency Deviation
Carrier Swing
Percentage of Modulation
Constant
Pre-emphasis
De-emphasis
Image Frequency,

BLAKE Summary

9. it is an effect of two stations being received

simultaneously.
10. It happens usually to mobile receivers when they
travel from one transmitter to the other.
11. It is the modulation wherein the phase of the carrier
is made proportional to the instantaneous value of
the modulating signal.
12. FM and Pm are indistinguishable for a single ______
________.
13. When modulating frequency is changed, PM
modulation index ______ _______.
14. It is the process by which the modulating signal is
recovered from the modulated carrier, definitely
found in receivers.
15. It has the function of selecting the desired signal
from all the other unwanted signals, amplifying and
demodulating it, and displaying it in the desired
manner.
16. Two types of receivers.

17. Characteristics of a tuned radio frequency receiver.

18. It is the ability to amplify weak signals.
19. It is the ability to reject unwanted signals.
20. It is the ratio of gain at desired frequency to the
gain of image frequency signal.

Co-channel interference,
Adjacent channel
Image Frequency
Co-channel Interference
Phase Modulation
Modulating frequency
Remains constant
Demodulation

Receiver
Tuned Radio Frequency,
Superheterodyne Receiver
Simple logical receiver,
Simplicity
and
high
sensitivity,
Align
at
broadcast
frequencies 535-1640 kHz
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Image Rejection Ratio

CHAPTER 5: TRANSMITTERS
1. A scheme for keeping a transmitter or receiver

Automatic Frequency Control

tuned to the correct frequency.

2. A circuit for keeping the amplitude of a signal within

(AFC)
Automatic-level-control

prescribed limits.
3. An amplifier stage used to isolate two other stages

Circuit

from each other.

4. Change of carrier amplitude with modulation in an
AM transmitter.
5. It is the system that provides more gain for low-

Buffer
Carrier Shift
Compression

BLAKE Summary
level than for higher-level signals.
6. Any system that generates FM without using phase
modulation.
7. A device that allows a signal moving along a
transmission line in one direction to be measured.
8. An amplifier which supplies the required input signal
power for a power amplifier.
9. A noninductive power resistor used to simulate an
antenna.
10. It is a ratio of time on to total time.
11. It is the ratio between largest and smallest signals
at a point in a system.
12. The part of the transmitter that operates at low
power levels.
13. It is the ability of a transmitter to tune rapidly from
one operation frequency to another.
14. Amplitude modulation of the output element of the
output stage of a transmitter.
15. Any method that generates FM using a phase
modulator and an integrator.
16. Transmitter power amplifier

stage

immediately

before the output stage.

17. An oscillator whose frequency is controlled by a
binary number written to an internal register.
18. Ratio of the power output of a device to the total
power required from its power supply.
19. It is the absence of spurious signals in the output of
a transmitter.
20. An emission from a transmitter other than the
carrier and sidebands required by the modulation

Direct FM
Directional Coupler
Driver
Dummy Load
Duty Cycle
Dynamic Range
Exciter
Frequency Agility
High-level Modulation
Indirect FM
Low-level Modulation
Numerically-controlled
Oscillator
Overall Efficiency
Spectral Purity

Spurious Signal

scheme in use.
Maximum energy conversion,

21. Importance of transmitter efficiency.

reasonable cost efficiency

CHAPTER 6: RECEIVERS
1. The communications channel immediately above or
below the desired channel in frequency.
2. The next communications channel beyond the
adjacent channel.
3. A combined mixer and local oscillator that uses one
transistor or tube for both.
4. A circuit to adjust the gain of a system in
accordance with the input signal strength.
5. Reduction of gain for a weak signal due to a strong
signal close to it in frequency.
6. A bandpass filter using piezoelectric

ceramic

Adjacent Channel
Alternate Channel
Autodyne Converter
Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
Blocking
Ceramic Filter

BLAKE Summary
elements.
7. A combination of a mixer and a local oscillator that
is used to move a signal from one frequency to
another.
8. a bandpass filter that uses piezoelectric quartz
element.
9. Circuit to recover the baseband signal from a
modulated signal.
10. It is a specialized microprocessor designed to
perform

arithmetic

operations

on

digitized

Converter

Crystal Filter
Demodulator

Digital Signal Processor

communication signals.
11. Any detector for FM or Pm signals.
12. An AM demodulator that works by rectifying the

Discriminator

signal and low-pass filtering the result.

13. The first stage of a receiver.
14. It is the application to a mixer of a signal from a

Front End

local oscillator that operates at a frequency above

Envelop Detector

High-side Injection

that of the incoming signal.

15. In a frequency converter, it is a second input
frequency

that

produces

the

same

output

frequency.
16. A frequency to which a signal is shifted as an
intermediate step in reception or transmission
17. An oscillator used in conjunction with a mixer to
shift a signal to a different frequency.
18. Application to a mixer of a signal from a local
oscillator that operates at a frequency below that of
the incoming signal.
19. A bandpass filter that uses mechanical resonators.
20. Low-level carrier signal transmitted to facilitate
regeneration of the carrier at the receiver.
21. A detector for suppressed-carrier AM signals that
works by multiplying the signal with a regenerated
carrier.
22. The strength

of

an

unmodulated

carrier

Intermediate Frequency (IF)

Local Oscillator

Low-side Injection
Mechanical Filter
Pilot Carrier

Product Detector

that

reduces the noise output of an AM receiver by a

specified amount.
23. FM detector that is based on a 90-degree phase
shift network.
24. FM detector.
25. It is the ratio of signal-plus-noise and distortion to
noise-plus-distortion.
26. A meter on a receiver that indicates the strength of
the received signal.
27. The ability of a receiver to reject signals of
frequencies other than the frequency to which the

10

Image Frequency

Quieting Sensitivity

Quadrature Detector
Ratio Detector
SINAD
S-meter
Selectivity

BLAKE Summary
receiver is tuned.
28. The ability of a receiver to receive weak signals with
a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio.
29. For a bandpass filter, it is the ratio between the
bandwidths

for

two

specified

amounts

of

attenuation.
30. It is the reduction in effective cross-sectional area of
a conductor with increasing frequency.
31. It is the reception of signals at frequencies other
than that to which the receiver is tuned.
32. A system that disables the output of a receiver in
the absence of a suitable signal.
33. It is a receiver in which the signal is moved, using a
mixer,

to

an

intermediate

frequency

before

demodulation.
34. The filter that uses acoustic waves on the surface of
a substrate to achieve the desired response.
35. It is the adjustment of two or more tuned circuits so
that they can be tuned simultaneously with one
adjustment.
36. It is a receiver in which the signal is amplified at its
original frequency before demodulation.
37. The Fm signal strength with defined deviation,
required to produce a specified SINAD in the

Sensitivity

Shape Factor

Skin Effect
Spurious Response
Squelch

Superheterodyne Receiver

Surface-Acoustic Wave Filter

Tracking
Tuned-radio-frequency (TRF)
Receiver
Usable Sensitivity

receiver.

CHAPTER 7: DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

1. Distortion created by using too low a sampling rate
when

coding

an

analog

signal

for

digital

transmission.
2. A data code that uses both polarities of voltage and
current.
3. Device that converts sampled analog signal to and
from its PCM or delta modulation equivalent.
4. Conversion of sampled analog signal into a PCM or
delta modulation bitstream.
5. Combination of compression at the transmitter and
expansion at the receiver of communication system.
6. Amplification of a signal in such a way that there is
less gain for higher-level input signals than for
lower-level input signals.

11

Aliasing

Bipolar Code
Coder-decoder (codec)
Coding
Companding

Compression

BLAKE Summary
7. Conversion of a PCM or delta modulation bitsream
to analog samples.
8. A coding scheme that records the change in signal
level since the previous sample.
9. It is filtering of signals by converting them to digital
form.
10. Sampling of an analog signal using a sample-andhold circuit.
11. Another name for aliasing.
12. These are bits added to a digital signal to help the
receiver detect the beginning and end of data
frames.
13. A system for translating logic ones and zeros into
voltage or current levels for transmission.
14. Sampling of an analog signal to know if it follows
the original signal for the duration of the sample.
15. A logic system in which a low level represents logic
one and a high level represents logic zero.
16. A data line code in which the voltage or current
does not necessarily return to zero between bits.
17. A logic system in which a high level represents logic
one and low level represents logic zero.
18. A series of pulses in which the amplitude of each
pulse represents the amplitude of the information
signal at a given time.
19. A series of pulses in which the amplitude of the
information signal at a given time is coded as a
binary number.
20. A series of pulses in which the duration of each
pulse represents the amplitude of the information
signal at a given time.
21. A series of pulses in which the timing of each pulse
represents the amplitude of the information signal
at a given time.

Decoding
Delta Modulation
Digital

Signal

(DSP)
Flat-topped Sampling
Foldover Distortion
Framing Bits

Line Code
Natural Sampling
Negative Logic
Non-return-to-zero

23. Representation of a continuously varying quantity

as one of a number of discrete values.
24. Inaccuracies caused by the representation

Positive Logic
Pulse-amplitude
(PAM)

Pulse-code Modulation (PCM)

Pulse-duration

Modulation

(PDM)
Pulse-position

Modulation

(PPM)
Modulation

(PWM)
Quantizing

continuously varying quantity as one of a number of

Quantizing Errors

discrete values.
25. Refer to no. 24: Another name for it.
26. A device that decodes and recodes a digital signal

Quantizing Noise

12

Modulation

of

as well as amplifying it.

27. Method of data compression by encoding the length

Code

(NRZ)

Pulse-width

22. Another name for pulse-duration modulation.

Processing

Regenerative Repeater
Run-length Encoding

BLAKE Summary
of a string of ones and zeroes.
28. A line code in which the voltage or current returns
to zero at the end of each bit period.
29. A device that detects the amplitude of an input
signal at a particular time.
30. It is an error condition that occurs when the analog
signal to be digitized varies too quickly for the
system to follow.
31. A line code in which the polarity of the voltage
remains the same at all times.
32. It is a circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate.
33. Modern communication systems are often a mixture
of _______ and _________ sources and transmission
techniques.
34. _________ _________ ______ have better performance
and use less bandwidth than equivalent analog
systems.
35. It requires that the amplitude of each sample of a
signal be converted to a binary number.
36. It transmits only one bit per sample.
37. The S/N ratio for either PCM or delta modulation
signals can often be improved by using __________.
38. It eliminates redundant data bits.
39. It compromises signal quality in order to reduce the
bit rate.
40. It is a combination of modulation and demodulation.
41. He showed mathematically that it is impossible to
reconstruct

band-limited

analog

signal

from

periodic samples.
42. It provides strong timing information regardless of
the pattern of ones and zeros.
43. Manchester code is also a

type

of

_________

_________.
44. In RZ coding, the system used in telephony is
_________.
45. It states that the amount of information transmitted
is proportional to both bandwidth and time.
46. It is used mainly for digital communication.

Return-to-zero Code (RZ)

Sample-and-hold Circuit

Slope Overload

Unipolar Code
Vocoder
Analog,
Digital

Modern Digital Systems

PCM
Delta Modulation
Companding
Lossless Compression
Lossy Compression
Modem
Harry Nyquist

Manchester Code
Biphase Code
Alternate
(AMI)
Hartleys Law
TDM

13

Mark

Inversion

BLAKE Summary

CHAPTER 8: THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

1. An area consisting of several central offices and

Local Access and Transport Area

handled by a local carrier.

2. The link from the central office to an individual

(LATA)

subscribers premises.
3. It is the method of providing high-speed data
transmission on twisted-pair telephone loops by
using high-frequency carriers.
4. In ISDN, these are channels

that

carry

subscriber communication.
5. Described as the used of bits that normally
carry payload information for other purposes
such as controlling the communication system.
6. It is addition of bits to a bitstream to
compensate for timing variations.
7. It is the failure to connect a telephone call
because of lack of system capacity.

