BMEFT-206 ONLINE JOURNALISM

Block-A
Unit-I: Concepts, Nature and Scope of Online Journalism, Super highway,
Internet & information revolution.
Unit-II: Information and Communication Technology, Basics of Online
Journalism
Block-B
Unit-I: Fundamentals of cyber journalism, Online newspapers and online
edition of newspapers
Unit-II: Merits and Demerits of Online Journalism, Principles of writing news,
Features and articlesa for online newspapers
Block-C
Unit-I: Layout of Online and Online Edition of Newspapers, concept of
Periodicity for online newspapers
Unit-II: Importance Indian & International Online Newspaper and Magazine,
Concept of advertising for online newspapers, Internet Radio and
Videos and other elements of online newspapers

UNIT 1
ONLINE JOURNALISM:
Digital journalism also known as Online journalism is a contemporary form of journalism where
editorial content is distributed via the Internet as opposed to publishing via print or broadcast.
The primary product of journalism which is news and features on current affairs, is presented
solely or in combination as text, audio, video and some interactive forms, and disseminated
through digital media platforms. Online journalism is defined as the reporting of facts when
produced and distributed via the Internet.

Definition of Online Journalism

University of Southern California, provides the following definition of Online Journalism,
Online journalism refers to news content produced and/or distributed via the Internet,
particularly material created by journalists who work for mainstream market driven news
organizations. While blogs and other emerging forms of online news communication are widely
acknowledged as significantly influencing mainstream news content both on and offline, they are
considered here a distinct phenomenon and treated under the category of alternative media.
In An Analysis of the Competing Business Models of Online Journalism Michael Fusco says,
If journalism is the art of documenting history, then online journalism is the art and science that
will allow humans to document the future. During the past two decades, marvelous technological
advancements have allowed journalists to tell stories from new perspectives and distribute them
to wider audiences. While journalism on paper likely will last at least for generations, a new set
of tools has been created to help the news industry better achieve its many social roles.
Concepts of Online Journalism:
Online journalism is defined as the reporting of facts when produced and distributed via the
internet. E-newspaper also be considered as online journalism.
Fewer barriers to entry, lowered distribution costs, and diverse computer networking
technologies have led to the widespread practice of digital journalism. It has democratized the
flow of information that was previously controlled by traditional media including newspapers,
magazines, radio, and television.
A greater degree of creativity can be exercised with digital journalism when compared to
traditional journalism and traditional media. The digital aspect can be central to the journalistic
message or not, and remains within the creative control of the writer, editor, and/or publisher.

Future of Online Journalism

Traditional news gathering organizations, publishers, and broadcasters will continue to enlarge
their efforts on the Web, and this big money journalism will take advantage of higher Internet
bandwidth and new technologies (streaming audio and video, "push", etc.) to recreate the
traditional broadcast approach on the Web.
Blogs have also become a popular venue for ordinary people to engage in online journalism.
Both within those big organizations and outside them, journalists will continue to experiment and
discover how best to use the native capabilities of the Web -- hyperlinks, interactivity,
personalization, community, threaded discussions, etc.

ETHICS OF ONLINE JOURNALISM

Proliferation of news media
First came cable television. Then satellite. Soon online versions of newspapers augmented the
news media scene. Now millions of bloggers, countless web sites, web broadcasts, and
podcasts have become mainstream. All make up the body of todays news media, and there
is no visible end to this proliferation. The main ethical implications are threefold: increased
competition has effected the quality of news reports, the public has heightened its demand for
transparency, and the news worlds understanding of copyright has ceased to suffice.
Newsmakers face increasing competition to cover all the pertinent stories and reach sources
before their competitors. CNN and website news have resorted to wall-to-wall, 24 hour coverage
to ensure that they can provide the story to their readers/viewers as soon as it occurs. The danger
is that speed will prevail over accuracy, and journalists will exchange their ethical motives as
fact-checking truth-seekers for the love of breaking a story -- any story.
However, an increase in competition also has led some news organizations to distinguish
themselves from less responsible outlets by being more transparent about how they do their
work. Journalists who want to set their articles apart as truthful and comprehensive have begun
giving the public access to their sources. Studies are equipped with margins of error, assertions
are backed by supporting web links, and anonymity granted to sources is thoroughly explained.
While some journalists turn to transparency to justify the claims in their reports, others have
resorted to a much more careless form of writing, dubbed journalism of assertion. Many blogs
and independent e-zines, lacking an engrained sense of duty to the truth or to readers, have
developed a journalistic style of unsubstantiated opinion. Ideas are accrued and then restated,
without
regard
to
their
origin
or
factuality.

The fact that information can be so easily accessed and then redistributed on the internet has lent
itself to yet another trend: questioning the value of copyright.

Changes in news media audiences

The proliferation of news outlets means that audiences can read and watch their news on various
channels and web sites. In other words, media audiences have fragmented. No longer does an
overwhelming majority of Canadians sit down in the evening to watch one or two major TV
newscasts. People get their news updated throughout the day, when they want it. They surf the
web to find the stories that interest them. Some describe these niche audiences as impatient,
remote control audiences, who want the information theyre seeking without delay and without
additional,
unsought
news.
In response, more and more news outlets cater to smaller and smaller demographics or niches.
The risk is that journalists will no longer seek to provide the public with comprehensive accounts
of the days top stories from many areas of life, but will focus narrowly on niche news that is
of interest to narrow sectors of the population. An additional danger is that the public will no
longer come together, through the news media, to deliberate over common issues. Instead, the
public
will
fragment
into
many
special-interest
audiences.

Convergence of media
The fragmentation of the news audience has prompted some major news organizations to attempt
to re-assemble a large news audience by providing news across many media platforms. Major
organizations such as CNN in the United States and CanWest in Canada seek to own and provide
news via a convergence of their newspapers, television stations and web sites. Meanwhile,
journalists are urged to embrace multi-media reporting -- the ability to report for print, broadcast
and
the
internet.

Business Values
As newsrooms become small parts of large corporations, there is a danger that profit-seeking and
economic imperatives may cause newsrooms to compromise their ethical standards. Business
values, such as the need to meet the demand of investors and advertisers, may trump journalistic
integrity. Since many news companies are publicly financed corporations, newsroom owners or
their senior staff may feel the pressure of investor-friendly quarterly reports. Inside the

newsrooms, journalists may find themselves in conflicts of interest -- reporting on economic and
other issues that may have a direct affect on interests of their news corporation.

INFORMATION SUPER HIGHWAY

The Information superhighway is a term that is sometimes used to describe the Internet. Nam
June Paik, a 20th century South Korean born American video artist, claims to have coined the
term in 1974. I used the term (information superhighway) in a study I wrote for the Rockefeller
Foundation in 1974. I thought: if you create a highway, then people are going to invent cars.
That's dialectics. If you create electronic highways, something has to happen.
The term was popularized by former Vice President of the United States, Al Gore in the
early 1990s in a speech outlining plans to build a high-speed national data communications
network.
Information superhighway is a popular collective name for the Internet and other related largescale computer networks.
The information superhighway can be defined as an information and communication
technology network, which delivers all kinds of electronic services-audio, video, text, and
data, to households and businesses. It is usually assumed that the network will allow for twoway communication, which can deliver narrow-band services like telephone calls as well as
broad-band capabilities such as video-on-demand, teleshopping, and other interactive TV
multi-media applications. Services on the superhighway can be one-to-one (telephone,
electronic, mail, fax, etc) one-to-many (broadcasting, interactive TV, videoconferencing, etc); or
many-to-many (bulletin-boards and forums on the internet).
The example of the information Superhighway is the internet, which had its roots in the need
during the mid-1960s for linking military computer researchers in the United States.
Internet-type global network of computers that, potentially, will connect most of world's
individuals, firms, and organizations. It is envisioned to provide very high speed access to
information in all forms (text, graphics, audio, video) via a telephone or wireless connection. The
term was first used in 1985 by the 45th US Vice President (1993-2001) Al Gore (born 1948) in
an American context where every citizen is aimed to be so connected.

INTERNET AND INFORMATION REVOLUTION

It all started in October 1969. Scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles, were ready
for a critical experiment. They had a computer and communications node, while colleagues
installed similar equipment up the coast in Menlo Park. They planned to test whether they could
link the two computers over telephone lines to operate as one system. The researchers began to
tap in the message: 'log in' to make the link. The system crashed. Thus was the beginning of
Internet revolution. By the end of the month they achieved the link. Of course, the purpose in
those days was to ensure that nuclear missile systems could be kept operative even if part of the
network was put out of action in a war.
The commercial importance of this breakthrough was not fulfilled for another 25 years - just as
the invention of the steam engine by James Watt in the 1780s did not become really useful and
developed until the launch of the rail engine two decades late. The significance of the Internet is
that it takes the computer and 'information technology' onto a new stage: computers now
communicate with each other. The Internet, which had its roots in the need during the mid1960s for linking military computer researchers in United States, was established to permit
military exchange information. This was the origin of Arpanet, the network of the Pentagons
Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA). In 1975, Arpanet, which had grown from four to
about one hundred nodes, was handed over to the Defense Communication Agency. Meanwhile,
in the 1980s, the National Science Foundation developed its own academic networks (NSFNET),
providing researchers access to super-computers. It comprised high capacity telephone lines,
microwave relay systems, lasers, fiber optics and satellites. The NSF network became a
backbone connecting several other networks of educational agencies, government agencies and
researcher organizations. The cost of the backbone was borne by NSF, with members funding
cost of their local networks including cost of outsiders who enter the system.
By 1990, NSFNET had replaced Arpanet. This later developed into the INTERNET, a
network of networks. Up to this time, access to the networks was universal and free in
academic and research institutions. In 1992, NERN or the National Education and Research
Network, or enhanced internet permitted the exchange of more and lengthier material, even
full-motion video. Doctors could send x-rays and cat-scans to faraway colleagues in other
countries, students could access the library and have whole books transmitted to them, and
farmers and weather pundits could receive maps from satellite phones.
The department of Science and Technology (India) established the ERNET in India, serving to
link the institutes of science and technology across the nation. Later, the universities and other
teaching and research institutes too were linked together. Other networks the government of
India established included NICNET (for administration and planning), Indonet (for access to
specialized information through satellite communication), and Railnet (for the Indian railways
ticketing, scheduling and planning activities).
Commercialization of the networks began when the internet was opened up to the priviate
service providers like Prodigy, Delphi, Genie, America Online.