14

Local Loop
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber
Line (ADSL)
Bearer Channels

Bit Robbing

Bit Stuffing
Call Blocking

BLAKE Summary
8. Switch in the telephone system that connects to
local subscriber lines.
9. It is a communication system in which a
dedicated channel is to set up between parties

Central Office

Common-channel Signaling

for the duration of the communication.

10. A control system for telephone switching that
sets up one call and then goes on to set up
another call without being tied up for the
duration of the first call.
11. A switching system that

uses

matrix

arrangement of incoming and outgoing lines.

12. Interference between two signals multiplexed
into the same channel.
13. In ISDN, it is the communication channel used
for

setting

up

calls

and

not

for

user

communication.
14. It is a signaling using combinations of two audio
tones transmitted on the voice channel.
15. Another name for central office.
16. It is the use of optical fiber for telephone
connections tom individual customers.
17. It is a switching network that relies on a
computer to find the most direct route between

Common Control

Crosspoint Switch
Crosstalk

Data Channel
Dual-tone Multifrequency Dialing
(DTMF)
End Office
Fiber-in-the-loop (FITF)

Flat Network

two points.
18. A type of communication system that allows
communication

in

both

directions

Full Duplex

simultaneously.
19. A frequency-division multiplexing scheme that
allows twelve voice signals to be transmitted in

Group

one channel.
20. It is a specialized transformer that allows
telephone

voice

signals

to

travel

in

both

directions simultaneously on a single twistedpair loop.

21. Telephone system using digital local loops for
both voice and data, with the codec in the
telephone equipment.
22. A
frequency-division
consisting

of

six

multiplexed

mastergroups

or

Hybrid Coil

Integrated

Network (ISDN)

signal
3600

Jumbogroup

voiceband channels.
23. Another name for bit stuffing.
24. Colloquial term for subscriber line interface

Justification

card.
25. Inductance added to a twisted-pair telephone

15

Services

Line Card
Loading Coil

Digital

BLAKE Summary
line to reduce its losses for voice frequencies.
26. Small data network covering one or several
buildings.
27. A frequency-division multiplexed signal carrying
10 supergroups or 600 voice channels.
28. A system for setting up long-distance calls using
pairs of tones sent along voice channels.
29. A term used to describe a telephone instrument
that is ready for use, handset is lifted from its
cradle.
30. A term used to describe a telephone instrument
is ready to receive a ring signal.
31. A control or supervisory signal

that

Local Area Network

Mastergroup
Multifrequency Signaling (MF)

Off Hook

On Hook

is

transmitted on a voice channel, but at dc or at

Out-of-band Signal

such a frequency that it will not be heard.

32. A communication system that works using data
divided into relatively short transmissions called
packets.
33. Place where one telephone network connects to
the other.
34. Dialing that works by interrupting the dc loop
current.
35. The earpiece of the telephone.
36. The red wire in a telephone circuit that normally
has negative polarity.
37. Signal sent by the network to the calling
telephone to indicate that the called telephone

Packet-switched Network

Point of Presence (POP)

Pulse Dialing
Receiver
Ring

Ringback Signal

is ringing.
38. A low-level voice signal sent to a telephone
receiver from the transmitter in the same

Sidetone

telephone.
39. System used in telephony which transmits all
call setup information on a packet-data network
that is separate from the voice channels used
for telephone conversations.
40. A switch that connects only to other switches
and not to individual customers.
41. The green wire in a telephone loop that
normally has positive polarity.
42. A long-distance telephone switch.
43. The layout of a system such as a telephone
network.
44. AT&T trademark for DTMF dialing.
45. The microphone in a telephone.
46. A connection between telephone offices.
47. The signal loss in decibels between

the

16

Signaling System Seven (SS7)

Tandem Office
Tip
Toll Station
Topology
Touch-tone Dialing
Transmitter
Trunk Line
Via Net Loss (VNL)

BLAKE Summary
transmitting and receiving ends of telephone
connection.
48. The central office supply is the _______.
49. The circuit board that connects a local loop to
the central office.
50. A
frequency-division

Battery
Subscriber Line Interface Card
(SLIC)

multiplexed

signal

consisting of three jumbogroups or 10,800

Superjumbogroup

voiceband channels.
51. A switch that connects central offices together.
52. The first automatic telephone switch is invented

Tandem Office

by
53. The
54. The
55. The
56. The
57. The
58. The
59. The
60. The
61. The
62. The

Memory
48 V dc
5 to 10 V dc
23 to 80 mA
350 and 440 Hz
100 V ac
80 V ac
440 and 480 Hz
480 and 660 Hz

crossbar system used relays for _______.

on-hook voltage.
off-hook voltage at phone.
off-hook current.
dial tone frequencies.
ringing voltage at office.
ringing voltage at phone.
ringback voltage frequencies.
busy signal frequencies.
function of the line card can be

remembered by using the mnemonic ________.

Almon B. Strowger

BORSCHT

CHAPTER 9: DATA TRANSMISSION

1. An error control system based on the repetition

Automatic

of data blocks that contain errors.

2. Bits that do not carry the message.
3. Addition of extra bits to a data block to avoid

Transmission (ARQ)
Bit Overhead

the accidental generation of a flag pattern.

4. A set of rules that translates alphanumeric
characters into binary numbers.

Request

for

Bit Stuffing
Character Code
Character Set,

5. Refer to no. 4: Another name for it.

Data Code

6. An error-detecting method in which the binary

number corresponding to the group of bits to be

Cyclic

checked is divided by a predetermined binary

(CRC)

number.
7. A telephone connection via the public switched
telephone network.
8. An error correcting system in which errors are
corrected at the receiver using redundant
transmitting data without using retransmission
requests.
9. A group of bits sent between framing signals in
a

bit-oriented

synchronous

communication

17

Redundancy

Checking

Dial-up Line

Forward Error Correction (FEC)

Frame

BLAKE Summary
system.
10. A data-compression scheme that uses fewer
bits to represent more frequently occurring
characters or bits patterns.
11. A line condition corresponding to a binary one.
12. Simultaneous transmission of multiple data bits
using several channels.
13. A data-compression scheme

that

indicating the character and the number of

repetitions.
14. A data transmission using only one channel.
15. A line condition corresponding to a binary zero.
16. This bit alerts the receiver to the beginning of a
transmitted character by changing the line from
the mark to the space condition.
17. This bit marks the end of transmitted character.
18. A device, generally an IC that converts from
parallel to serial format.
19. Data that consists of alphanumeric characters
must first be encoded using a ____________
involves

Mark
Parallel Transmission

replaces

repeated characters or bit patterns with a code

___________.
20. It
actually

Huffman Coding

synchronizing

Run-length Encoding

Serial Transmission
Space
Start Bit
Stop Bit
Universal

Asynchronous

Receiver-Transmitter (UART)
Character Code

the

transmitting the receiver clocks at the start of

Asynchronous Communication

each character.
21. It must be converted from parallel to serial form
before being transmitted and back to parallel
form at the receiver.
22. Since noise is present in all communication
systems, ______ will occur.
23. Errors can be detected and corrected by adding
_________ __________.
24. ____ data is important to ensure its privacy.
25. It is originally used with electromechanical
teletype machines.
26. Refer to no. 25: It has been designated as

Computer Data

Errors
Redundant Information
Encryption
Baudot Code
International Telegraph Alphabet

____________ by CCITT.
27. The most common code for communication

Number 2 (ITA2)
American Standard

between microcomputers.
28. Sometimes ASCII codes

Information Interchange (ASCII)

Decimal,

are

expressed

in

________ or ________ notation.

29. The transmitter and receiver are synchronized
to the same clock frequency.
30. it involves the addition of one extra bit to the
bits that encode a character.
31. It is a data-transfer protocol for microcomputers

18

Code

Hexadecimal
Synchronous Communication
Parity
XMODEM

for

BLAKE Summary
that in its original and most basic form, uses
this method.
32. They allow single errors in a block of data to be
corrected without any need for retransmission.

Hamming Codes

CHAPTER 10:LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

1. The information signal on LAN.
2. A system in which the baseband signal is used
to modulate a higher-frequency carrier signal.
3. A system for controlling network traffic.

Baseband
Broadband System
Carrier
with

Sense

Multiple

Collision

Detection

(CSMA/CD)
4. a network in which a physical connection from
one end to the other of a data path is
maintained for the duration of a period of
communication.
5. The loss of data that occurs when two stations
transmit at the same time on a network.
6. An Ethernet cable that has the transmit and
receive connections reversed at one end.
7. A type of LAN that has a logical bus structure
using CSMA/CD.
8. A network with one or more specialized nodes
that contain files and operating software for the
network.
9. Refer to no. 8: another name for it.
10. Two-way communication in both directions at
the same time.
11. The central connecting point of a star network to
which all other nodes connect.
12. A type of LAN that is a physical star and logical
token-ring.
13. A small data network that typically operates
within one building or a localized group of

19

Access

Circuit-switched Network

Collision
Crossover Cable
Ethernet

Client-server Network
File Server
Full Duplex
Hub
IBM Token-ring System
Local-area Network (LAN)

BLAKE Summary
buildings.
14. The hub of an IBM token ring network.
15. A term used to describe a computer operating
system that allows multiple programs to run
simultaneously without interfering with each

Multistation Access Unit (MAU)

Multitasking

other.
16. A plug-in circuit board for a computer that
contains the necessary hardware and firmware
to connect the computer to the local area
network.
17. One station that is attached to a network.
18. The smallest block of data transmitted over a
network.
19. The network in which all nodes can contribute
network resources and also run local programs.
20. A network node dedicated to interfacing
between the network and one or more printers.
21. A modem that modulates data onto a very high
frequency carrier.
22. A network topology in which data circulates
from one computer to the next in sequence.
23. A device that links two or more networks.
24. A network topology in which all nodes are
connected individually to a central point.
25. In an Ethernet network, it is the device that can
send

incoming

packets

to

one

of

several

destinations.
26. A method of network control that involves a
short packet that circulates around the network.
27. Refers to the messages to be transferred over a
network.
28. The ratio between the velocity of propagation of
electromagnetic energy through a medium or
along a transmission line and the speed of light
in vacuum.
29. A large network extending over an area greater
than that of a city.
30. Possible data network arrangements in a small
LAN.
31. The largest WAN.
32. Ethernet was originated by _______.
33. The year that IEEE began to draft standards for
LANs.
34. It is used for the slowest 10 Mb/s version of
Ethernet.

20

Network Interface Card

Node
Packet
Peer-to-peer Network
Print Server
Radio-frequency Modem (RF)
Ring
Router
Star

Switch

Token Passing
Traffic

Velocity Factor

Wide-area Network (WAN)

Star,
Ring,
Bus
Internet
Xerox
1980
Coaxial Cable

BLAKE Summary
35. This is used by most 10 Mb/s and 100 Mb/s

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Ethernet installations.
36. It is a special cable that consists of two parallel

Cable

wires with a grounded shield around them.

37. The effect of a switch is to greatly reduce
________.

Twinax Cable
Contention

CHAPTER 11: WIDE AREA NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET

1. Any computer network that extends for more
than a short distance such as a building or
related groups of buildings.
2. A system that allows users to access documents
from widely separated sources on the Internet.
3. A versatile data-transmission system using 53byte packets and designed o enable various
kinds of data.
4. A network-to-network connection that passes
only data addressed to a node in the other

Wide-area Network

World Wide Web (WWW)

Asynchronous

Transfer

Mode

(ATM)

Bridge

network.
5. A method of organizing a network in which a
physical path is dedicated to communication
between

two

node

for

the

duration

of

communication.
6. The second layer of the OSI model.
7. A data-communications protocol created by
Digital

Equipment

Company

for

its

minicomputer products.
8. A method whereby messages can be left for
individual network users.
9. A program in TCP/IP protocol that allows for the
transfer of both binary and text files between
computers

with

otherwise

incompatible

Circuit Switching

Data Link Layer

DEC Network Architecture (DNA)

Electronic Mail (e-mail)

File-transfer Protocol (FTP)

operating systems.
10. A software to prevent unauthorized access to
computers on a network by computers outside
the network.
11. A bit or sequence of bits that indicates the

21

Firewall
Flag

BLAKE Summary
beginning or end of a packet.
12. A packet-transport protocol, similar to X.25 but
with less error connection
13. A computer system that

provides

modern

access to the public at no charge.

14. A device used to connect computers or networks
running incompatible operating systems.
15. A sequence of bits at the beginning of a packet,
containing information about the type of packet
and/or routing.
16. A data-transfer that allows quick transitions by
simply clicking on a highlighted word or picture
with a mouse.
17. A worldwide public network of networks that
connects a very wide variety of computers,
applications, and users.
18. A suite of protocols that allows a wide variety of
computers to share the same network.
19. A network that encompasses a city and its
environs.
20. A private network that uses the same TCP/IP
protocol suite as the Internet.
21. The third layer of the OSI protocol model.
22. Electronic bulletin boards devoted to a wide
variety of subjects, accessible via the internet.
23. A system for organizing data-transmission
protocols developed by the ISO.
24. A way of organizing a network so that small
blocks of data are routed individually from
source to destination.
25. The lowest level of the OSI protocol model.
26. A formal set of conventions governing the
format and the timing of messages.
27. A device used to extend a network or other
digital communication system by regenerating
bits and restoring voltage levels and timings to

Frame Relay
Freenet
Gateway

Header

Hypertext

Internet
Transmission

Protocol

(TCP/IP)
Metropolitan-area

Network

(MAN)
Intranet
Network Layer
Newsgroups
Open

Systems

Interconnection

(OSI) Model
Packet Switching
Physical
Protocol

Repeaters

over the Internet and similar networks by

Simple

specifying the control messages used in mail

(SMTP)

22

Control

Protocol/Internet

Router

data from the source or a node closer to the

Protocol

(HTTP)

their original values.

28. A device used to interconnect networks.
29. The part of the TCP/IP suite that allows for email

transfer.
30. A network in which nodes receive a packet of

Transport

Mail

Transfer

Protocol

Store-and-forward Network

BLAKE Summary
source and then transmit it to the destination or
a node closer to the destination.
31. An IBM system for transferring data between
IBM mainframes and between IBM mainframes
and other computers.
32. A system to allow users to log on to a distant
host by emulating a dumb terminal.
33. A link between computers in which

each

recognizes a software connection to the other.

34. A very popular system for defining and
switching data packets on computer networks.
35. It is responsible for detecting and correcting
errors within frames of data and providing the
flags that indicate the beginning and end of
frames.
36. It sets up the path to transmit data between
terminals and arranges data into packets.
37. It deals with the matters such as voltage and
current levels.
38. ______ ______ are available with data rates from
56 kb/s up.
39. It was created by the United States military for
providing alternate route in their network in
case of trouble.

Systems

Network

(SNA)
Telnet
Virtual Circuit
X.25 Protocol

Data Link

Network
Physical
Leased Lines

ARPANET
Advanced

40. Meaning of ARPANET.

Architecture

Research

Projects

Agency Network

CHAPTER 12: DIGITAL MODULATION AND MODEMS

1. Data transmission by varying the amplitude of the
transmitted signal.
2. The telephone local loop that combines analog
telephone service with data communications.
3. Use of an audio tone of two or more different
frequencies to modulate a conventional analog
transmitter for data transmission.
4. Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital
communication system.
5. Speed at which data is transmitted in a digital
communication system.
6. A device to allow data communication over cabletelevision wiring.
7. Variant
of
QAM

used

with

ADSL

data

communication systems
8. In digital communication, it is a pattern showing all

23

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Asynchronous Digital Subscriber
Line
Audio

Frequency-shift

Keying

(AFSK)
Baud Rate
Bit Rate
Cable Modem
Carrierless

Amplitude

(CAP) Modulation
Constellation Diagram

Phase

BLAKE Summary
the possible combinations of amplitude and phase
for a signal.

Data Communications Equipment

9. A modem is also known as ____________.

10. A terminal or computer than communicates via a
modem.
11. Digital modulation scheme that represents a bit
pattern by a change in phase from the previous
state.
12. Any digital modulation scheme that codes two bits
of information per transmitted symbol.

transmission

speed

that

is

less

than

facsimile documents.
16. A means of ensuring that a transmitter sends data
only when the associated receiver is ready to
receive it.
17. digital modulation scheme using two or more
different output frequencies.
18. Variant of FSK which uses the minimum possible
frequency shift for a given bit rate.
19. A series of commands transmitted to the modem
whenever a communications software program is
loaded.
20. A logic one.
21. acronym for modulation-demodulation.
22. A cable used to make a direct connection between
two devices using their serial ports.
23. A means of transmitting data by shifting the phase
angle of the transmitted signal.
24. PSK that employs four different phases and allows
bits

of

information

to

be

Delta Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)

Dibit System
Multi-tone

(DMT)

Modulation
the

maximum of which a modem is capable.

15. A device for the transmission and reception of

two

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)

Discrete

13. It uses many carriers at different frequencies.

14. A

(DCE)

transmitted

simultaneously.
25. A means of transmitting data by shifting both the
amplitude and the phase of the transmitted signal.
26. Binary zero.
27. A transmitted signal that can have two or more
possible states.
28. A series of tones transmitted by a modem to allow
the automatic adjustment of line equalization.
29. Just as in analog transmission, digital transmission
uses the following variations.

Fallback
Fax Modem

Flow Control

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Gaussian Minimum-shift Keying
(GMSK)
Initialization String
Mark
Modem
Null Modem
Phase-shift Keying (PSK)
Quadrature

Keying

(QPSK)
Quadrature
Modulation (QAM)
Space
Symbol
Training Sequence
Frequency,
Phase,
Amplitude

24

Phase-shift

Amplitude

BLAKE Summary
30. the maximum data rate for a channel is a function
of the following.
31. The modem that places the call.
32. The modem that receives the call.
33. When the flow control is accomplished by changing
levels on the RS-232 lines it is called _____________.

Bandwidth,
Modulation Scheme,
Signal-to-noise Ratio
Originate Modem
Answer Modem
Hardware Flow Control

CHAPTER 13: MULTIPLEXING AND MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES

1. Extra bits used to spread the signal in a direct
sequence spread spectrum system.
2. System to allow multiple users to use the same
frequency

with

separate

PN codes and

spread-spectrum modulation scheme.

3. Form of frequency spectrum communication in
which the RF carrier continually moves from
one

frequency

to another

according

to a

prearranged pseudo-random pattern.

4. Sharing of a communication channel among
multiple users by assigning each a different
carrier frequency.
5. Combining of several

signals

into

one

communication channel by assigning each a

different carrier frequency.
6. Use of a single channel by more than one
transmitter.
7. Use of a single channel by more than one
transmitter.
8. Improvement in interference rejection due to
spreading in a spread-spectrum system.
9. A transmitted series of ones and zeros that

Chips
Code-division

Multiple

Access

(CDMA)

Frequency Hopping

Frequency-division

Multiple

Access (FDMA)
Frequency-division

Multiplexing

(FDM)
Multiple Access
Multiplexing
Processing Gain

repeats after a set time, and which appears

Pseudo-random Noise Sequence

random if the sequence is not known to the

(PN)

receiver.
10. Variation of received signal strength due to
multipath fading.
11. A method of switching that provides a separate
physical path for each symbol.
12. Improvement in interference rejection due to
spreading in a spread-spectrum system.
13. system to allow several transmission to use
channel by assigning time slots to each.

Rayleigh fading
Space Switching
Spreading Gain
Time-division
(TDMA)

25

Multiple

Access

BLAKE Summary
14. System to combine several data streams onto a
single channel by assigning time slots to each.
15. A method of switching that moves a signal from
one time slot to another on the same physical
path.
16. It is used extensively in telephony.

Time-division multiplexing (TDM)

Time Switching
TDM

CHAPTER 14: TRANSMISSION LINES

1. Any pair of conductors used to conduct electrical
energy.
2. A device for coupling balanced and unbalanced
lines.
3. It is the ratio between voltage and current on an
infinitely long transmission line.
4. A
transmission
line
containing

concentric

conductors.
5. A transmission line containing parallel conductors
separated by spacers.
6. It is the speed at which signals travel down a
transmission line.
7. A section of transmission line, electrically a quarterwavelength in length, that is used to change
impedances on a transmission line.
8. It is the ratio of reflected to incident voltage on a
transmission line.
9. It is the graphical transmission line calculator.
10. It is the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage on a
transmission line.
11. A short section of line, usually short-circuited at one
end, used for impedance matching.
12. Another name for characteristic impedance.
13. It is the ratio of speed of propagation on a line to
that of light in free space.

Transmission Line
Balun
Characteristic Impedance
Coaxial Line
Open-line Wire
Propagation Velocity

Quarter-wave Transformer

Reflection Coefficient
Smith Chart
Standing-wave Ratio
Stub
Surge Impedance
Velocity Factor
Balanced

14. Two types of transmission line.

and

Lines

15. A coaxial cable is the best example for this kind of

transmission line because it lacks symmetry with

Unbalanced Line

respect to ground.
16. Parallel lines are usually operated as _________
_________ that is; the impedance to ground from
each of the two wires is equal.
17. This happens when frequency increases, the region
of high current density becomes thinner, reducing

26

Balanced Line.
Skin Effect

Unbalanced

BLAKE Summary
the

cross-sectional

area

and

increasing

the

resistance of the conductor.

Resistance,

18. What are present in the electrical model of a

transmission line?

Capacitance,

19. Such a line is called _______ since the inductive and

capacitive reactances store energy but do not
dissipate it.
20. A transmission
characteristic

Conductance,

line

that

is

impedance

is

terminated
called

in

Inductance
Lossless

its

__________

________.
21. For a lossless line, resistance and conductance
values would be ______.
22. A line that is terminated by an impedance other
than characteristic impedance is said to be ______.
23. It is the expected signal that would simply move
down the line and disappear into the load because it
is a matched line.
24. The length of line that causes a delay of one period
is known as ________.
25. It is the formation of which due to the interaction
between the incident and reflected waves that
causes what appears to the stationary pattern of

Matched Line

Zero
Mismatched

Traveling Wave

Wavelength

Standing Waves

waves on the line.

Incident waves,

26. two kinds of traveling waves.

Reflected waves

27. These are traveling waves that are coming from the
transmitter.
28. These are traveling waves that are brought back to
the transmitter due to unmatched line.
29. Most desirable amount of SWR.
30. Most desirable amount of reflection coefficient.

line

losses

are

usually

_________ per 100 meters or 100 feet.

33. The radius of the circle in the

Reflected waves
1 (one)
0 (zero)
Conductor Loss,

31. Transmission line losses in mechanisms.

32. Transmission

Incident waves

Dielectric Loss,
given

Smith

in

Chart

represents _______.
34. It is a specialized test equipment for transmission
line measurements in both the time and the
frequency domains.
35. It is a short section of air-dielectric coaxial line, with
a slot in the outer conductor through which a probe

27

Radiation Loss,
Decibels
SWR

Time-domain Reflectometry
Slotted Line

BLAKE Summary
is inserted.
36. The length of a slotted line must be at least
___________.
37. This device allows the measurement of power
moving along the line in each direction, that is, it is
possible to measure incident and reflected power

One-half wavelength

Directional Coupler

separately.