(AOL) and Compuserve. The World Wide Web was developed at the European center for Particle
Research in 1989, but took off only in 1993 when software developed at the University of
Illinois and subsequently elsewhere, created browsers and graphical interfaces making the
search and interrogation of pages on the WWW possible. Hundreds of sites were placed on
the Web, but the number of commercial (.com) sites soon outnumbered the education (.edu),
government (.gov) and organization (.org) domain names.
Newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and cable television from around the world set up their
own websites, offering news services, headline news, accompanied with colorful graphics. The
services were offered free to begin with, but gradually most of the services were restricted to
subscribers. By mid-1998, most major Indian newspapers, magazines, publishing houses,
political parties, commercial firms, banks, etc. had their own sites, so did most state
governments. All India Radio, Doordarshan, police departments, municipalities, and
nongovernment organizations. Advertising and commercial interests have taken over the internet,
and e-commerce is on the upswing.

According to Silicon Valley Historical Association, following the brief time line of the
growth and evolution of the Internet
1957 : The USSR launches the first satellite, Sputnik. To compete against the USSR's success at
launching the first satellite, the United States Department of Defense creates the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA). ARPA is responsible for the development of new technology
for use by the military.
1969 : The first host-to-host Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
connection is made on October 25, 1969, between the University of California at Los Angeles,
and
the Stanford Research Institute, Inc. (SRI) in Menlo Park, California. ARPANET is the world's
first operational packet switching network and the core network of a set that came to compose
the global Internet.
1972 : ARPANET begins to be used for communicating email.
1973 : The term Internet begins to be used.

1976 : Comet, the first commercial email software, is offered by the Computer Corporation of
America for $40,000.School of Distance Education
Introduction to Mass Communication Page 57
1981 : Al Gore coins the term for the Internet The Information Superhighway.
1990 : The phrase World Wide Web is coined by Tim Berners-Lee.
1992 : Internet registration begins for .com, .net. .org, .edu, and .gov.
1993 :The Internet takes off as part of the worlds fastest growing information network and the
MOSAIC Web Browser is born on the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign campus.
The World Wide Web is developed in CERN, the Institute for Particle Physics in Switzerland.
1995 : The independent programming language, JAVA, is created by Jim Gosling at Sun
Microsystems. And, Yahoo! is founded in Santa Clara, California, and provides a web search
engine, email service, mapping and more.
2001 : Wikipedia is launched.
2004 : Facebook is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
2005 : YouTube launches.
2006 : Twitter is founded in San Francisco, California.
2011 : Twitter and Facebook are the primary means of communication for the Arab Spring.

Unit 2

Information and Communication Technology

Introduction
Stands for "Information and Communication Technologies." ICT refers to technologies that
provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar to Information
Technology (IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This includes the
Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums.
In the past few decades, information and communication technologies have provided society
with a vast array of new communication capabilities. For example, people can communicate in
real-time with others in different countries using technologies such as instant messaging, voice
over IP (VoIP), and video-conferencing. Social networking websites like Facebook allow users
from all over the world to remain in contact and communicate on a regular basis.
Modern information and communication technologies have created a "global village," in which
people can communicate with others across the world as if they were living next door. For this
reason, ICT is often studied in the context of how modern communication technologies affect
society.
- INFORMATION - COMMUNICATIONS - TECHNOLOGY
A good way to think about ICT is to consider all the uses of digital technology that already exist
to help individuals, businesses and organisations use information.
ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive information
electronically in a digital form. For example, personal computers, digital television, email,
robots.
So ICT is concerned with the storage, retrieval, manipulation, transmission or receipt of digital
data. Importantly, it is also concerned with the way these different uses can work with each other.
In business, ICT is often categorized into two broad types of product: (1) The traditional computer-based technologies (things you can typically do on a personal
computer or using computers at home or at work); and

(2) The more recent, and fast-growing range of digital communication technologies (which allow
people and organisations to communicate and share information digitally.
EVOLUTION
The evolution of the application of ICT in the field of career information and guidance can be
divided into four phases. The first was the mainframe phase, from the mid-1960s to the late
1970s. A number of computer-aided guidance systems were developed which demonstrated the
potential of ICT.
But the costs of direct interaction with the computer meant that the only systems which proved
widely practicable in cost terms were based on batch processing. The static nature of this process
and the feedback delays limited the implementation of such systems.
The second was the microcomputer phase, from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s. The advent of
the microcomputer made interactive usage much more economical, and also made it easier to
develop and market limited software packages; its attractiveness grew as more powerful versions
of the personal computer were developed. The result was a substantial growth in the number of
computer-aided guidance systems, and in the extent of their usage. By the 1990s it was difficult
to find a guidance service in any developed country which did not make use of such systems.
The third was the web phase, in the late 1990s. The advent of the Internet meant that instead of
free-standing systems located in career guidance centres, websites could be developed which
individuals could access instantly from a wide variety of sites, including their homes. The ease of
developing such websites produced a massive increase in their number; the ease of
interconnecting them meant that they no longer needed to be viewed as discrete entities. Rather
than perceiving ICT solely as a service from external suppliers, guidance services began to
develop their own websites.
The fourth is the digital phase, which we are now entering. The hitherto separate
analoguestreams of the computer, the television and the telephone are merging into an
integrated digital river. Individuals are now able to access the Internet not only through their
personal computers but also through their televisions and mobile phones. Greatly enhanced
bandwidth will shortly enhance its speed and its capacity for transmitting video and audio as well
as text.
Role of ICT in Development Communication
New media technologies promise profound changes in how global citizens obtain news and
feature programming as well as how we communicate among ourselves and contribute to the
emerging de-centralized, many-to-many media system. By becoming aware of how mass media
is controlled and biased by a few corporations, by choosing alternative media sources and by
taking action to publish news and original content with digital production tools, the internet and

independent media-vehicles the public can create a true revolution in the control and
presentation of media.
Continued dramatic improvements in computer memory and processing speed per unit of cost
led to steady increase in affordability of computers. Combined with breakthroughs in storage
technology, this made it increasingly possible and desirable to capture and store information,
entertainment and other forms of valuable information and content in digital form. This
digitization, in turn, made it easier to reuse, repurpose, manipulate and combine this content,
anywhere at any time, for the specific purposes of the user, through a variety of electronic means,
often in combination.
At the same time, steady and substantial increases in telecommunications bandwidth, fuelled by
the widespread deployment of fiber optic cables, satellites and wireless technologies, made it
easier and cheaper to share information globally and to communicate instantaneously at long
distances. These new technologies and the optimism they engendered about their economic and
social potential, led to an extraordinarily dynamic period of innovation, investment and growth
in the mid-to-late 1990s.
Convergence is the label most often used for the integration of communication mediums that
the digital revolution has made possible. This may prove to create as radical a change in the
relationship between people and the institutions of society as did the invention of movable type
the Gutenberg Revolution. With the digital revolution, we no longer can say freedom of the
press belongs to those who can afford one. No longer is it just the major institutions of society
that are able to disseminate information now, virtually anyone with a computer can. But, as with
the Gutenberg Revolution, far greater responsibilities descend upon the public.
Several optimistic projections emerged about the potential of these new technologies and global
networks to create economic opportunity in developing countries and in poor neighbourhood in
rich countries, give voice and power to the poor, make their governments more responsive and
transparent and make the worlds best knowledge on any subject available anytime, anywhere to
those who needed it to improve their lives. Of course, the conviction that information and
communication technologies could be powerful tools to combat poverty did not originate with
the Internet and World Wide Web.
The history of international development over the past several decades is full of efforts to harness
a wide range of technologies (computers, telephone, radio and television, as well as sectorspecific technologies in areas as diverse as health, agriculture and environmental management)
to combat poverty and disease, build human capacity and improve the functioning and efficiency
of government ministries, markets and other economic and social institutions in developing
countries.
At the same time, just-in-time access to global sources of information and knowledge would
provide unprecedented opportunities to tackle the intractable problems that compounded and

perpetuated poverty, such as disease, famine and environmental stress. Hospitals in Africa that
rarely ever received a medical or scientific journal could now, many hoped, have access to the
full range of global scientific and medical research. Agricultural extension agents could now be
armed with the best of what the world knew about plant, seeds, pests, fertilizers and soil
management. Policy-makers would be better able to manage natural resources and respond to
environmental problems, both because they could monitor them better and because they would
have at their disposal the worlds knowledge about these challenges.
The rise of more sophisticated communication and information technologies, such as satellites or
the Internet, has opened new horizons and opportunities. The potential of the new technologies
has not only increased the penetration of mass media, for instance, through satellites, but it has
also created new opportunities to enhance communication at the local level utilizing technologies
such as the Internet or mobile telephones. The establishment of telecenters in rural areas is
spreading in many countries as a way to support local development in the social and economic
dimension.
Even if the internet, satellite, mobile phones and wireless computers appear to constitute the new
frontiers in communication, there are some critical factors to consider before adopting them.
These factors can be divided in three basic categories: economic, technological and cultural.
From an economic point of view, there are high costs associated with the software and the
hardware components of ICTs for individuals in developing countries, placing these commodities
outside the reach of most people. In the case of the internet, there are also access and
connectivity costs to consider. Other costs related to ICTs include the establishment and
maintenance of reliable infrastructure for telecommunications. It should also be noted that the
wave of liberation and privatization taking place in this sector in many developing countries can
be a limiting factor for marginalized sectors of society.
From a technological point of view, it is difficult to ensure the proper operation of such
technologies in places where there are no phone or electric lines. Even where those services are
guaranteed, regular maintenance and updates and issues of compatibility among different
standards, become major issues. Technical support is a necessity for individuals in richer
countries and would be even more necessary in countries where people are less technologyliterate. In many countries, users need basic training in computer use and prior to that, literacy
skills to communicate effectively on the Internet.
From a cultural point of view, there are also a number of constraints. The language in which most
of the information is available on the Internet can pose a barrier. Additionally, given the high
illiteracy rate of many areas of developing countries, many potential users are excluded from the
start. Even when language barriers are overcome, often cultural issues remain crucial in gaining
fundamental knowledge and the needed frame of mind in order to take full advantage of the
power of these technologies.

Despite such shortcomings, ICT can do and play a major role in development communication. In
addition to the widely used information dissemination functions, technologies such as the
Internet also have the potential to support the horizontal processes of communication.
With their quantifiable and fast exchange transmission flows of information and their capacity
for overcoming time and space, there is no doubt that ICTs can have a stronger appeal than
participatory processes, which appear more complex to manage and require longer and closer
interactions. In fact communication technologies are more effective when used within proper
cultural frameworks and in processes that engage stakeholders in the selection of the objectives,
key issues and appropriate channels. ICTs and media can certainly play a key role in
development communication, but they are not a panacea capable of solving all problems and of
filling all gaps related to knowledge and perceptions.

Basics of Online Journalism

Introduction
Since the Second World War, most people around the world more or less got used to getting their
news from newspapers, radio and television. In the last few years, there is a gradual shift in this
matter as people are spending a lot of time in Internet in almost every corner of earth. As a result,
print newspapers have started to suffer at least in USA and to some extent in Europe. Now, there
is a new trend in journalism and it is called Online Journalism. The first casualty is the printed
newspaper industry and after a few years, there will be hardly any daily printed newspaper.
Online Journalism is now gaining a lot of ground and in Bangladesh, news websites are still not a
major threat to the newspapers and magazines but who knows within a decade when almost all of
our educated people will have access to Internet, the same thing can happen.
What is Online Journalism?
Networked Publics, University of Southern California, provides the following definition of
Online Journalism,
Online journalism refers to news content produced and/or distributed via the Internet,
particularly material created by journalists who work for mainstream market driven news
organizations. While blogs and other emerging forms of online news communication are widely
acknowledged as significantly influencing mainstream news content both on and offline, they are
considered here a distinct phenomenon and treated under the category of alternative media.
On Online Journalism,Veteran Silicon Valley journalist, Doug Millison, says,
Journalism is any non-fiction or documentary narrative that reports or analyzes facts and events
firmly rooted in time (either topical or historical) which are selected and arranged by reporters,
writers, and editors to tell a story from a particular point of view. Journalism has traditionally

been published in print, presented on film, and broadcast on television and radio. "Online"
includes many venues. Most prominent is the World Wide Web, plus commercial online
information services like America Online. Simple Internet email also plays a big role. Also
important are CD-ROMs (often included with a book) linked to a web site or other online venue,
plus intranets and private dial-up bulletin board systems.

Some features of Online Journalism

Real time: News can be published in real time. Online Journalists can provide updating breaking
news and events as they happen.
Shifted time: Contents published online can be archived so that viewers can read them at a later
time.
Multimedia: Online Journalists can include images, music, sound, video etc.
Interactivity:
Online Journalists can add hyperlinks to their writings. These links relate their writings to other
contents related to their subjects.
Readers or participants can respond instantly to materials published by online journalists in the
form of email, comment, and threaded discussion.
In An Analysis of the Competing Business Models of Online Journalism Michael Fusco says,
If journalism is the art of documenting history, then online journalism is the art and science that
will allow humans to document the future. During the past two decades, marvelous technological
advancements have allowed journalists to tell stories from new perspectives and distribute them
to wider audiences. While journalism on paper likely will last at least for generations, a new set
of tools has been created to help the news industry better achieve its many social roles.
Decline of Print Media:
In the U.S., the newspaper industry is going through a tough time. More and more people are
now using Internet to get news and information. In July last year, the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) in America published a report titled, THE INFORMATION NEEDS OF
COMMUNITIES The changing media landscape in a broadband age. The report said that as
more and more people were using Internet to access news, readers of newspaper declined
resulting in job losses in the newspaper industry. The report says:
From 2005 to 2009, the advertising revenue of the newspaper industry in the U.S. dropped 47
percent.

Since 2009, staff at daily newspapers shrunk by more than 25 percent. At this rate, some
newspapers would see half of their staffs go away in the next few years.
Since 1985, reporting staffs of newsmagazines almost came down to half.
From 2007 to 20011, roughly 13,400 newspaper jobs were lost.
According to Rick Edmonds, researcher and writer on business and journalism issues at Poynter
Institute, between 2006 and 2009 daily newspaper cut their annual editorial spending $1.6 billion
on an average or more than a quarter.
In April 2012, Gannett Inc., the largest newspaper publisher in the U.S., released its first quarter
results which revealed a 25 percent drop in first quarter profit caused by the decline in
advertisement revenue. The company owns 82 daily newspapers including the popular USA
Today. The company observed an 8.3 percent drop in ad sales in the first quarter. The newspaper
company is losing ad revenues to Internet based companies like Facebook and Google. The
company is now focusing on developing digital assets.
In its report titled, The State of the News Media 2012 The Pew Research Center's Project for
Excellence in Journalism (PEJ) revealed how the newspaper industry in the U.S. is suffering.
According to the report, of all the sectors of the U.S. media, newspapers suffered the most last
year. Between April to September last year, weekday circulation of newspapers fell about 4%
while Sunday circulation fell 1%.
It says, Even more critically, so did ad revenues. In 2011, losses in print advertising dollars
outpaced gains in digital revenue by a factor of roughly 10 to 1, a ratio even worse than in 2010.
When circulation and advertising revenue are combined, the newspaper industry has shrunk 43%
since 2000.

News Values of Online Journalism

1. Online Journalism Takes the Important and Makes it Interesting
People in all cultures have a natural need to know whats going on outside their day-to-day
existences. They tend to agree that news qualifies as current stories that are important because
those stories have a present or future effect on their lives. Even when news stories are important,
people are not going to pay as much attention to them if they are not presented in an interesting
and compelling way. This requires a fine balance between being informative and being
entertaining and engaging. It is the continuing challenge of any journalistic writer, even more so
when it comes to publishing news and information online.
2. Online Journalism is Fair and Balanced

This is one of the elements that is undergoing the most change when it comes to publishing
journalistic stories online. Countless news websites and blogs freely inject the biases and
opinions of their authors concerning given stories. A little of this is now considered all right, as
long as the authors mention and acknowledge other points of view.
3. Online Journalism Strives to Report the Truth
Related to the second element, journalist online writers look for material that is true and
verifiable as much as possible. This can seem especially challenging in an increasingly divisive
world where everyone has an online mouthpiece. An increasing responsibility of a good online
journalist is to keep the divisiveness in check and to remind citizens that other points of view
exist. The mark of good online journalism is to inform objectively and not to persuade readers to
adopt a biased opinion on a given issue.

4. Online Journalism is Disciplined

Publishing news and information online required research and fact-checking for the results to
add value. Becoming familiar with a range of different search engines (not just Google) and
learning detailed search strategies is highly recommended for journalist online writers. For even
better, more detailed and advertising-free information sources, it is worth it to get an academic
membership to databases such as EBSCOhost and similar. This behind-the-scenes work takes
time, work and disciplineall of which are hallmarks of high quality online journalism.
5. Online Journalism is Independent From Outside Influences
Reputable online journalists are impartial and free from outside influences, rather those are
special interest groups, advertisers or other outlets. According to The Elements of Journalism,
moving away from this practice is what has caused much of the public to distrust modern
journalism. Outside influences can easily distort the truth and move agendas, which goes against
journalism principles. These principles are in place to further the best interests of the citizens.
6. Online Journalism Creates Open and Civil Forums for Discussion
Readers have varying opinions on published online stories, and the best online journalism
practices still keep truth at the forefront, instead of propaganda, biases and unfounded claims.
The core aims of good journalism are to provide accurate and reliable information, and online
platforms allow citizens to contribute their ideas. Established journalistic principles state that
people need this kind of information in order to live in and participate in a true democracy. Many
journalists believe that this element is also under a possible threat due to an increasingly divided
and polarized political and social climate.

7. Online Journalism Strives to Serve Readers Best Interests

A current issue concerning traditional journalism is the encroachment of commercialism into
online journalism. Indeed, advertising is a mainstay with publishing news and information
online, but the emphasis still needs to be on independently-sourced information. One of the
greatest fears among many high-ranking journalists is that true news is being replaced with
elaborate advertising campaigns masquerading as news. If this replacement truly happens, some
believe it could undermine a truly free democratic society. Whether online journalism will
actually turn into one giant advertising platform in the near future is up to future journalists who
are dedicated to the principles of a free press.
8. Online Journalism Finds and Reports Complete Information
Adverting can have its secondary place alongside the news; indeed this site itself has its
sponsors, so to state otherwise would be hypocritical. The key difference is not to let the former
overtake the latter. Writing and publishing news and information online still needs to have the
most emphasis on comprehensive, thorough information and not on the ads.
9. Online Journalism Finds and Uses Reliable Sources
A growing challenge among newcomers to the online journalism profession is to find reliable
information that is simply not disguised advertising. A simple web search and examination of a
results page can illustrate this problem right away. Going back to a previous point, a wide variety
of searches and strategies are necessary. The same applies to using offline sources, unbiased
interviews and other reliable means of getting at the truth.
Skills needed for Online Journalist
Evidence of blogging and interaction with a wide range of blogs
An understanding and active use of social media (Twitter, RSS, social bookmarking etc.)
The ability to tell an engaging story using still images and audio (audio slideshow see
my previous post for great examples)
Ability to shoot, edit and tell stories using video
Basic ability to create interactive story elements using Adobe Flash
Ability edit audio and produce podcasts
Ability to file from the field breaking news
Ability to moderate online discussion
Multimedia storytelling skills. Producing slideshows with sound, shooting and editing
video and photos, writing for the web.
Data and statistical skills for storytelling. Collecting, editing, analyzing and interpreting
data to produce compelling interactive maps and graphics.