CHAPTER 15: RADIO-WAVE PROPAGATION

1. The process by which the waves travel through a
medium.
2. It is the reduction in signal strength due to
spreading of the waves at a distance from the
transmitter.
3. The magnitude of the electric field required to cause
breakdown and arcing of the dielectric.
4. It is a means of propagation in which the waves are
confined

within

refractive

region

of

the

troposphere or between such a region and the

Propagation

Attenuation of Free Space

Dielectric Strength

Ducting

ground.
5. A device that allows a transmitter and a receiver,
operating at different frequencies, to be connected

Duplex

to the same antenna and operate simultaneously.

6. The area from which a receiving antenna can be
considered

to

extract

all

the

energy

an

electromagnetic wave.
7. It is the ratio of the electric force on a charge to the
charge, at a given point.
8. Refer to no. 7: another name for it.
9. A vacuum that allows radio waves to propagate
without any obstruction.
10. A vertically-polarized electromagnetic wave that
propagates along the surface of the earth.
11. It is the ratio of the phase velocity of a wave in free
space to that in the medium under consideration.
12. The ionized region of the earths atmosphere.
13. A hypothetical antenna having zero physical size
and no loss and radiating equally in all directions.
14. It is the highest frequency that will be returned by
the ionosphere at a given point.
15. These are changes to the baseband signal caused

28

Effective Area

Electric Field Strength

Electric Field Intensity
Vacuum
Ground Wave
Index of Refraction
Ionosphere
Isotropic Radiator
Maximum Usable Frequency
(MUF)
Multipath Distortion

BLAKE Summary
by multipath reception.
16. It is a situation in which a signal arrives at a
receiving antenna via two or more paths
17. A line drawn perpendicular to the interface between
two media.
18. It is the ratio between the signal appearing at the
transmitting

antenna

terminals

and

that

the

receiving antenna terminals.

19. It is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation.
20. It is the direction of the electric field vector of an
electromagnetic wave.
21. The power flowing through a unit cross-sectional
area normal to the direction of travel of an

Multipath Reception
Normal

Path Loss
Photon
Polarization

Power Density

electromagnetic wave.
22. Characterized by a receiver capable of receiving
several versions of the same signal with different
arrival times, and combining the received versions

Rake Receiver Sectorization

into a single signal with better quality.

23. In cellular radio, it is the division of a cell into
sectors by the use of directional antennas at a
single cell site.
24. It is an electromagnetic wave that is returned to
earth by the ionosphere.
25. An electromagnetic wave that propagates directly
from the transmitting to the receiving antenna.
26. It is a propagation along or near the surface of the
earth.
27. The region of atmosphere closest to earth.
28. Another name for vacuum.
29. It involves the creation of electric and magnetic
fields in free space or in some physical medium.
30. This means that the electric field, magnetic field,
and the direction of travel of wave are all mutually
perpendicular.
31. The speed of propagation of an electromagnetic
wave in free space is the same as that of __________.
32. It is a surface on which all the waves have the same
phase, would be the surface of a sphere.
33. The wave that rotate in all direction and if it rotates
in a clockwise direction as it recedes.
34. Another name for attenuation of free space.
35. It is the intensity of the radiation of antenna in a
given direction.
36. The comparison of the actual antennas radiated
power to an isotropic antenna.
37. Three properties of radio waves when propagated

29

Sectorization

Sky Wave
Space Wave
Terrestrial Propagation
Troposphere
Free Space
Electromagnetic Radiation
Transverse

Electromagnetic

Waves (TEM)
Light
Wavefront
Right-handed
Square-law Attenuation
Antenna Gain
Effective Isotropic Radiated
Power (EIRP)
Reflection,

BLAKE Summary
and reached its destinations that are also present in

Refraction,

the behavior of light.

38. Ground wave propagation is used for propagating

Diffraction

signals with frequencies of up to approximately

2 MHz

____.
39. Ionization levels change with the amount of solar
activity which varies over an 11-year cycle called
____________.
40. Since there

is

general

instability

of

Sunspot Cycle

the

ionosphere, its is usually better to operate at lower

Optimum Working Frequency

frequency, perhaps 85% of the MUF, also called as

(OWF)

____________________.
41. These are regions that may be uncovered by the
signals propagated in the area due to its closeness

Skip Zones

to the transmitter.
Line-of-Sight

42. Another name for tropospheric propagation.

Propagation

(LOS)

43. The transmitting antenna is aimed in the direction

of the receiver, but the receiver is over the horizon.

Troposcatter

CHAPTER 16: ANTENNAS

1. A device used radiate or receive electromagnetic
radio at radio frequencies.
2. A receiving antenna with a built-in preamplifier.
3. An enclosure lined with material that absorbs
electromagnetic radiation.
4. Angle measured upward from the horizon.
5. An antenna system composed of two or more
simpler antenna elements.
6. The angle between the points of the major lobe of

Antenna
Active Antenna
Anechoic Chamber
Angle of Elevation
Array

an antenna at which the radiated power density is

one-half its maximum value.
7. The measure of antenna gain in decibels with
respect to a lossless half-wave dipole.
8. A measure of antenna gain: decibels with respect to
an ideal isotropic radiator.
9. Any antenna consisting of a single conductor with
zero current only at its two ends.
10. It is the ratio of the maximum to the average
radiation of intensity for an antenna.
11. For a receiving antenna, it is the ratio of the
available output power to the power density of the

30

Beamwidth

dBd
dBi
Dipole
Directivity
Effective Area

BLAKE Summary
received wave.
12. The product of the power supplied to a transmitting
antenna and the gain of the of the antenna with
respect to a lossless half-wave dipole.
13. In an antenna array, it is an individual conductor or
group of conductors.
14. It is the distance far enough from an antenna that
local

inductive

and

capacitive

effects

are

Effective

Radiated

(ERP)
Element

Far-Field Region

insignificant.
15. It is the ratio between the radiation intensity in an
antennas direction of the maximum radiation and
the intensity at an angle of 180 to this direction.
16. An artificial ground consisting of a conductor
surface or an equivalent.
17. Also known as spiral.
18. It is a hypothetical antenna that would radiate all
the energy supplied to it, with equal intensity in all

Front-to-back Ratio

Ground Plane
Helix
Isotropic Antenna

directions.
19. It is the process of increasing the electrical length of
an

antenna

by an

addition

of inductance

or

capacitance.
20. It is the portion of an antenna pattern between two
nulls.
21. An antenna with a current null at one end and a
maximum at the other, with no other nulls in
between.
22. It is the region close to antenna, where local
inductive and capacitive effects predominate.
23. The lobe in the direction of maximum radiation.
24. The lobe with less intensity than the main lobe.
25. It denotes the angle in the horizontal plane, from

Loading

Lobe

Monopole

Near Field Region

Major Lobe
Minor Lobe

the x axis toward the y axis.

26. The direction of the electric field vector of an

Phi ()

electromagnetic wave.
27. In a monopole antenna, it is the wire extending

Polarization

along the surface of the ground or just below it,

away from the antenna is called _______.
28. A set of it is used to improve the effective
conductivity of the ground in a monopole antenna..
29. It is the equivalent resistance at the feedpoint
corresponding to the radiation of energy by an
antenna.
30. A minor lobe at an angle of approximately 90 to
the main lobe.
31. It refers to the angle from the horizontal (x-y) plane

Radial

Radial

Radiation Resistance

Side Lobe
Theta ()

31

Power

BLAKE Summary
toward the zenith, represented by the z-axis.
32. It is the direction straight up from the horizontal
Zenith

plane.
33. It refers to a dipole of infinitesimal length.
34. Typically, the length of a half-wave dipole, assuming

Hertzian Dipole

that the conductor diameter is much less than the

length of the antenna, is _____ of one-half the

95%

wavelength measured in free space.

35. It refers to the wavelength.

Lambda ()

36. It is the speed of light also constant to radio waves

in free space.
37. It is the coordinate representation of the antennas

300 x 106 m/s

radiation.
38. Fading is caused by _________ of antennas radiation

Radiation Pattern

though it is very important at a considerable

distance..
39. Ground effects are important up through the ____
range.
40. It has the same length as a standard half-wave

Reflection

High Frequency (HF)

dipole, but it is made with two parallel conductors,

joined at both ends and separated by a distance
that is short compared with the length of the

Folded Dipole

antenna.
41. The characteristic impedance of a balanced line
used mainly in TV and FM receiving installations.
42. This is used mainly for low and medium frequency
transmission that utilizes vertical polarization to
take advantage of ground wave propagation.
43. Refer to no. 42: another name for it.

300

Monopole Antenna
Marconi Antenna

44. This antenna is often used in vertically as either a

mobile or base antenna in VHF and UHF systems.
45. This antenna is also known as air-wound coil.
46. This antenna, its structure combination acts as a
transformer to match the feedline impedance to the
impedance of free space.
47. How much is the impedance of free space?

5/8 wavelength Antenna

Loop Antenna
Discone Antenna
377

48. Another name for helix or spiral antenna.

Helical Antenna

49. Refer to no. 48: another popular name for it that is

used with many handheld transceivers.
50. Classifications of arrays according to their direction

Rubber Ducky Antenna

Broadside,

of maximum radiation..

32

BLAKE Summary
End-fire
Phased Array,
51. Classification of antenna arrays according to how
Driven Array,

the elements are connected.

Parasitic Array
52. Arrays that radiates through its length.

Broadside

53. Arrays that radiates at its ends.

End-fire

54. These arrays are connected to the feedline.

Phase Array
Phase-shifting,

55. Possible applications of phase arrays.

Power Splitting,

56. Arrays that each elements are supplying power for

Impedance Matching
Driven Array

transmission.
57. refer to no. 56: Arrays that are dependent to it.

Parasitic Array

58. Yagi antenna is more formally referred to as the

________.
59. This antenna derives its name from the fact that the
feedpoint impedance is a periodic function of the
operating frequency.
60. This antenna is a combination of two dipoles
designed to give omnidirectional performance in the
horizontal plane, with horizontal polarization.
61. This antenna has one type of broadside array using
half-wave dipoles.
62. In an antenna, it acts as an ordinary mirror that
enhances the directivity of the antennas radiation.
63. Antenna often used for terrestrial microwave links.

Yagi-Uda Array

Log-periodic Antenna

Turnstile Antenna

Collinear Arrays
Reflector
Hog-horn Antenna

CHAPTER 17: MICROWAVE DEVICES

1. It is conventionally the electromagnetic radiation in
the range above approximately 1GHz.

33

Microwave

BLAKE Summary
2. In a klystron, it is a cavity that velocity modulates
the electron beam.
3. It is the velocity modulation of an electron beam.
4. In a klystron, it is a cavity that removes some of the
energy from the electron beam and transfers it in
the form of microwave energy to the output.
5. It is a space in which microwaves can resonate by
means of in-phase reflections from the walls.
6. A device with three or more ports that allows an
input to one port to emerge only at the next port in
order.
7. It is the element in a klystron or TWT that receives
the electron beam
8. refer to no. 7: another term for it.
9. It is a microwave tube in which the electric and
magnetic fields are at right angles.
10. A device that launches or receives a wave in a
transmission line or waveguide in one direction
only.
11. It is the variation of velocity as a function of
frequency in a waveguide or medium.
12. It is a concentration of charge.
13. It states that a change in frequency that occurs
when a wave reflects from a moving object.
14. A lens that is stepped to reduce its size.
15. It is the speed of transmission of a signal along a
waveguide.
16. It is a slab of N-type gallium arsenide that can
operate as an oscillator or amplifier by means of
domain formation.
17. A combination of E-plane and H-plane tees.
18. A junction device that can operate as an oscillator
or amplifier.
19. A waveguide device that has low loss in one
direction and high loss in the other.
20. a type of linear-beam microwave tube that uses
velocity modulation of the electron beam.
21. A microwave tube in which electrons travel in a
straight line down to the length of the tube.
22. Another name for hybrid tee.
23. A cross-field microwave-tube oscillator in which
electrons circle around the cathode under the
influence of a magnetic field.
24. A microwave transmission line constructed on a
printed-circuit

board,

consisting

of

single

conductor on one side of the board and a ground

34

Buncher
Bunching
Catcher

Cavity

Circulator

Controller
Anode
Crossed-field Tube

Directional Coupler

Dispersion
Domain
Doppler Effect
Fresnel Lens
Group Velocity

Gunn Device
Hybrid Tee
IMPATT Diode
Isolator
Klystron
Linear-beam Tube
Magic Tee
Magnetron
Microstrip

BLAKE Summary
plane on the other side.
25. The speed of electron drift in a conductor or
semiconductor.
26. It is the specific configuration of electric and
magnetic fields that allows a wave to propagate.
27. The apparent speed of propagation along
waveguide

based

on

the

distance

Mobility
Mode

between

wavefronts along the walls of the guide.