 Audience development skills (formerly known as marketing and circulation) such as

managing online communities, interpreting data on audience behavior, crowdsourcing for
information, interacting with the audience.
Basics of programming. How to create compelling pages that attract web audiences.
The business of media. Journalists can help a news organization generate revenues
without compromising their ethics, and today that skill is more important than ever.
Metrics aren't the enemy
Writing skills needed for Online Journalism
Journalism is the practice of investigating and reporting events, issues and trends to the mass
audiences of print, broadcast and online media such as newspapers, magazines and books, radio
and television stations and networks, and websites, blogs and social and mobile media.
Journalists collect, package and disseminate information through those mass media. The Internet
the World Wide Web is becoming the predominant mass medium for delivery of news
information.
Reporters are journalists who gather facts and descriptive information to write about current
events, people,places, trends and issues. Journalistic standards are the good practices and ethical
principles applicable to professional journalists.
Web journalism is both an extension of the journalism we have known as well as a new and very
different kind of journalism with its own rules, customs, protocols and considerations. Its the
future of journalism.
Writing skill
The most important skill needed to be a good journalist is writing with clarity, relevance, brevity,
readability, consistency and accuracy. The same could be said for most any profession.
Journalistic writing is the kind of prose used for reporting information about recent events in
such media as newspapers, magazines, radio, television, books and the Internet.
Internet news readers are impatient. They wander from page to page, collecting notable bits
of information from a variety of resources.
They scan the contents of a page, get the information they want, and move on.
People usually don't read Web pages word-for-word. Sometimes people skim and then print a
page for reading later.
Web pages can be disorienting when they are accessed directly without introduction.
Because scrolling is awkward, reading on-screen can be inconvenient.Therefore, materials
written to be read online should be concise and structured for scanning.

A story summary should be no more than 35 words and a typical story should be no more
than 200 words.

Keep in mind the reader is skimming the copy on a page for desired information. The story text
must offer immediate value to the reader.
Dont start off with empty chatter just to warm the reader up.
Dont use the first paragraph on a page to tell readers what information theyll find on the page.
Instead, get right into the information they want.
Write the information in a concise, inverted pyramid style.
Gathering data
Journalists use three tools to gather information for stories: observation, interview and
background research.
After completing these, the writer brings the story to life through colorful description,
meaningful anecdotes and significant quotes.
These elements are obtained during interviewing and observing by jotting down everything
encountered smells, noises, colors, textures, emotions, details seen and heard in the
surroundings.
Keep an open mind while interviewing subjects and researching sources.
Avoid steering the story or imposing your personal ideas on the sources.
Avoid deciding on the theme of the story until you have gathered sufficient information to show
a direction or point of view.
Tailoring copy for the Web
Copy written for the Internet should be brief, short, succinct and organized and arranged for
skimming.
People scan pages, trying to pick out phrases and sentences to get information they want.
They want text to be short and to the point.
They dont like long, scrolling pages.
They dont like hyped language and marketing fluff.
They prefer factual information.
Use short, simple words. Get to the point. Then stop.
Make paragraphs short

Make all paragraphs one, two or three sentences long and vary the length of paragraphs
throughout the text.
A short paragraph makes copy more readable and encourages people to continue reading.
A long paragraph fills the screen with a visually monotonous block of text and discourages
reading. Break up long paragraphs and use more subheads.Very short paragraphs of only one or
two sentences, and no more than 50 words, are best for Web reading.Browsing a page is easier
when the text is broken into segments topped by subheads that describe the subject ofneach
segment. The length of a paragraph is determined by the number of sentences. Write one thought
per paragraph.
A short paragraph has one thought in one sentence.
A medium-length paragraph has one thought in two sentences.
A long paragraph has one thought in three sentences.
No paragraph should be longer.
Writing in chunks
The writing should be tighter, shorter, more concise, but without loss of information. Use a
modular approach to break the content into pieces.
Readers understand quickly how to scan chunks of content that are part of a story.
A consistent story structure makes it easier for readers to grasp what you have written.
Rather than placing all of the information in your story on a single page
Break your information into chunks
Put each chunk on its own page
Connect the pages using links.
Divide information into segments chunks so readers can jump straight to the story parts they
are interested in without having to wade through irrelevant information.
In other words, provide direct access to subcategories of specific information rather than
combining all information about a topic on a single page that necessitates scrolling downward
through a mass of text.
Highlight the important stuff
In addition to headlines, subheads and illustrations
Break out key bits of information in bullet lists. Skimming readers will spot the bullets and pay
attention to whats in the list.
Use boldface and italic emphasis on keywords you wish to highlight. That will grab the readers
attention during a quick scan. Be careful, however, not to splatter boldfaced and italicized type
all over the page.

Too much will distract the reader.

The contrast produced by headlines, subheads, bullet lists, boldface and italic words, and
illustrations will draw the readers eyes down through the page content, giving context cues and
visual entry points into the copy.
Answer the who, what, where, when, why and how questions.
Word choices
Use words and phrases that are information rich.
Work to avoid wordiness, jargon, scientific words, journalese, news speak, foreign phrases,
pompus language and generalities:
Wordiness is writing that contains too many words.
Jargon is obscure, technical or bureaucratic words not heard in everyday language.
Scientific words are highly specialized jargon used in various scholarly realms.
Journalese is jargon used by journalists that would not be heard in everyday speech.
Newsspeak distorts, confuses or hides reality.
Gobbledygook is language that is unnecessarily complicated, unclear and wordy.
Foreign phrases are word groups originating in other languages.
Pompous language and fancy phrases add extra, unneeded words that simply sound nice.
Generalities are vague or inadequate statements.
To write clearly
Use short words rather than long ones.
Use simple terms rather than complex ones.
Prefer familiar words to unfamiliar ones.
Use strong verbs and choose active voice rather than passive.
Use of nouns and verbs and fewer adjectives and adverbs.
Be sure that each word conveys its precise meaning.
Find alternatives for common metaphors, similes and other figures of speech.
Cut out as many words as possible without making the copy understandable.
Write easily understood sentences, averaging fewer than 20 words a sentence.
Make sure all sentences are complete sentences and are punctuated correctly,
Are all the words spelled correctly? Keep your dictionary and thesaurus handy.
Youre not writing to impress a reader with your extensive vocabulary.
Vary the lengths of your sentences. Balance long sentences with short ones. Monotony in
sentence length puts
the reader to sleep.

Rambling sentences, filled with qualifying clauses, cause the reader to lose the train of thought.
You should take the most direct route between subject, verb and object. In other words, be
straightforward.
Let the facts speak for themselves. Understating things often can be more effective than
overstating them with flamboyant words and phrases. Be restrained in your writing.
Weave your copy into a coherent whole by using transitions words, phrases, paragraphs
bridging gaps that could jar the reader. In other words, avoid abrupt shifts from one topic to
another in a story.
Stick to the point

Keep the subject matter of each Web page focused. That will help a reader evaluate its
page content quickly.
It also will increase the visibility of the content on the page for a search engine, which
needs to scan and store
quickly identifiable themes as it constructs a search ranking.
Bear in mind that you are writing for the Internet the World Wide Web. Metaphors,
puns and popular culture references may make sense only in one culture.

Be clear and concise. Avoid wordy phrases.

These stories are news, not fiction
The news stories are journalistic reports. They are not opinion essays or editorials. They should
not be confused with creative writing or works of fiction.
Your opinions and attitudes are not important to the story.
Keeps yourself out of the story.
Writing in the third person helps maintain the necessary distance.
Color
Color is the collection of details in the mental image drawn by a writer. Most of the time, the
more color the better.
Think of the story as a set of scenes. Exploit the five senses. Describe what you, the writer, see in
each scene images, sounds, smells, tastes, touches that you know of and can describe. Exploit
the readers mind by alluding to what would be sensed if only the reader were there to sense it.
Can the reader visualize the setting and the person from the descriptive detail? Does the story
have a specific example to illustrate each main point?
Numbers

Spell out single-digit whole numbers. Use numerals for numbers greater than nine.
Be consistent within a category. If you choose numerals because one of the numbers is greater
than nine, use numerals for all numbers in that category. If you choose to spell out numbers
because one of the numbers is a single digit, spell out all numbers in that category.
Spell out simple fractions and use hyphens with them. Write decimals in figures. Put a zero in
front of a decimal unless the decimal itself begins with a zero.
Use numerals for specific numbers if possible. For instance, write 2,403 instead of twenty four
hundred three.
However, write thousands of protesters rather than 1,000s of protesters.
As always, refer to the Associated Press Stylebook.
Lists
Use bullet lists and numbered lists when appropriate. They are highly desirable for ease of
reading and comprehending complex information quickly.
Be consistent in the style of bullets used.
A bulleted item, or point, may be a short phrase, single sentence or paragraph.
Links
Most stories should contain at least one link to additional information. The link should be written
so a reader will know where the link goes.
Two kinds of links are seen on typical Web pages:
Navigation links that connect pages within a website, taking readers to resources such as pages
that share the same graphic design, navigational controls, and overall content theme.
Hypertext links in the content that take the reader to relevant information on other websites the
writer thinks will enrich the story. While it might seem that embedded hypertext links disrupt the
flow of content by inviting the reader to leave the site, they actually are intended to reinforce the
information being presented.
When writing a link, dont construct a link phrase such as click here for more information.
Instead, write an ordinary sentence and place the link at the keyword or phrase that best
describes the additional content to which the link connects.

For usability, links must be visually identifiable. Links that appear within body text usually are
underlined to make them distinguishable from the surrounding text. The color of a link allows
readers to differentiate visited and unvisited pages.
Too many links in the body text can become a distraction to the reader. If a lot of links are
needed, add a list of links at the bottom of the article, where they will be available but not
distracting.
Illustrations
Every story should be illustrated, usually with one or more photographs, video clips or
drawings, paintings, sketches, colorful graphs, charts and other data visualization, or other
creative expressions.
Web polls
A Web poll can be a way to induce readers to become more involved with your website. Polls are
used for surveys of customers, employees and public opinion as well as various kinds of data
collection. Polls are popular. People respond to them and like to read their results.
It costs little to nothing to generate a Web poll using one of the numerous free polling services on
the Internet.

Citizen Journalism

The collection, dissemination, and analysis of news and information by the general
public, especially by means of the Internet. Citizen journalism is the gathering, writing,
editing, production and distribution of news and information by people not trained as
professional journalists.

Citizen journalists are non-professionals who collect, disseminate and analyze news on
blogs, wikis and sharing websites using tablets, laptops, cell phones, digital cameras and
other mobile and wireless technologies.

Block B
Unit-I:
Fundamentals of cyber journalism

The World Wide Web has spawned the newest medium for journalism, on-line or Cyber
journalism. The speed at which news can be disseminated on the web, and the
profound penetration to anyone with a computer and web browser, have greatly
increased the quantity and variety of news reports available to the average web
user.
The bulk of on-line journalism has been the extension of existing print and
broadcast media into the web via web versions of their primary products. News reports
that were set to be released at expected times can now be published as soon as they are
written and edited, increasing the deadline pressure and fear of being scooped which
many journalists must deal with.
The digitalization of news production and the diffusion capabilities of the internet are
challenging the traditional journalistic professional culture. The concept of participatory
or (citizen journalism) proposes that amateur reporters can actually produce their own
stories either inside or outside professional media outlets.
Most news websites are free to their users, except some websites, for which a
subscription is required to view its contents. But some outlets, such as the New York
Times website, offer current news free, but archived reports and access to opinion
columnists and other non-news sections for a periodic fee.
Many newspapers are branching into new mediums because of the Internet. Their
websites may now include video, podcasts, blogs and slide-shows. Story chat, where
readers may post comments on an article, has changed the dialogue newspapers foster.
Traditionally kept to the confines of the opinion section as letters to the editor, story chat
has allowed readers to express opinions without the time delay of a letter or the approval
of an editor.
The growth of blogs as a source of news and especially opinion on the news has
changed journalism for ever. Blogs now can create news as well as report it, and blur
the dividing line between news and opinion. The debate about whether blogging is really
journalism rages on.
Cyber journalism is a term coined after the merging of various traditional media
brought about by the proliferation of media industries due to current influx of new
technology and globalization. Cyber journalism made possible by the Internet
technology has gained importance and is functioning as a pervasive medium along with
the traditional media such as print and electronic. However, cyber journalism has created
a big vacuum in journalism education and training since it is a recent development in
journalism and journalism educators are caught unprepared. While journalism educators
are well groomed and prepared towards the epistemology of journalism education, and
well aware of the demands of professionalism in the real world, the emergence of cyber
journalism has brought new challenges to schools offering journalism courses.
Journalism educators have to strike a balance between the demands of new journalism
knowledge and professionalism. Furthermore with the onset of new technologies, the

definition of cyber journalist has gone beyond the realm of journalistic education.
Anybody who is techno-savvy can be a cyber journalist. Hence, questions of
professionalism, responsibility and credibility have now become an question of cyber
journalism.

Online newspapers and online edition of newspapers

An online newspaper is the online version of a newspaper, either as a stand-alone publication or
as the online version of a printed periodical.
.An online newspaper, also known as a web newspaper. It is a newspaper that exists on the World
Wide Web or Internet, either separately or as an online version of a printed periodical. Online
newspapers are much like hard-copy newspapers and have the same legal boundaries, such as
laws regarding libel, privacy and copyright, also apply to online publications in most countries.
Types of Online Newspaper

E-Edition
Web Edition

E-Edition
The e-edition is a digital version of the complete newspaper. The e-edition is laid out just like
print edition of the newspaper, including all photographs, illustration and advertisements.
Preserves the look and feel of the printed paper.
Virtually all printed newspapers have online editions. Such as Times of India, Hindustan Times,
The Hindu, Indian Express and The New Indian Express.
Web-Edition
It is a newspaper that exists on the World Wide Web or Internet, separately from a printed
periodical. It includes brief stories of news, photographs, related videos, interlinked web pages
and file transfer.
Web-based "newspapers" have started to appear, such as the Southport Reporter and the Seattle
Post-Intelligencer in the UK which stopped publishing in print after 149 years in March 2009
and went online only.The E-Edition is a paper that does not have any hard copy connections. An
example of this is an independent web only newspaper, introduced in the UK in 2000, called the
Southport Reporter .Web Edition is a newspaper that is not produced or run in any format other
than soft-copy on the internet by its publishers.
Difference between E- Edition and Web Edition of Online Newspaper:

E-Edition

Preserve the look and feel of the printed

paper.
Less expensive.
It is laid out just like print edition of the
newspaper, including all photographs ,
illustrations and advertisements.
Usually focus on one particular
geographical area where most of the
readers live.

Readers can just read out the news.

It is a digital version of the complete

newspaper.
General interest is on often features
articles on political events , crime ,
business, art, society, entertainment and
sports.
News are published day by day.
Almost all printed newspaper have EEdition.
Example are Times of India, Hindustan
Times , The Hindu , Indian Express.

Web edition
It presents news in a format much like a
website.
More Expensive.
It includes brief stories of news,
photographs , related videos ,interlinked
web pages and file transfer.
It is network means series of
interconnected computer that transmit
data all over the world.
Reader can search and forward stories
to friend and colleague..
It is a newspaper that exists on the
world wide web or Internet separately
from a printed periodical.
Main focus is on the interest of the
reader.
It is updated 24*7.
Very few newspaper have web edition.
Example are The Los Angeles Times,
The Washington Post , USA Today , and
The New york Times.

Unit-II:
The Advantages & Disadvantages of The Internet:

The Internet or the World Wide Web is indeed a wonderful and amazing addition in our lives.
The Internet can be known as a kind of global meeting place where people from all parts of the
world can come together. It is a service available on the computer, through which everything
under the sun is now at the fingertips of anyone who has access to the Internet.
Advantages of the Internet
The Internet provides opportunities galore, and can be used for a variety of things. Some of the
things that you can do via the Internet are:
E-mail: E-mail is an online correspondence system. With e-mail you can send and receive
instant electronic messages, which works like writing letters. Your messages are delivered
instantly to people anywhere in the world, unlike traditional mail that takes a lot of time.
Access Information: The Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of
information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines on the
Internet can help you to find data on any subject that you need.
Shopping: Along with getting information on the Internet, you can also shop online. There are
many online stores and sites that can be used to look for products as well as buy them using your
credit card. You do not need to leave your house and can do all your shopping from the
convenience of your home.
Online Chat: There are many chat rooms on the web that can be accessed to meet new
people, make new friends, as well as to stay in touch with old friends.
Downloading Software: This is one of the most happening and fun things to do via the
Internet. You can download innumerable, games, music, videos, movies, and a host of other
entertainment software from the Internet, most of which are free.
Disadvantages of the Internet
There are certain cons and dangers relating to the use of Internet that can be summarized as:
Personal Information: If you use the Internet, your personal information such as your name,
address, etc. can be accessed by other people. If you use a credit card to shop online, then your
credit card information can also be stolen which could be akin to giving someone a blank
check.
Pornography: This is a very serious issue concerning the Internet, especially when it comes
to young children. There are thousands of pornographic sites on the Internet that can be easily
found and can be a detriment to letting children use the Internet.
Spamming: This refers to sending unsolicited e-mails in bulk, which serve no purpose and
unnecessarily clog up the entire system.

If you come across any illegal activity on the Internet, such as child pornography or even
spammers, then you should report these people and their activities so that they can be controlled
and other people deterred from carrying them out.
Child pornography can be reported to:
Your Internet service provider
Local police station
Cyber Angels (program to report cyber crime)
Such illegal activities are frustrating for all Internet users, and so instead of just ignoring it, we
should make an effort to try and stop these activities so that using the Internet can become that
much safer. That said, the advantages of the Internet far outweigh the disadvantages, and millions
of people each day benefit from using the Internet for work and for pleasure.

Merits and Demerits of Online Journalism:

Online journalism has both advantages and limitations. This is due to the many characteristics
and issues specific to the medium.
Merits of Online Journalism
One of the most significant advantages of online journalism is its immediacy. Prior to
the development of online journalism radio was the most immediate medium, with news
bulletins every thirty minutes or every hour. However the online environment allows for
much greater immediacy. Journalists in this medium have the unique ability to publish
news events as they happen. They can then update the stories to include subsequent
information easily and speedily at any time of the day or night. As soon as the
information is uploaded to the web, it is available around the globe.
Other advantages of online journalism relate to other medium-specific
characteristics. The incorporation of multimedia elements makes news websites more
informative and entertaining. Hyperlinks, blogs and discussion forums allow web-users a
more hands on experience, allowing them to be participants in the news process
(Millison, 2004). The archiving ability of news websites is also a great advantage as it
provides an extensive research resource to the public.
Another advantage of online journalism is that the medium is reflecting changes in
society as well as technology. About one hundred million people access the world wide
web and the number is ever increasing (De Wolk, 2001: 175). As online information can
be accessed at any time it is a convenient way for people to stay up-to-date on local,
national and world news.