28. A three-layer diode that can be used as a switch
and an attenuator at microwave frequencies.

Phase Velocity

PIN Diode
P-type,

29. The three layers of the PIN diode.

Intrinsic Layer,
N-type

30. It is the rotation of the axis or rotation of the

electrons.
31. The equivalent size of a radar target, in terms of
perfectly conducting flat plate oriented toward the

Precession

Radar Cross Section

receiver.
32. It is any device that causes a wave to propagate at
less than the speed of light, so that the electron
beam and the wave move at approximately the

Slow-wave Structure

same speed.
33. A microwave transmission line that consists of a
conductor inside a circuit board, working against
two ground planes, one on top and one on the
bottom of the board.
34. It is the object whose range, direction, and/or
velocity is to be measured.

Stripline

Target
Transferred-electron

35. Another name for Gunn Device.

36. A variation of the IMPATT designed for high-power
operation.
37. A metal object threaded into a waveguide to add
capacitance or inductance.
38. A hollow structure that has no center conductor but
allows waves to propagate down to its length.
39. A type of ferrite.
40. It means it is a more than one mode propagating at
a time.
41. It can be achieved by using only the mode with the
lowest cutoff frequency.
42. Refer to no. 41: another name for it.

Device

(TED)
TRAPATT Diode
Tuning Screw
Waveguide
Yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG)
Multimode Propagation
Single-mode Propagation
Dominant Mode
Transverse Electric (TE),

43. Two kinds of modes.

44. The dominant mode depends on the shape of the

35

Transverse Magnetic (TM)

Waveguide

BLAKE Summary
______.
45. Like any transmission line, a waveguide has a
________ _____.
46. The impedance of the free space is ________.

Characteristic Impedance
377
By Probe,

47. Three ways to launch a wave down a guide.

By Loop,
By Hole

48. It is used to transfer power from a waveguide to a

transmission line to which the line will accept only
energy traveling along the guide from right to left.
49. It is the amount by which a signal in the main guide
is attenuated.
50. It gives the amount by which the signal in the main
guide is greater than that coupled to the secondary
waveguide.
51. It refers to the ratio between the power coupled to
the secondary guide.
52. Striplines and microstrips, like waveguides, have
________ _________.
53. Another name for H-plane tee.
54. Another name for E-plane tee.
55. Instead of using a continuous waveguide, waves can
also be launched in a short section that reflects
waves back and forth from one end to the other.
What is this short section?
56. It is a type of frequency meter that consists of a
cavity with an adjustable plunger.
57. It allows separation of signals.
58. The operation of both the isolator and the circulator
is based on the magnetic properties of __________.
59. It is the interaction between an electromagnetic
wave and the ferriet results in a phase shift as the

Directional Couplers

Insertion Loss

Coupling

Directivity
Critical Frequency
Shunt Tee
Series Tee

Cavity Resonator

Wavemeter
Circulator
Ferrites

Faraday Rotation

wave propagates through the material.

Impact Avalanche and Transit

60. IMPATT means

Time
P-type,
N-type,

61. Chronological layers of the IMPATT diode.

Intrinsic layer,
N-type

62. The intrinsic layer of the IMPATT diode is commonly

made up of ______.

Gallium Arsenide
Trapped

63. TRAPATT means

64. These device is often used as frequency multipliers.
65. Two variations of the varactor that can be also used
as multipliers.

Plasma

Triggered Transit
Varactor Diode
Step-recovery,
Snap Diode

36

Avalanche

BLAKE Summary
66. This is essentially a resonant cavity that is made of
a solid slab of a dielectric material such as alumina.
67. It is the oldest microwave tube design.
68. refer to no. 67: The year that it is invented.
69. It is the preferred tube for high power, high stability
amplification of signals at frequencies from UHF to
about 30 GHz.
70. It can be used as a moderate-power amplifier or as
an oscillator if modified.
71. This antenna can be

viewed

as

Dielectric Resonator
Magnetron
1921
Klystron

Traveling Wave Tube

impedance

transformers that match waveguide impedances to

Horn Antenna

that of free space.

72. It consist of thin metallic patch placed a small
fraction of a wavelength above conducting ground

Patch Antenna

plane.

CHAPTER 18: TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

1. A single transmission path from transmitter to
receiver.
2. The signal-to-noise ratio in a receiver at a point
before the detector.
3. The deviation of a wave as it passes an obstacle or
passes through a small aperture.
4. It is the use of more than one frequency or
transmission path to improve system reliability in
the presence of fading.
5. It is the energy received in the time taken to
transmit one bit.
6. Variation in received field strength over time due to
changes in propagation conditions.
7. A region near an object in which diffraction effects
are significant.
8. It is the abrupt variations in the timing of a digital
signal.
9. It is a network using microwaves for two-way
transmission for telephony, television, and highspeed data.
10. This is a terrestrial microwave system for the
distribution of television, Internet, and telephone
services to businesses and residences.
11. A receiver-transmitter combination that amplifies
and transmits a signal.
12. A map showing surface features, including the
elevation of the terrain.

37

Hop
Carrier-to-noise Ratio
Diffraction

Diversity

Energy per Bit

Fading
Fresnel Zone
Jitter
Local Multipoint Distribution
System (LMDS)
Multichannel

Multipoint

Distribution System (MMDS)

Repeater
Topographic Map

BLAKE Summary
13. Terrestrial

microwave

links

generally

use

______________ propagation.

Line-of Sight (LOS)

Multipath Reception,
Attenuation due to rain,

14. Causes of fading.

Ducting,

15. Fading due to multipath reception can reduce the

received signal strength by ______ or more.
16. This technique is done by slightly changing the
frequency so that the phase difference between the

Aging or partial failure

20dB

Frequency Diversity

direct and reflected signals is no longer 180.

17. To protect against fading on a moment-to-moment
basis, frequency diversity requires two transmitters
and two receivers, better known as a _____.
18. This technique is done by placing two antennas one
above and the other on the same tower.

Hot Standby

Space Diversity
Analog,

19. Two systems of terrestrial microwave links.

Digital
AM System,

20. Analog system is also called ______ or _______.

21. Digital system is also called _______.
22. Digital data can also be transmitted with FM
systems using ______ ______.

FM System
QAM System
External Modems

CHAPTER 19: TELEVISION

1. Ratio of the width to the height of a television
picture.
2. The portion of the horizontal blanking pulse after
the synch pulse.
3. The video level corresponding to zero luminance.
4. The period of time when the electron beam in a CRT
is cut-off.
5. A vacuum tube that uses a moving electron beam to
produce patterns or images on a photophorescent
screen.
6. The color signal.
7. These are several cycles of color subcarrier on the
back

porch

of

the

horizontal

sync

for

color

synchronization.
8. A filter that can pass or reject a fundamental

38

Aspect Ratio
Bach Porch
Black Setup
Blanking

Cathode-ray Tube (CRT)

Chrominance (Chroma)
Color Bursts
Comb Filter

BLAKE Summary
frequency and its harmonics.
9. A video system in which color and luminance are
sent separately, without frequency interleaving.
10. A video system in which luma, sync, and chroma
signals are combined.
11. Alignment of the three electron beams in a color
CRT so that they land on the same triad of color
phosphor dots.
12. the pulses in the vertical blanking interval of a video
signal that create interlaced scan.
13. In an interlaced video system, it is one-half of a
frame consisting of alternate lines.
14. One complete image in a video system is called
________.
15. The portion of horizontal blanking pulse before the
sync pulse.
16. A television receiver design that uses mixing
between the picture and sound carriers to generate
the sound intermediate frequency.
17. A video scanning system that divides a frame into
two fields to reduce flicker.
18. The signal that provides brightness information in a
video system.
19. A North American television standard.
20. The video signal level representing

maximum

luminance.
21. Picture element.
22. A video system that does not use interlace.
23. In a color CRT, it is the adjustment of the three
electron beams so that each lands on phosphor dots
of the appropriate color.
24. The pattern of scanning lines in a video system.
25. The amount of detail produced by a video system.
26. The return of the electron beam in a CRT from right
to left or from top to bottom.
27. A color video system in which the three primary
colors are transmitted separately.
28. The main accelerating element in a CRT.
29. The proportion of scanning lines in a video system
that can be used in determining vertical resolution.
30. A specialized oscilloscope designed for the
observation of composite color signals.
31. The assembly that contains the deflection coils and
is mounted on the neck of a CRT.
32. The North American NTSC television

system

transmits ___ frames per second.

33. Each frame transmitted by NTSC consists of _______

39

Component Color
Composite Video

Convergence

Equalizing Pulses
Field
Frame
Front Porch

Intercarrier Sound

Interlace
Luminance (Luma)
NTSC Video
Peak White
Pixel
Progressive Scan
Purity
Raster
Resolution
Retrace
RGB Color
Ultor
Utilization Factor
Vectorscope
Yoke
30
525

BLAKE Summary
lines.
34. The NTSC uses a _______ interlace so that ______
fields are transmitted per second.
35. Composite color video uses two color signals
modulated on a subcarrier at 3.58 MHz using
_________ ________.
36. Terrestrial television broadcasting uses a channel
_______ wide.
37. The picture in terrestrial television broadcasting is
transmitted using _______ with carrier.
38. The sound in the terrestrial television broadcasting
uses ___ on separate carrier to the video.
39. Picture and sound travel together through the _____
and ___ ______ of a television receiver.
40. The sound is converted to a separate 4.5 MHz IF, in
a system known as __________ _________.
41. Color receivers use _______ _________ to retrieve the
color signal.
42. The frequency and phase reference for the color
demodulators are provided by a ________ _______ on
the back porch of the horizontal synchronizing

2:1,
60
DSBSC QUAM

6 MHz
VSB AM
FM
Tuner,
Picture IF Sections
Intercarrier Sound
Synchronous Demodulation

Color Burst

signal.
43. The CRTs used in television receivers generate an
________ ______ that is intensity-modulated by the
video

signal

and

deflected

horizontally

and

vertically by coils that surround the tube.

44. Color CRTs use three electron beams striking three
different types of phosphors that glow ____, ____,
and ______.
45. It reduce losses by moving UHF signals to the VHF
range.
46. It is a technique used for reducing flicker on frame
rates of 25 or 30 Hz..

48. The three primary colors that are mixed to achieve

good color reproduction.

stereo

Green,
Blue
Cable-television System
Interlaced Scan

Vertical Blanking Interval

Red,
Green,
Blue
Phase

sound

system

Alteration

By

Line

(PAL),

49. Two other standards of color television.

television

Red,

Horizontal Blanking Interval,

47. Two time intervals.

50. The

Electron Beam

Sequential Color and Memory

is

called

___________ _____ _________.

51. The first CRT.

(SECAM)
Multichannel
Sound
Monochrome CRT

40

Television

BLAKE Summary
52. In order to reproduce the three primary colors of the
color television system, a color CRT must have

Three (3)

_______ electron beams.

CHAPTER 20: SATELITE COMMUNICATION

1. A structure that naturally orbits the earth.
2. Name of the natural satellite.
3. A structure that orbits the earth and was built by
humans.
4. The point farthest from earth in a satellite orbit.
5. A satellite transponder design that receives signals
and retransmits them at higher power and at a
different frequency.
6. It is a group of satellites coordinated in such a way
as to provide continuous communication.
7. A radio or optical connection directly between
satellites, without going through an earth station.
8. Transmission of signals from a satellite to an earth
station.
9. A satellite orbit that is entirely above the equator.
10. It is the change in the direction of polarization of
signals passing through the ionosphere.
11. It is the ratio expressed in decibels of gain to noise
temperature.
12. It is the depiction of the signal strength contours
from a satellite transmitter on the earth.
13. It is the satellite orbit in which the satellite appears
to remain stationary at a point above the equator.
14. It is a satellite orbit in which the satellites period of
revolution is equal to the period of rotation of the
earth.
15. Antenna beam on a geostationary satellite that is
adjusted to cover the whole earth.
16. It is an artificial satellite orbiting the earth at an

Natural Satellite
Moon
Artificial Satellite
Apogee
Bent-pipe Configuration

Constellation
Crosslink
Downlink
Equatorial Orbit
Faraday rotation
Figure of Merit
Footprint
Geostationary Orbit

Geosynchronous Orbit

Hemispheric Beam
Low-Earth-Orbit

altitude less than about 1500 kilometers.

17. A satellite in orbit at a distance above the earths

Satellite
Medium-Earth-Orbit

surface of approximately 8,000 to 20,000 km.

18. Any artificial satellite that is not geostationary.
19. The point closest to Earth in a satellite orbit.
20. A satellite orbit passing over the north and south

Satellite
Orbital Satellite
Perigee

poles.
21. It is the time taken for a signal to travel through
space from transmitter to receiver.
22. It is a focused beam of energy that covers a
relatively small area on the earth.

41

Polar Orbit
Propagation Time
Spot Beam

(LEO)
(MEO)

BLAKE Summary
23. It is the process of adjusting the orbit of a
geostationary satellite so that it appears to remain

Station-keeping

stationary above a point on earth.

24. It is the use of device to receive one or more data
packets, store them and restransmit them at a later
time.
25. It is adjusting the position of a directional antenna
on the ground.
26. A repeater located in the satellite.
27. Transmission of signals from an earth station to a
satellite.
28. Geostationary satellites are far enough from earth
that on a satellite can cover about ___ of the earths
distance.
29. Three
geostationary

satellites

can

Store-and-Forward Technique

Tracking
Transponder
Uplink

40%

provide

worldwide communication except for the ______

Polar Regions

_______.
30. All satellite orbit shapes are ____________.
31. All satellites are held in orbit by a balance between

Elliptical
Centrifugal Force,

the two.
32. An antenna is aimed at a satellite by adjusting its

Centripetal Force
Azimuth,

__________ and _______.

33. It is a device incorporating a level that can measure

Elevation

the angle of the antenna axis from the horizontal.

34. The amount by which the antenna axis is offset
from the earths axis is called ___________.
35. It was established in 1979 and known as third
generation of satellites.
36. INMARSAT uses a total of __ GEO satellites.
37. Range of Low-earth orbit satellites above the earth.
38. range of Medium-earth orbit satellites above the
earth.
39. These radiation belts surrounds earth that can
damage satellites.
40. This system comprises 66 LEO satellites in a
complex constellation, such that at least one
satellite is visible from one everywhere on earth at
all times.
41. This system began commercial operation in 1999,
and uses a constellation of 48 LEO satellites.
42. This system is expected to use 288 satellites.
43. This system went into operation in 1998, uses 35
satellites.
44. This system has a similar structure to ORBCOMM
and became operational in 2003.

42

Inclinometer
Declination
International
Satellite
(INMARSAT)
Nine (9)
300 - 1500 km
8000 20000 km
Van Allen Belts

Iridium

Globalstar
Teledesic
ORBCOMM
LEO One

Maritime
Organization

BLAKE Summary
45. This system is considered a special case LEO
system, using only six satellites, orbiting an altitude
of 1260 km.
46. This MEO uses

an

interesting

combination

of

elliptical and circular orbits.

47. This MEO is planned by Inmarsat that will launch ten
satellites providing global coverage.

E-Sat

Ellipso
Intermediate

Circular

Orbit

(ICO)

CHAPTER 21: CELLULAR RADIO

1. A cellular telephone system designed mainly for use

Personal

with portable telephones.

2. North American first-generation

System (PCS)
Advanced
Mobile

cellular

radio

standard using analog FM.

3. In wireless communication, it is the radio equipment
and the propagation path.
4. It is the electronics that control base station
transmitters and receivers.
5. It is interrupting the voice channel to send control
information.
6. Failure to connect a telephone call because of lack
of system capacity.
7. Method of transmitting data on AMPS cellular
telephone voice channels that are temporarily
unused.
8. Information sent by the base station in a cellular
radio system to set the power level of the mobile
transmitter.
9. Signal transmitted by a cell site to identify that site
to the mobile user.
10. A telephone connection that is unintentionally
terminated while in progress.
11. Number assigned to a cell

phone

by

the

manufacturer as a security feature.

12. This is a control information that is transmitted by
stealing bits that are normally used for voice
information.
13. Communication from a cell site or repeater to a
mobile unit.
14. Two-way communication in which both terminals
can transmit simultaneously.
15. Two-way communication in which only one station
can transmit at a time.
16. Transfer of a call in progress from one cell site to

43

Communication
Phone

Service (AMPS)
Air Interface
Base Station Controller
Blank-and-burst Signaling
Call Blocking
Cellular Digital Packet Data
(CDPD)
Control

Mobile

Attenuation

Code (CMAC)
Digital Color Code (DCC)
Dropped Call
Electronic

Serial

Number

Associated

Control

(ESN)
Fast

Channel (FACCH)
Forward Channel
Full Duplex
Half Duplex
Handoff

BLAKE Summary
another.
17. A mobile telephone service using trunked channels

Improved Mobile Telephone

but not cellular in nature.

18. A small cell designed to cover a high-traffic area.
19. Number that identifies a mobile phone in a cellular

Service (IMTS)
Microcell
Mobile Identification Number

system.
20. refer to no. 19: This is popularly known as
21. Switching facility connecting cellular telephone base

(MIN)
Mobile telephone number

stations to each other and to the public telephone

network.
22. A memory location that stores the telephone
numbers to be used on the system.
23. Very small cells in a cellular radio system.
24. A company that acts as a carrier to the base station.
25. A cellular customer using a network other than the
subscribers local cellular network.
26. It is the control information that is transmitted along
with the voice.
27. Code which describes the maximum power output
of a cellular phone.
28. A sine wave above the voice frequency range,
transmitted on the voice channel used to detect the
loss of signal.
29. A number transmitted by the base station to identify
the system operator.
30. Frequency of a signal tone during a call.
31. Transmitters in adjacent cells are separated by
frequency by at least

Mobile

Switching

Center

(MSC)
Number Assignment Module
(NAM)
Picocells
Reverse Channel
Roamer
Slow

Associated

Control

Channel (SACCH)
Station Class Mark (SCM)
Supervisory

Audio

Tone

(SAT)
System

Identification

Number (SID)
10 kHz
60 kHz
Mobile Identification Number
(MIN),

32. Two unique numbers of each mobile unit.

Number Assignment Module

33. It is simply the 10-digit phone number for the

(NAM)
Mobile Identification Number

mobile phone.
34. It is a unique 32-bit number assigned to the phone

(MIN)
Electronic

at the factory.

Serial

Number

(ESN)
Mobile (Class I),

35. The three station class marks.

Transportable (Class II),

36. ERP of Class I.

37. ERP of Class II.
38. ERP of Class III.
39. Mobile transmitter power is controlled by the land
station in 4dB increments, with the lowest power
level being ___________ ERP.
40. It occurs when two or more mobiles try to use the
control channel at the same time.

44

Portable (Class III)

+6 dBW (4 W)
+2 dBW (1.6 W)
-2 dBW (600 mW)
-22 dBW (6.3 mW)

Collision

BLAKE Summary
41. Three possible frequencies of a supervisory audio
tone.
42. Most portable cell phones use this kind of antenna.
43. Refer to no. 42: At 800 MHz, the length of this
antenna is ____.
44. Phone traffic is defined in ________.

5970 Hz, 6000 Hz, 6030 Hz

Quarter-wave Monopole
9.5 cm
Erlangs (E)
One
(1)continuous

45. Refer to no. 44: One unit of it is equivalent to

46. The most obvious way to avoid call blocking and call
dropping is to __________.
47. The reduction of cell size to increase traffic.
48. The bit rate in the RF channel for CDPD.
49. The common digital system developed by the
European Community.
50. The digital system would seem to be able to carry
___ times as much traffic as the analog system.
51. It provides essentially the same information as SAT
in AMPS.

phone

conversation
Provide more channels
Cell-splitting
19.2kb/s
Global System for Mobile
Three (3)
Coded

Digital

Verification

Color Code (CDVCC)

Analog
Control

Channel

(ACCH),

52. The two TDMA control channels.

Digital

Control

Channel

(DCCH)

CHAPTER 22: PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

1. Signal path from a base station or satellite to a
mobile station or a ground station.
2. Changing the time order or digital information
before transmission to reduce the effect of burst

Downlink

Interleaving

errors in the channel.

3. It is the telephone number that is unique to a given
user worldwide.
4. It is the tendency for stronger signals to interfere
with the reception of weaker signals.
5. A radio receiver that is capable of combining
several received signals with different time delays
into one composite signal.
6. Transmission of brief text messages, such as page
or email, by cellular radio or PCS.
7. A card with an embedded integrated circuit that can
be used for functions such as storing subscriber
information for a PCS system.
8. It is connecting a mobile to two or more base

45

International
Subscriber

Mobile
Identification

(IMSI)
Near-Far Effect

Rake Receiver
Short

Messaging

Service (SMS)
Smart Card
Soft Handoff

BLAKE Summary
stations simultaneously.
9. It contains all user information which is inserted into
the phone before use.
10. Transmission of data in two directions on a channel
by using different time slots for each direction.
11. Transmission channel to a satellite or base station.
12. Class of orthogonal spreading codes used in CDMA
communications.

Subscriber ID Module (SIM)

Time-division
(TDD)
Uplink
Walsh Code
To allow each individual to
have

13. The

eventual

goal

Duplexing

of

personal

communication

systems.

personal

phone

and

number

which

will

phone
take

the

office,
14. Current PCS resemble cellular radio systems except
that they operate at
15. The PCS frequency range is divided in such a way
that there can be up to _______ service providers in
a given region.
16. They allow roaming on the analog cellular system
when the correct type of PCS service is unavailable.
17. This features higher maximum data rates, greater
capacity of voice calls, and the ability to work with a
wide range of cell sizes and types.
18. These systems appear likely to be part of the third
generation specifications.
19. Voice channels are called ___________ _______ in
GSM.
20. This is used by the mobile to contact the base, for
registration, authentication, and call setup.
21. It is used for control messages to individual
telephones and for short paging-type messages to
be displayed on the phone.
22. It is the system used in Europe and most of Asia for
both cellular and PCS bands.
23. This allows the mobile receiver to lock on the
beginning of the transmission.
24. They provide acknowledgement of messages from
mobiules and inform the mobiles of the status of the
reverse control channel.
25. Time slots per superframe

of

fast

broadcast

channel.
26. Time slots per superframe for extended broadcast
channel.
27. Functions of short message service channel.

place

care,

and

phones.
Higher frequency

of

home,

portable
and

completely digital
Six

Dual mode, dual band phones

Third Generation
CDMA,
TDMA
Traffic Channels
Random
(RACH)
Short

Access

Channel

Message

Service,

Paging and Access Channel

(SPACH)
GSM
Synchronizing (SYNCH)
Shared

Channel

Feedback

(SCF)
3 to 10
1 to 8
Short message service,

46

are

BLAKE Summary
Remote phone programming
Paging
Control
messages
to

28. Function of paging channel.

29. Function of access response channel.
30. Bandwidth of GSM channels.
31. Total bit rate for an RF channel in GSM.
32. Time slots in the structure of an RF channel is also
called as ______ in GSM.
33. Each voice transmission in GSM is coded at ______.
34. Two codes in use at a CDMA base station.
35. This code in CDMA base station is for synchronizing.
36. This code in CDMA base station in used for
encryption of voice and control system data.
37. CDMA uses this for voice coding.