Interactivity: Increased ability of the public to actively search for their own information
and to interact online with news web sites
Reduced gatekeeping powers of major news organizations; less power to set the news
agenda or manipulate the publics understanding of events
New and powerful story-telling methods through multi-media technology
Convergence in news may mean more resources to probe issues
Democratic Medium - takeup those stories which maintstream media do not cover
Feedback and comments - encourages 2 way communication.
Huge Space
High reach
Low production cost

Despite the numerous advantages of online journalism, there are also limitations. The benefit of
immediacy can give rise to some serious ethical issues.
Demerits of Online Journalism:

The desire to publish brand new information and the ease of which it can be altered
may cause information to be made accessible before it is verified. This undermines
the journalistic principle of accuracy and can lead to misinformation.
Another disadvantage is the dilemma of breaking a news story immediately on the
internet and therefore alerting rival news outlets, or waiting to break the news in another
medium and have an exclusive story (De Wolk, 2001).
Other limitations are the immense size of cyberspace and the extent of information
available may intimidate audiences and cause information overload (Hall, 2001).
Furthermore, it may be difficult for audiences to distinguish between credible news
websites and other non-official news websites. This can lead to confusion and
misinformation. There are also limitations in online journalism regarding the issues of
surveillance, censorship and privacy.
Rise in journalism of assertion: unsubstantiated opinion and rumor which harms
journalistic credibility; lack of restraint among online writers
Pressure to lower ethical standards and sensationalize stories
Confusion about who is a journalist, when anyone can publish.
Not credible medium - no verification of facts
Ethical issues
No gatekeeper involved.

Principles of writing news, Features and articles for online newspapers

Principles of writing news

Most people scan the page and quickly click onto something else if they aren't interested, so you
have to grab their attention. The three C's - making sure your writing is Clear, Concise and
Correct - are a good starting point for any web writing. Short words in short sentences give you
a much better chance of keeping hold of your reader, and are easier to understand for a wider
audience.

KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE

Write and edit with online readers needs and habits in mind. Web usability studies show that
readers tend to shift over sites rather than read them intently. They also tend to be more proactive
than print readers or TV viewers, hunting for information rather than passively taking in what
you present to them.
Think about target audience because readers are getting their news online, chances are they are
more interested in Internet-related stories than TV viewers or newspaper readers, so it may make
sense to put greater emphasis on such stories. Also, your site potentially has a global reach, so
consider whether you want to make it understandable to local, national or international
audience, and write and edit with that in mind.
2. THINK FIRST AND THINK DIFFERENT
Before you start reporting and writing a story, think about what the best ways are to tell the story,
whether through audio, video, clickable graphics, text, links, etc. or some combination.
Collaborate with audio, video and interactive producers.
Develop a plan and let that guide you throughout the news
gathering and production process, rather than just reporting a story and then adding various
elements later as an afterthought.

WRITE LIVELY

Writing for the Web should be a cross between broadcast and print tighter and punchier than
print, but more literate and detailed than broadcast writing. Write actively, not passively.
Good broadcast writing uses primarily simple declarative sentences and sticks to one idea per
sentence. It avoids the long clauses and passive writing of print. Every expressed idea flows
logically into the next. Using these concepts in online writing makes the writing easier to
understand and better holds readers attention.

EXPLAIN

Dont let yourself get caught up in the 24/7 wire-service mentality and think all that matters in
that you have the latest news as fast as possible. Readers rarely notice, or care who was first.
People want to know not just what happened, but why it matters. And with all the information

sources out there now, in the end it will be the sites that explain the news the best that succeed.
Write and edit all your stories with this in mind.

NEVER BURY(Meaning-Put or hide underground) THE LEAD

You cant afford to bury the lead online because if you do, few readers will get to it. When
writing online, its essential to tell the reader quickly what the story is about and why they should
keep reading or else they wont.
This enables the writer to quickly telegraph the most important information and a reason to
keep reading and yet still retain the freedom to write the story in the way he or she wants to.

DONT PILE ON

A common problem with online writing occurs in breaking news stories. In an effort to seem as
current as possible, sites will often put the latest development in a story at the top no matter
how incremental the development. Then, theyll pile the next development on the top, and the
next creating an ugly mish-mash of a story that makes sense only to someone who has been
following the story closely all day. Unfortunately, the only people who are usually doing so are
the journalists. Few readers visit a site more than once a day. Remember this when updating
stories, and always keep the most important news in the lead.

SHORT BUT SWEET

Most stories online are too long for a Web audience, and few readers finish them. Readers will
stick with longer stories online if there is a compelling reason for a story to be that long and if
it continues to captivate their attention.
Making readers scroll to get to the rest of a story is generally preferable to making them click.
Online news users do scroll. If someone has clicked to get to a page, its generally because they
want to read the story, and thus chances are high that they will.

BREAK IT UP

Larger blocks of text make reading on screens difficult, and youre more likely to lose readers.
Using more subheads and bullets to separate text and ideas helps. Writing should be snappy and
fast to read. Keep paragraphs and sentences short. Try reading sentences out loud to see if theyre
too long. You should be able to read an entire sentence without pausing for a breath.

ELIMINATE THE GUESSWORK

People often dont know what theyre going to get when they click on stuff. And people are not
going to click on something unless they know what theyre getting. When they click on

something thats not worth it, they lose trust in you as a source and are less likely to come back
and click on things in the future. So make sure you tell people what they are going to get.
Studies show online news users preferred straightforward headlines to funny or cute ones. Cute
headlines didnt do as good a job of quickly explaining what a story is about and thus
discouraged online users from clicking through.

DO NOT FEAR THE LINK

Dont be afraid to link. Many sites have a paranoid fear that if they include links to other sites,
readers will surf away and never return. Not true! People prefer to go to sites that do a good job
of compiling click-worthy links witness Yahoo!s success. If people know they can trust your
site, they will come back for more.
At the same time, journalists have a responsibility to apply news judgment and editorial
standards to the links they choose. Avoid linking to sites with blatantly false information or
offensive content. Select links that enhance the value of the story by helping readers get
additional information from the people behind the news.
And of course, link to related stories on your site, past and present. This is truly one of the
advantages of the Web. By linking to other stories to provide context and background, writers
have more freedom to focus on the news of the day without bogging stories down with old
information.
12. TAKE RISKSBUT REMEMBER THE BASICS
Online journalism is a new and evolving industry and we are writing the rules as we go along.
Challenge yourself and your colleagues to question the way things are being done and to stretch
the boundaries of what can be done. There are no rules, only ideas. Take risks. Try something
different.
But dont forget the fundamentals of journalism. Facts still have to be double- and triplechecked; writing still needs to be sharp, lively and to the point; stories should include context;
and ethical practices must be followed. Dont let the 24/7 speed trap and the new tools distract
you from these basics.
With so many alternative news sources now at everyones fingertips thanks to the Web, it is now
more important than ever that we stick to the fundamentals of journalism to produce news people
can trust, because in the end thats what will keep people coming back for more.

Features & Articles For Online Newspaper

Features & Articles on the Web Writing effective text for the Web is more than just stringing
words together and hoping for the best. It goes beyond just conveying information. If you really
want to capture the interest and engagement of your users and members, the text needs to
do much more.
Ideally, you want your writing to:
Attract their attention
Grab their interest
Pull them into the content
Add real value to their work
Make then want to register or return, and
Increase their sense of trust in your community.
These considerations apply whether you're writing an editorial, news item, announcement,
feature article, or forum posting.
Scan ability/Readability
People read websites very differently to how they read newspapers, watch television or listen to
radio. For a start, they read 25% slower than they do with print this is because computer
screens have a much lower resolution than print.
Brevity Be brief and to the point.
Web users are looking for solid, helpful information and/or advice on well-targeted topics. Most
of what they need to know about the topic can be concisely covered in the web equivalent of two
or three printed pages. In fact, much can be covered in just one focused page.
Information
The information must be organized well to ensure ease of navigation and usability. Remember to
view your site from your visitors perspective. Highlight the information which your visitors
would find interesting and not that which you consider important. Group similar batches of
information together, and keep the navigation consistent throughout the site. Do not build a menu
with countless choices on your site. This would bewilder and confuse the visitors and they would
leave without exploring further.
Title
Start with a punchy, attention-grabbing Title. 'Latest insights from our Euro correspondent' is
much more attractive than 'Minor changes in the monetary and fiscal systems'.

 Don't use capitals in the title of your article. In general keep the use of capitals to a minimum
as it's not considered good internet etiquette TO SHOUT
Don't change the color of your titles

Keep titles as short and as snappy as possible

Abstract & Synopsis
A good abstract and/or synopsis will encourage people to read your article, but try not to make it
too long as it can make your page look strange, and can reduce the number of articles appearing
on second page.
It's usually best to write a special short summary that gives overview of the article for the
synopsis field. Also watch out for extra spaces at the end of your summary, as this will add extra
white space to your index page. A long synopsis will reduce the number of articles that are
displayed on your index page, and it should only be an overview of the article to encourage
people to click on the link and read on.
If you do not enter a synopsis then the default text displayed will be the first few lines of text of
your articles, which looks messy.
Preparing the full article
Writing the Body Text the first paragraph should always contain the key points. Don't bother
with any lengthy preamble. Web readers want the information directly. In particular, they don't
want to have to scroll down the page. Any content which requires scrolling is called "below the
fold" (it's a newspaper term to describe the lower half), and will probably never be seen by 80%
of your readers. So get the core information into the first paragraph. The second and third
paragraphs might contain supporting information. Again, to help readers grasp this quickly; you
should consider using bullet points and lists. Put any longer explanation or background briefing
towards the end, so that people can find it if they really want it.
Embedding links
Embedding links is always a good way to refer or to outsource additional information. Consider
the following when using embedded links:
Do not place long link addresses directly within the text. It forces the page out of alignment,
and will break it. Instead link a single word as click to the targeted address.
Do NOT overload your text with links
Paragraphs
In the body of your story try and keep paragraphs quite short. A large block of text on a page can
be hard to read so don't be afraid to break it up into smaller pieces to make it more readable.