CDMA.

13 kb/s
Short code,
Long code
Short code
Long code

4800 b/s,
2400 b/s,
1200 b/s
General Packet Radio Service

39. The packet-switched data in GSM system is called

de

Burst

Variable rate vocoder

9600 b/s,

38. The four possible bit rates used in voice coding of

40. The

individual phones
200 kHz
270.833 kb/s

facto

manufacturers

standard
for

created

displaying

web

by

(GPRS)

wireless

content

on

wireless devices.

Wireless Application Protocol

(WAP)
Improved

Data

Communication;
Greater Capacity;

41. Requirements for the third generation PCS.

Adaptability

to

pedestrian,

and

mobile,
fixed

operation

CHAPTER 23: PAGING AND WIRELESS DATA NETWORKING

1. A device to connect two segments of a network.
2. Unique address for a pager.
3. Method of reducing contention in a network by
involving each station checking for interference
before transmitting.
4. Method of reducing contention to the network by
involving each station by checking continuously for
interference before and during transmissions.
5. Attempt by two transmitters to use the same
channel simultaneously.
6. Form of local-area network using CSMA/CD and a

47

Bridge
Capcode
Carrier-Sense

Multiple-

Access

Collision

With

Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
Carrier-sense Multiple-access
with

Collision

(CSMA/CD)
Collision
Ethernet

Detection

BLAKE Summary
logical bus structure.
7. Communication channel

from

mobile

to

base

station.
8. A radio channel used for communication from a
base station to mobile stations.
9. Transmission of data in two directions on a channel
by using different time slots for each direction.

Inbound Channel
Outbound Channel
Time-division

Duplexing

(TDD)
Paging system,
Cellular and PCS radio,

10. Options for wireless data communication.

Wireless LAN and Modems,

Packet Data Network
One-way beeper,
One-way numeric,

11. Types of paging systems.

One-way alphanumeric,
Two-way alphanumeric,

12. It transmit all pages throughout the whole system to

avoid having to locate the recipient.
13. Most current wireless LAN equipment follows the
___________ standard.
14. This resembles the standard in no. 13.
15. It is common for very short-range connections and
is occasionally used for wireless LANs.

Voice pagers
One-way paging system
IEEE 802.11
Bluetooth
Infrared Light
Email,
Keeping

16. Uses of public packet data networks.

contact

with

employees in the field,

Limited web browsing,
Low-data-rate applications
Post
Office
Code

17. Most common protocol for one-way paging system.

Standardization

Advisory

Group (POCSAG)
18. It is the de facto standard for two-way alphanumeric
pagers.
19. Standards that have been established in IEEE
802.11.

Motorola ReFLEXTM
1.

A set of wireless nodes

is called Basic Service Set

(BSS).
2.
of

A network can consist

only

of

wireless

node

communicating with each of

wireless nodes in BSS
3.

There can be multiple

access points for extended

coverage.

48

BLAKE Summary
4.

multiple

network
access

with

points

is

called an Extended Service

Set (ESS)
5.
20. It is a wireless networking scheme that competes
with both 802.11 and Bluetooth schemes.

involving these several companies.

some

time

to

allow

two

devices

communicate with each other.

25. This standard for wireless packet-switched data was
created by the Swedish telephone company for use
by its field personnel.
26. Mobitex can best be called ________.
27. This system is created by IBM as a joint venture
with Motorola for its own use.

roam within the ESS.

HomeRF

IBM,
Intel,
Toshiba
Piconet
Scatternet
Infrared

Data

Association

(IRDA)

Mobitex
Near real time
Advanced
Radio

1. The maximum angle between the axis of an optical

fiber and a ray of light entering the fiber.
2. The angle an incident ray makes with the normal to
a reflecting or refracting surface.
3. The angle a reflected ray makes with the reflected
to a reflecting surface.
4. The angle a refracted ray makes with the normal to
a refracting surface.
5. In optical fiber, it is the material of lower refractive
index that surrounds the core.
6. It is the central part of the fiber where the light
angle

of

Data

Information Services (ARDIS)

CHAPTER 24: FIBER OPTICS

propagates.
7. The maximum

can

Nokia,

22. The simplest Bluetooth network

23. A conglomeration of two or more piconets.
24. It is a short range infrared system that has been
for

units

Ericsson,

21. The Bluetooth specification is a joint venture

used

Wireless

incidence

for

which

refraction takes place.

8. Interference between signals on separate cables in
close proximity.
9. In a photodetector, it is the current that flows in the

49

Angle of Acceptance
Angle of Incidence
Angle of Reflection
Angle of Refraction
Cladding
Core
Critical Angle
Crosstalk
Dark Current

BLAKE Summary
absence of light.
10. A measure of how well a coupler or similar device
rejects power passing through it in the reverse

Directivity

direction.
11. Variation of propagation velocity with wavelength.
12. the energy given to or absorbed by an electron that

Dispersion

moves through a potential difference of one volt.

13. The proportion of the power entering a coupler that
is lost inside the coupler.
14. An optical fiber in which the index of refraction of
the

core

decreases

gradually

with

decreasing

distance from the center.

15. A PN junction in which the two sides of the junction
are made of different materials.
16. The ratio between the velocity of light in free space
and that in a given medium.
17. Acronym for light amplification
emission of radiation.
18. A low-power laser resembling

by
an

stimulated
LED

in

its

construction.
19. A fiber that allows light to travel along it in more
than one waveguide mode.
20. A line perpendicular to a reflecting or refracting
light surface.
21. The sine of the aperture of acceptance in optical
fiber.
22. A quantum of electromagnetic radiation.
23. The smallest amount in which energy can exist.
24. The relationship between output current and input
light power for a photodetector.
25. An optical fiber whose core is sufficiently narrow
that only one waveguide mode can propagate.
26. An optical finer that has one index of refraction for
the core and a second.
27. reflection at the boundary between two media when
the angle of incidence is greater than the critical
angle.
28. Detectors

in

fiber

optics

systems

are

usually

_________ or _____________.
29. A well-made splice can have as much loss as ______
of fiber.
30. Advantages of fiber optics over copper cable.

Electron-volt
Excess Loss

Graded-index Fiber

Heterojunction
Index of Refraction
LASER
Laser Diode (LD)
Multimode Fiber
Normal
Numerical Aperture
Photon
Quantum
Responsivity
Single-mode Fiber
Step-index Fiber

Total Internal reflection

PIN Diodes,
Avalanche Photodiode
1km
Larger bandwidth,
Greater

distance

repeaters,
Lower weight,
Smaller size,

50

between

BLAKE Summary
Immunity

from

electrical

interference,
Lower cost
Light
Infrared-emitting

31. Optical fibers are waveguides for _____.

32. An infrared LED is also called as _______.
33. The light is emitted from the flat surface of the
junction.
CHAPTER 25: FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS
1. Synchronization of digital signals by adding extra
bits to one signal.
2. A 100 Mb/s LAN signaling standard intended for use
with fiber optics but also used with coax.
3. Use of fiber optic cable for telephone subscriber
connections.
4. Use of fiber for all of a telephone system except for
the subscriber loop.
5. Calculation of received power in a system in order
to

compare

it

with

the

power

required

for

satisfactory performance.
6. A laser used as an energy source to excite electrons
into a higher energy state.
7. The time required for the voltage level at the
beginning of a pulse to increase from 10 to 90
percent of its maximum value.
8. Single pulses that can travel through a medium with
no dispersion.
9. The
European

Standard

for

synchronous

transmission over a fiber-optic network.

10. The use of two or more light sources at different
wavelengths separately modulated with the same
fiber.
11. The maximum distance that can be used with a
fiber link can be limited by either ________ or ______.
12. Limitations due to losses are expressed in a ___
__________.
13. Dispersion

is

expressed

in

terms

of

either

_____________ or _____________.
14. These can be used in digital systems to extend the
communication distance indefinitely.
15. Optical amplifiers can amplify an optical signal
without converting it to _____________ ______.
16. To increase the amount of data that can be carried
on a fiber, wavelength-division multiplexing can be

51

Diode

(IRED)
Surface-emitting

Bit Stuffing
Fiber

Distributed

Data

Interface (FDDI)
Fiber in the Loop (FITP)
Fiber to the Curb (FTTC)

Loss Budget

Pump Laser

Rise Time

Solitons
Synchronous Optical Network
(SONET)
Wavelength-division
Multiplexing (WDM)
Losses,
Dispersion
Loss Budget
Bandwidth-distance,
Rise Time
Regenerative Repeaters
Electrical Form
Time-division Multiplexing

BLAKE Summary
used in conjunction with ___________ ___________.
17. fiber optics has greatly increased both the capacity
and the reliability of __________ ___________.

Submarine Cables

ADDITIONAL NOTES: NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

1. It is the art of detecting the movements of a craft from
one point to another along a desired path.

Navigation
Navigational by Pilotage,
Celestial Navigation,

2. Methods of navigation.

Navigation

by

Dead

Reckoning,
3. A method of navigation wherein the navigator fixes his
position

on

map

by

observing

known

Radio Navigations

visible Navigational by Pilotage

landmarks.
4. It is accomplished by measuring the angular position of
celestial bodies.
5. It is the most common and widely used method of
navigation wherein the position of crafts at any instant
of time is calculated from previously determined
position, speed of its motion with respect to the earth

Celestial Navigation.

Navigational

by

Dead

Reckoning

with the direction and the time elapsed.

6. Refer to no. 6: Another name for it.
Deduced Calculations
7. It uses electromagnetic waves to attain a fix.
Radio Navigation
8. It is basically a means of gathering information about
Radio Detection and Ranging
distant objects or targets by sending electromagnetic
(RADAR)
waves at them and analyzing the echoes.
9. A one radar mile can be traveled by a signal within
6.16 microsec
______.
10. A round trip of a transmitted signal in a radar will
12.36 microsec
consume a time of __________.
11. After the radar pulses has been transmitted, a
__________ _______ _______ must be allowed for the echo
to return so as not to interfere with the next transmit

Sufficient Rest Time

pulse.
12. It determines the maximum distance to the target to be

Pulse Repetition Time

measured.
13. It is the range beyond which objects appear as second Maximum
Unambiguous
return echoes.
Range
14. It is the transmitted pulse that maybe reflected by the
Double Range Echoes
target for one complete round trip.
Rayleigh Region,
15. The effective areas considered in a radar cross section
Resonance Region,
of the target.
Optical Region,

52

BLAKE Summary
Polarization

of

the

independent wave,
Degree of surface roughness,

16. The radar cross section target depends on

Use of special coatings on

the target,
Aspect of the target
Flat-topped
rectangular

17. Pulse characteristics is

18. Leading edge must be _____ to ensure that the leading
edge of the received pulse is also close to it.
19. It is required for the voltage pulse applied to the
magnetron anode.
20. It is needed for the transmitted pulse so that the

pulses
Vertical
Flat Top

duplexer can switch the receiver over to the antenna as Steep Trailing Edge
soon as the body of the pulse has passed.
Dipole,
Horn
21. Antennas that can be used for radar.