Means of attractiveness
Text alone is a relatively boring medium for presenting your information. There are many simple
tricks and means, which engage the reader with your content:
Don't play with the color of your edits or in articles. From a usability perspective a title is a
link and it is best to keep them the same color site wide
A color scheme for a Web site usually consists of one or two principal or foundation colors and
an accent color or two. Avoid using color as a visual cue. However, if you need to use color as a
visual cue, make sure that you have provided adequate alternate cues
Design your site initially in black and white, adding color only to the final design. This is not
only helpful in designing a user-friendly site for color blind users but is always an excellent and
effective design technique
Add a photograph, perhaps of a speaker, building, or book relevant to your story. If an author of
a story has a who's who record then by using the who's who link it will automatically cross
reference the story to their record. You can find out if they have a record by clicking on 'Select
Who's Who' entry and doing a search on their last name. Where you can cross reference articles
to Who's who records. This is a great piece of community functionality which we should use as
much as possible
Make sure there is strong contrast between the background and foreground text or graphics.

BLOCK C

Layout of Online and Online Edition of Newspapers, concept of

Periodicity for online newspaper
Page layout is the process of composing text, image and negative space on the page to produce a
balanced, and harmonious visual impact that would allow for a collaboration of the author of the
text, the artist of the design and the reader to construct collectively a meaning and a message for

the text. No text has a single meaning or a unique message, and different designs create different
meanings and different messages for the same text. A layout designer usually uses a grid system
to subdivides a page into geometrical spaces that would constitute the grammar of layout design
made up of vertical, horizontal, oblique and curved borders, margins, columns, inter-column
spaces, lines of type, and negative spaces between blocks of type and images. The visual
grammar pf layout design forms its visual message

Layout design is more than just design it is visual communication. Newspaper, magazine, book
and other paper media layout designers not only must make the layout visually appealing to the
eye, but also tell and show the importance of the story, the text, and the message through their
designs. Stories and photographs are not the only elements that convey a context to a reader; a
good design suggests a context too. The layout design of a book, on history; science or art has
also a significant effect on how a reader would be informed about a subject. The designs can
have different looks about them. They can occupy just one narrow vertical column, many
columns, or they can spread over an entire page, Similar to the grammatical impacts of various
tenses of a verb in a sentence, these visual grammatical variations change the dynamics of the
visual meaning in the space and time.
Of course. the amount of space available will dictate a designer's ability to layout the text.
Creating a bold design, judiciously allotting areas of contrast and selecting appropriate typeface
the composition should lead the reader's eyes towards various parts of the page in a harmonious
and unintrusive journey. In any layout, the negative space, that is the space without any content,
plays a key role in this journey. The designer style should include an appropriate amount of
negative space that would support the text arrangement in the composition. Whether the design is
simple or complex, the way the story, photos, typeface and negative space are composed is a part
of the visual communication package as a whole. If a page is designed poorly, the reader may
miss the whole or the major part of content. A bad design may create fatigue, stress, and even
provoke hostility towards the text or the author.

At its most basic, the composition of a layout is determined by the two dimensional geometry of
its typography, image, color scheme and the nature of its textual content; namely whether it is
technical, mathematical, poetical, philosophical, scientific or anything else . Various design
choices; starting from geometric dimensions of pages, sizes of type, texture of the paper, column
widths, their spacing and alignment would exert subtle but important impact on the nature and
quality of the communication.
LAYOUT
The layout of a newspaper is designed to attract readership and to optimize the newspaper's
effectiveness in presenting information. Rules and conventions have evolved over the years and
almost all western newspapers share well-established layout principles. The large screen allows
for the use of newspaper layout techniques on a computer display.
The Layout of the Electronic Broadsheet

While the electronic newspaper borrows many elements from the newspaper metaphor, including
the tiled layout, the process of laying out the pages is very different. Paper-based newspapers are
issued in discrete editions, but the Electronic Broadsheet continuously receives articles.
Accordingly, old or unimportant articles have to be removed and this complicates the shape of
the newshole. It's a dynamic page and not your average Tetris game!
Unless news articles are constantly reformatted it is impossible to keep a dynamic page
optimized with regard to open space. One story will be taken down and the new article will not
cover the hole unless it is reformatted with the new space in mind. Doing so would delay the
presentation, and the result could look awkward. But, virtual news space is cheap and since one
white block will not multiply into large areas of white paper the problem is not critical.
The Layout in the Sections
The Electronic Broadsheet has one front page and several section pages. The layout in the
section follows traditional layout rules and tiles the articles. Each page is laid out in a grid with a
5x8 resolution, and space is allocated as stories come in. The Electronic Broadsheet will search
the grid for all possible positions. If more than one is found, it will use some simple rules to pick
the final destination. The rules are:
* If the priority of the article is high, it will try to get a position in the upper part of the page
* If it's a one-column article it should go to one of the edges
* There should be a horizontal balance of articles
The layout program never moves an article after it has been placed since that could interfere with
news reading. However, there are situations where one would want to move articles to make
room for the new story. E.g., if a high priority article comes in and there is only room at the
bottom of the page, it would be better to move the top articles down instead of placing the new
article at the bottom, which is where it goes now.
The Layout of the Front Page
A possible solution is to format two versions of the article; one intended for the front page and
one for the section page. This approach would require more processing power, and deciding how
much of the article to put on each page is not trivial. Another approach is to format the whole
article, but only display parts of it and let the user scroll through the content. Unfortunately, the
performance of the current system is not adequate to handle the increased burden of scrolling; it
is already burdened by the X11 server and a formatting process running simultaneously. Also,
both of the above solutions would hide parts of the article for the user while reading. As long as
it's possible to fit the article on a page, I believe it should be shown in full.
Three different ideas of how the front page should look crystallized during the course of the
project:
* The traditional: The newspaper front page is a highly successful channel of communication
and should be transferred intact onto the screen. The most important articles are displayed with a

tiled layout. This approach wastes screen space in a dynamic environment where articles come
and go, but it is the most organized. Also, it is consistent with the layout in the sections.
* The volcano: The front page displays all articles in full with overlapping windows. Important
stories float to the top of the stack, less important articles may be partly visible, while the articles
with the least priority are totally overlapped. The page contains a lot of information and looks
chaotic at times
By clicking in a partially visible article, it will float to the top. This alternative quickly fills the
front page with a segmented compound of articles. It is both serendipitous and chaotic.
* The headlines: As many articles as possible are stacked with the headline visible. By clicking
and holding down the mouse button, a user can temporarily bring an article to the top of the
stack. This approach offers a structured interface to a lot of data.
People feel strongly about front page design and opinions are diverse. The three alternatives all
have their merits and some users might want to use them all.
Nameplates & Section Heads
To improve the look of the pages they all carry a nameplate on top. The nameplate identifies the
front page as a part of the Newspace project while the section pages are labeled accordingly.
Colors have been used indiscriminately. Appendix B shows some nameplate designs.
News Designs
Designers choose photo sizes and headline sizes (both the size of the letters and how much space
the headline will take). They may decide what articles will go on which pages, and where on the
page, alone or in consultation with editors. They may choose typefaces for special pages, but
newspapers usually have a design style that determines most routine uses.
Softwares used for Designing
Computer Needs
For newspaper design, it is important that you are running the necessary software on a computer
that is compatible with the version of the software in use. Generally speaking, running this type
of complex program would require a computer with enough RAM and a fairly decent processor.
It's not so much a question of Mac or PC. Running this type of software just requires an
understanding of your computer system capabilities before spending the money and time
installing it.
InDesign
There are a few different options available when shopping for software for newspaper design.
One popular choice is called InDesign. InDesign is an Adobe software product. This software
can be used to produce publishable material for print, online and even mobile devices. Its design

makes it easy to make last-minute changes, implement audio and video, and other special
features. This type of software isn't cheap. If purchasing from the Adobe Store, Creative Suite 5
Quark
Quark is another highly-esteemed program used for designing newspapers. The current version,
QuarkXPress 8, is similar to InDesign and allows for a fast working pace, having an easy-tonavigate interface and also the ability to incorporate multimedia.

Importance Indian & International Online Newspaper and Magazine,

Concept of advertising for online newspapers
Not so long ago the inky newsprinted paper with its 10-point Times-Roman font on the kitchen
table was an integral part of morning routine. The newspaper industry, romanticized for
hundreds of years, represented modernism the stark, straightforward rendering of information
and news, neatly labeled. Readers learned to trust certain bylines and to understand signs of
importance, such as the screaming banner headline. Most people believe the newspaper will
never be replaced by a computer screen. After all, you can't take it with you on the Metro or spill
your coffee on it.
Nevertheless, online newspapers are carving a niche of their own, especially among the news
hounds, the computer savvy, and the young, who see the Internet as a viable medium for
information and news. Online is a medium perfectly suited for people who have gone beyond

MTV, beyond Entertainment Tonight, and even beyond Wired magazine. With its tendency to
blur and blend media, the online newspaper is not as straightforward as its ink counterpart, even
if it contains all of the news and information that is in the newspaper. The online newspaper is
postmodern.
It is important to make a distinction between the modernist newspaper and the postmodernist
newspaper, even though their owners do not want the public to differentiate: Brand-name
recognition is important when it comes to luring advertisers. The new medium means changes in
the ways traditional newspaper readers understand and relate to the news.
The advantages
online news are its accessible 24/7.
You can read online news any time of the day.
The second thing is its free. You can freely read online news unlike newspapers that you
need to pay or spend money to buy them.
Then you dont need to worry with the clattering in your home since you dont have
anything to pile like newspapers.
Online newspapers are saving our environment by reducing the use of papers. Thus we
can save lot of trees from cutting down.
It gives us news and views as soon as any incident happens.
More and more people are using internet and they can easily get access of the online
newspapers. Millions of people all over the world everyday visit the websites of online
newspapers.
The technological advancement through all over the world worked as the catalyst for
spreading on-line newspaper.
Climate change is accelerated by desertification and deforestation and that is prompted
by cutting down trees in a large scale. If we can stop the use of wood like in newspapers
then we can contribute to the protection of environment. The online version of newspaper
is more eco friendly. So, the dependence of paper based newspaper should be shifted to
the online version.
Online newspaper is also very much useful in opinion building. Usually a space or
option is given in online edition of newspapers where people can easily give opinion. So,
it becomes easy to assess the popular feeling or sentiment on any occasion.
It is cost effective too. People can save their valuable money while reading newspapers
from internet.
It also breaks the geographical barrier. People from any place of the world can get
access to the online news and views by using internet. Globalization is accelerated by it.
The prospect of global village becomes reality when the newspapers are in online.

The disadvantage
reading online news is its more expensive since you will be suing electricity just to read
updated news.

Without internet connection you will have any access to any networking sites.

Printed newspaper are still a reliable source for news information.

its up to you which of these you think is more convenient for you as long as you get the
news that you want to know, as long as your money is worth the service that you want.
Newspapers can be delivered even on the remote areas where internet cant reach.
you can recycle printed newspapers, you can use it to wrap something, cover something,
burning materials, or you can make a bag out of it.
you dont need to use and pay electricity just to get an updated news.

Concept of Online Advertising

Online advertising, also called online marketing or Internet advertising or web advertising, is a
form of marketing and advertising which uses the Internet to deliver promotional marketing
messages to consumers. It includes email marketing, search engine marketing (SEM), social
media marketing, many types of display advertising (including web banner advertising), and
mobile advertising. Like other advertising media, online advertising frequently involves both a
publisher, who integrates advertisements into its online content, and an advertiser, who provides
the advertisements to be displayed on the publisher's content. Other potential participants include
advertising agencies who help generate and place the ad copy, an ad server which technologically
delivers the ad and tracks statistics, and advertising affiliates who do independent promotional
work for the advertiser.

Online advertising has come a long way in the past decade. When the Internet was first breaking
out into the mainstream, and becoming accessible to regular consumers and not just academics
and scientists, there was still a lot of doubt about how viable it could be a commercial medium.
Many early attempts at online advertising met with limited success, at best. This was also
compounded with the general problem that many advertisers simply did not understand the
online space, and still looked at advertising from the perspective of the print or television
mediums.
The emergence of the CPC( Cost per click) model was one of the earliest indicators that people
were realizing some of the pitfalls of online advertising. In many cases, advertisers discovered
that the actual number of click through they received was a small fraction of total impressions.
Initially, advertisers were willing to pay very high CPM ( cost per mille).
In these early days, advertising was sold very much like print advertising, and impressions were
seen as being equivalent to paying for print advertising based on circulation numbers. However,
advertisers quickly realized that they were not exactly the same, and CPM rates dropped
tremendously, while CPC rates increased.

Types of Online Advertising

There are multiple types of advertising, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. There is
no best type of advertising; ultimately, the particular method used depends on the kind of site it
is being run on, the needs of the advertiser, and the audience the advertising will reach.
Sponsorships
This is one of the traditional forms of advertising.
Essentially, an advertiser will sponsor an
entire site, or at least a section of a site or a specific
page on a site. With this type of advertising, it is most
common for the sponsorship to be exclusive for a given
period of time. Normally an advertiser will use this
kind of advertising for branding, or for introducing a
new product. Since visitors to the site will see the same sponsorship advertising constantly, rather
than in rotation with other ads, it is more likely to sink in and be established in their minds.

Banner Run
This is perhaps the most basic and traditional form of advertising. With this method, the

advertiser essentially buys a run of advertising, usually

for a specific period of time. They will agree to pay a
specific CPM for a certain number of impressions
(commonly in chunks of 100,000 to 1,000,000
impressions) over a specific period of time (commonly
at least one month). Sometimes this type of advertising
will still take on elements of Sponsorship Advertising.
Most commonly, publishers will sell a Banner Run on
a specific section of a site, or specific ad spots on a
page.
PayPerClick
Most commonly, this type of advertising is associated with search engines and contextual
advertising. Generally, the advertiser pays out to the publisher (and the PPC network, if one is
being used) for each click on an ad. Commonly these ads will be text links, and will be shown
either as part of a search results page, or based on the content of a site. Googles AdSense is
perhaps the most popular system based on this methodology.
Pop-up Ads.
An advertisement that loads between two content pages. These types of ads can create
resentment in users and lead to low click-through-rates (i.e. very few users will click on these
ads).
Text Ads.
Sometimes text ads may be more appropriate than the other ad formats. An example of text ads is
a commercial message sent to mobile device users. This type of ad downloads quickly and is not
affected by ad blocking software. You can also find text ads on Search Engine Results Pages.
Animated
Animated ads inject movement in .GIF or Flash formats. Depending on the design, the entire ad
can be animated or just a part of the ad while the other part remains static -- its up to you.
Publishers usually limit the file size of an animated ad and the number of times the animation
can loop on their sites.
Video ads
Video ads play a short video for the user. The video can be programmed to play automatically
when a Web page opens, or it can be user-activated. Their functionality varies greatly. Some
allow users to rewind, fast-forward and adjust the volume; others offer no controls. One thing
almost all these ads do is link to an advertisers site.

Expanding ads
Expanding ads increase in size when moused over or clicked. Their expansion varies. They can
start as a static image ad and expand into something as complicated as a fully interactive video.
Or they can start as an animation and expand into a list of product features.
Floating Ads
It is a kind of advertisement in which an ad moves across the screen or float above certain
contents. Users may click the ad and visit the company website.
Wallpaper advertisement
This is popular type of online advertisement. An ad appears and changed the background of the
website.
Pop up ads
In pop -up ads, a new window opens in front of existing window. The newly opened window
displays the entire advertisement.
Google Search Ads
Google search ads are online ads that appear alongside the search engine result page when
users search a keyword query on Google. These ads are PPC, or pay-per-click ads, in which
advertisers pay for each ad click. Googles PPC search ads are managed by Googles AdWords
advertising platform, which allows advertisers to bid on keywords, craft ad text, set
budgets, and more. To advertise on Google AdWords, you'll need to create a Google AdWords
Account.

AdWords Ads
Adwords ads are online advertisements created within Googles adwords advertising platform,
identical to Google search ads.
PPC Ads
PPC ads, AKA pay-per-click ads, are advertisements in which the cost of advertising is
determined by the number of clicks an ad receives. AdWords and Bing Ads both use a pay-perclick model.
Benefits of Online Display Advertising
You can reach a wide audience with a small advertising budget.
Pay per click advertising campaigns only require that you pay for advertising when someone
clicks on the link in the ad. Pay per click also allows you to set a ceiling on your advertising
budget. You can increase or decrease the amount you spend once you review whether the
advertising has resulted in more traffic to your website.
Effective display advertising can produce immediate results.
You can target your advertising campaign to the right audiences by placing your ad on relevant
websites and by choosing the right keywords (for ads on search engines).
Even if users do not click on your ads, the advertisements can create and increase brand
awareness.
Online advertisements are usually easily tracked and monitored (e.g. you can monitor how
many users clicked on the ad). You can adjust your campaign accordingly, based on the results.

INTERNET RADIO
Internet radio (also web radio, net radio, streaming radio, e-radio, online radio, webcasting) is an
audio service transmitted via the Internet. Internet radio involves streaming media, presenting
listeners with a continuous stream of audio that typically cannot be paused or replayed, much
like traditional broadcast media.
Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of musicevery format that is
available on traditional broadcast radio stations.
Although traditional radio transmitters are limited to around 100 miles or so, Internet Radio has
no geographic limits. Whereas currently dependent upon your location you may be able to
tune in to between 50 to 100 stations, by utilizing the web, Internet Radio has effectively access
to a vast broadcast spectrum, covering the entire planet. Internet radio is delivering more
programming and more choice than ever before in the history of broadcasting. For example,
listen to an Australian station from Europe and America.
Listening
Internet radio is typically listened to on a standard home PC or similar device, through an
embedded player program located on the respective station's website. In recent years, dedicated
devices that resemble and offer the listener a similar experience to a traditional radio receiver
have arrived on the market.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet radio

There are many advantages, as well as disadvantages to using internet radio
1) The ease of use. Instead of having to sift through tons of radio stations that may not have very
good reception, you can easily search and find the type of music you want to listen to and receive
a clear connection within seconds.
2) The freedom to be able to choose what you want to listen to. There is now a wide array of
music and talk radio you can listen to. You are not constricted to what basic terrestrial radio
stations usually play. You also have the freedom to listen to these broadcasts whenever you want.
You don't have to listen to them live, as they are converted into pre-recorded webcasts that can
be accessed at any time.
3) The ability to reach a much larger audience is a huge advantage. Audiences for stations with
weak terrestrial radio stations have the opportunity to grow. The streaming broadcasts over the
internet allow these stations to be heard all over the world.

4) No commercials or DJ chatter. Internet radio stations primarily play just music, with a few
advertisements thrown in from time to time. You never have to worry about and endless amount
of commercials or time fillers in between songs.
There are also some disadvantages as well.
1) The vast amount of choices can also be a disadvantage if there is something specific you want
to listen to. It may take you a while to sift through different radio shows or genres of music in
order to find what you are looking for.
2) Although the Internet has come a long way since it was created, it is still not perfect. These
internet radio stations have a tendency to crash and be unreliable at times which can be
aggravating.