Fed

Paraboloid

Reflector,
Reflectros

of

basically

paraboloid shape
Lobe switching technique,
22. Antenna tracking and scanning techniques in radar.

Conical Scanning,
Monopulse Tracking

23. It is a sequential lobing and the direction of the antenna

Lobe Switching Technique

beam is rapidly switched between two positions.
24. It is the logical extension of lobe switching.
Conical Scanning
25. It is a system using four horn antennas displaced about
Monopulse Tracking
the central focus of the reflector.
More complex motion of the
antenna,
Additional servomechanisms

26. Disadvantages of conical scanning.

are required,
More

than

one

returned

pulse is required.
A scope,
27. Methods of radar display.

Plan Position Indicator,

Automatic Target Detection

28. It is the deflection modulation of the CRT screen.
A scope
29. It is the intensity modulation of the CRT and it shows a
Plan Position Indicator
map of the largest area.
30. It is a method of radar display where direct feeding is
Automatic Target Detection
toward a computer.
31. General tasks of radar systems.
Search for targets,
Track them once they have

53

BLAKE Summary
been acquired
Tracking in angle,

32. Types of tracking radar systems.

Tracking in range

33. It is a system that gives the angular position of a target

accurately.
34. It is a type of tracking radar system wherein the range
information is continuously obtained.
35. It is the transmitting and receiving antennas that are
located at the same point.
36. In this radar, the transmitter and receiver are separated
by quite large distances.
37. It is the effect that the apparent frequency of the

Tracking in Angle
Tracking In Range
Monostatic Radar
Bistatic Radar

electromagnetic or sound waves depends on the Doppler Effect

relative radial motion of the source and the observer.
38. These are small radar sets consisting of a receiver, a
separate transmitter and an antenna which is often Radar Beacons
omni directional.
Identification Friend or Foe
(IFF),

39. Applications of radar beacons.

Calculation of position, similar

to lighthouses
40. This provides a sloping glide path for instrument Instrument Landing Services
landing approach of an aircraft.

(ILS)
Localizer,
Glide Slope Equipment,

41. Components of an ILS.

ILS Marker Beacons,

Runway Lights
Localizer
VHF Radio Transmitter,

42. It provides lateral guidance.

43. Parts of a localizer

Antenna System
Very
High

44. A localizer uses same general range as ____

Frequency

Omnidirectional Range (VOR)

Transmitters
45. It provides vertical guidance.
Glide Slope Equipment
46. A glide slope equipment is produced by a ________ and Ground-base UHF Transmitter,
_______.
Antenna System
47. The UHF transmitter of the glide slope equipment is
329.30 MHz to 335 MHz
operating at the range of _____.
48. It provides information on distance from the runway by
identifying predetermined points along the approach ILS Marker beacons
track.
49. These ILS beacons are low power transmitters that
operates at a frequency of _______.
50. The power rated output of ILS beacons.
51. Kinds of runway lights.

75 MHz
Less than 3 Watts
Approach Lights,

54

BLAKE Summary
Sequence Lights,
Runway Edge Lights,
Threshold Lights,
Runway End Lights,
Precision
52. The color of approach lights.
53. The color of runway edge lights.
54. The color of threshold lights.
55. The color runway end lights.
56. It provide guidance to the pilot on an approaching
aircraft to the runway.
57. It is a part of approach light that flashes twice in second

Approach

Path

Indicator (PAPI) Lights

White
Yellow
Green
Red
Approach Lights

in sequence that distinguishes aeronautical ground Sequence Lights

lights in an aero dome to the other lights in the area.
58. It provides sufficient guidance to the pilot during
landing and takeoff especially at night or zero visibility.
59. it signifies the end of runway and is placed on a lines at
right angle to the runway access.
60. It provides a positive indicating on the aircraft position

Runway Edge Lights

Runway End Lights

relative to the optimal slope during final approach to PAPI Lights

the runway.
61. This is an instrument approach system consisting of
extremely high precision microwave radar equipment Ground-Controlled

Approach

that gives the position of an aircraft in range, azimuth, (GCA)

and elevation.
62. The ground equipment of the airport consists of two Search System,
microwave radar sets, these are _______ and _______.
Precision System
63. It locates all aircraft within 30 miles or so of the airport
Search System
and it provides a radar map of the vicinity.
64. It is the medium range radar accomplished in the initial
Plan Position Indicator
phase of the GCA.
65. It provides continuous information regarding the
position of the incoming aircraft with respect to the Precision System
runway.
66. The final approach of the GCA operator uses shortrange precision radar that indicates the proper glide

Precision

Approach

(PAR)
path for descent.
67. These are low-frequency transmitters operating into an Non-Directional

Radar

Beacons

omni directional vertically polarized antenna.

68. Frequency range of NDB.
69. the reception range of the radio beacon of NDB
70. It is an equipment that provides information of the

(NDB)
200 kHz to 415 kHz
15 Nautical Miles
Distance
Measuring

distance between an aircraft and the VOR Station.

71. Components of DME.

Equipment (DME)
Transceiver,

55

BLAKE Summary
Internal Computer,
Antenna,
DME Controls
72. It sends out signals to ground station.
Transceiver
73. It is built within the transceivers that measures the time
Internal Computer
intervals that elapsed until the response.
74. It is used for both transmission and reception, mounted
Antenna
on the underside of the aircraft.
75. It incorporates digital readouts of frequency, DME and
DME Controls
ground speed information.
Distance to the station,
76. DME displays information in the form of _______,
Aircrafts Ground Speed,
________, and __________.
Time to station
77. It is a radio facility providing bearing information to and Very High Frequency Omni
from such facility at all azimuth within its service area.

Range (VOR)
VOR Receiver,
Navigation Indicator,

78. Components of the VOR.

Track Arrow,

79. This receives the VOR signals.

80. It gives the pilot aircraft position information.

Reference Line
VOR Receiver
VOR Navigation Indicator
Track Selector,

81. The three components of the VOR navigation indicator.

TO-FROM/OFF Flag,

82. It is used to rotate the azimuth ring which displays the

Track Deviation Bar

Track Selector
VOR track.
83. Refer to no. 87: Another name for it.
Omni Bearing Selector (OBS)
84. It indicates whether the track will take the pilot to or
TO-FROM/OFF Flag
from the station.
85. It shows the pilot the position relative to the track
selected and indicates whether the radial is to the right
or left when the aircraft heading agrees generally with

Track Deviation Bar (TB)

the track selector.

86. It is a needle that you could think of as a line that runs
through the station and points in the direction of the
selected track that divides the area around the VOR
station into halves.
87. It is a line perpendicular to the track arrow and
intersecting it at the station.
88. It is a microwave pulse system that provides highly
accurate

bearing

and

range

information

from

shipboard or ground radio beacon.

89. TACAN operates completely in the UHF band from

Track Arrow

Reference Line
Tactical

Air

Navigation

(TACAN)

962 to 1213 megacycles

______ to ____.
90. The TACAN system has a total of ______ channels in the 126

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BLAKE Summary
UHF band.
91. TACAN provides ______ _______ with less than one

Compass Direction
degree error end.
92. TACAN can use a very small ground station antenna Air Force Mobile Units,
which permits its installation on _________ and _________. Navy Carriers
Airborne

Interrogator-

Responsor,

93. Components of TACAN.

Ground or Shipboard Surface

Beacon
94. It could be tuned to 126 channels and has a special Airborne

Interrogator-

range and azimuth circuit.

Responsor
95. This is a beacon that could be triggered by distance Ground or Shipboard Surface
interrogation pulses coming from an airborne radio set. Beacon
96. It is the combination of VOR and TACAN.
VORTAC
97. These are range stations that provides four aircraft Low Frequency

Radio

(LFR)

course legs.
Range
98. The LFR depends on the superposition of the figure-8
ON-COURSE Signals
directional antenna patterns that provide __________.
99. Radio range stations operate on frequency between
200 kHz and 400 kHz
_______ and _______.
100. An existing area where practically no signal is heard
Cone of Silence
in a radio range station.
101. The station references in long distance navigation Ground Referenced,
system.
Satellite Referenced
102. Navigational aids installed in the ground.
Ground Referenced
103. It uses the interferometic techniques in the satellite. Satellite Referenced
104. Produces hyperbolic lines of position through the
measurement of the difference in times of transmission
of radio signals from two or more synchronized
transmitters at fixed points.
105. It is an electronic method of determining ship
position by the reception of signals from transmitting
stations of known locations.
106. It has a peak power of 100 kW and can be received
over sea at a distance of 500 to 700 nautical miles.
107. Its transmitters operate at a lower frequencies of

Hyperbolic System

Long

Range

(LORAN)
LORAN A System

100 kHz and this frequency, ground waves of a 300 kW LORAN C System
transmitter can be received up to 1200 nautical miles.
108. the ground stations are transportable and therefore
be quickly deployed.
109. A continuous wave hyperbolic system operating in
the 70 to 130 kHz band.
110. It is a hyperbolic system which works in the very low

LORAN D System
DECCA

frequency region and has a very long base line of the OMEGA
order of 7000 km.
111. Refer to no. 115: The developers of this system.

57

US Navy

Navigation

BLAKE Summary
112.

Refer to no. 115: The year it was developed.

1957
Ground

113.

It operates from 20 to 85 MHz.

114.

It is the contraction of the phrase Sound Navigation

Electronics

Engineering (GEE)

and Ranging.
115. A system used aboard navy ships for sonic and ultra

SONAR

sonic underwater detection, ranging, sounding and SONAR

communications.
116. It alerts the flight crew of potential conflicts with Traffic
other airplanes in the same area.
117.

TCAS tracks other airplanes or intruders if it is

equipped with ______________ or _____________.

118.

alert

and

Collision

Avoidance System (TCAS)

Air
Traffic
Control
Radar
Beacon System (ATCRBS),

Mode S ATC Transponder

Two types of collision avoidance alerts provided by Traffic Advisory (TA),

TCAS.
Resolution Advisory (RA)
119. It shows the relative position of any intruder
TA
airplane.
120. It shows a vertical maneuver to avoid a possible
RA
airplane collision.
121. It is a worldwide navigation radio aid which uses Navigation Systems Time and
satellite

signals

to

provide

accurate

navigation Ranging

information.

Global

Positioning

System (NAVSTAR GPS)

Space Segment,

122.

The three segments of NAVSTAR.

Control Segment,

123.

It is composed of a constellation of 24 satellites

User Segment
arranged in six separate orbital planes of four satellites Space Segment
each on a circular orbit.
124. It is composed of four monitor stations and one
master

control

station

which

track

the

satellite,

compute the ephemeris, clock corrections and control Control Segment

the navigation parameters and transmit them to the
GPS users.
125. The civil and military users of the GPS.

126.

127.

User Segment
55 inclination to the Equator,
An altitude of approximately

Characteristics of the space segment.

20200 km with an orbit period

What do these satellites in the space segment

provide?
128.

of 12 sideral hours
Satellite Position,
Constellation Data,

Atmospheric Corrections
The four monitor stations of the GPS are located Kwajalein,

in

Hawaii,
Ascencion Island,

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BLAKE Summary
Diego Garcia
129.

The master control station of the GPS is located in

130.

Colorado Springs
US

Who funded and controlled GPS?

Department

of

Defense

(DOD)
Anytime, anywhere and in any
weather,

131.

Highly

Advantages of GPS.

accurate

measurements,
GPS

has

almost

endless

applications
GPS measurements becomes
132.

Disadvantage of GPS.

less accurate when SA and AS

is effected.

-end(ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, 2nd edition by BLAKE)

59