LMS: A Novel Approach For Edge Detection of Images

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2016
ISSN 2319 - 4847
LMS: A Novel Approach for Edge Detection of

Images
Kalyan Kumar Jena1, Sasmita Mishra2 ,Sarojananda Mishra3
1
Asst. Prof., Dept. of CSEA, IGIT, Sarang, Odisha, India
Associate Prof., Dept. of CSEA, IGIT, Sarang, Odisha, India

3
Prof., Dept. of CSEA, IGIT, Sarang, Odisha, India
ABSTRACT
Several approaches are used for edge detection of an image. Edge detection is a very crucial part in image processing and
computer vision. Here, an emerging edge detection technique that computes edges of different images using the quantitative
combination of LOG-Morphological-Sobel (LMS) edge detectors is presented. This methodology can be used as template for
multi-scale edge detectors for a very wide range of images particularly in the field of image processing. Here the proposed
technique is compared with each edge detector separately.
Keywords:-Edge detection, Image Processing, Computer Vision, LOG-Morphological-Sobel (LMS) edge detectors,
Multi-scale edge detector.
1. INTRODUCTION
There are many traditional methods for edge detection such as Sobel edge detection method, Canny edge detection
method, Prewitt edge detection method, Laplacian of Gaussian edge detection method, Robert edge detection method.
In Image Processing and Computer Vision, Edges give valuable and very important information towards human image
understanding [1].
Edge detection has become very serious challenge to the scientist as well as researchers related to image processing.
The major structural properties can be represented in a transparent manner of an image due to the edge detection
mechanism. Many methods can be implemented for edge detection [4].
Edges provide important information towards human image understanding .This one can be considered as most
important processing step in human picture recognition system. Edge detection is a very big challenge for image
processing researchers and scientists.
Due to sharp changes in image properties, it reflects the valuable events and changes in several properties. For
discontinuities, there could be a number of reason, such as lighting conditions, type of material surface, texture, object
geometry etc , and their mutual interaction [7]. Edge detection technique is used to identify the discontinuities in depth
and surface orientation, changes in material properties and variations in scene illumination etc.
There are several methods to perform edge detection. But, most of the techniques can be grouped into either Gradient
and Laplacian, Derivative Approach and Pattern Fitting Approach or search-based and zero-crossing based. Edge
detection is a research field within image processing which is related in area of feature extraction [3].
Generally, many edge detection techniques depend on the computation of image gradients, they also differ in the types
of filters used for calculating gradient estimates in the x- direction and y-direction [10]. The edge detection techniques
which have been used generally differ in the types of smoothing filters that are implemented and the way the measures
of edge strength can be computed [2].
We know that, due to the variation of image features such as brightness, gives rise to edges [8]. Mainly the edges are
indication of the discontinuities of image intensity function. The main objective of edge detection is to indicate the
points in a digital image where the luminous intensity changes very sharply.
Edge detection methodology is a process of detection of this type of discontinues in an image. Edge detection in binary
or segmented image is straightforward as the sudden change in brightness level gives rise to edge [8].In order to
generate contours, the image is prepared to undergo thresholding and /or edge linking process. Generally the
implementation of derivative operator on intensity image generates another image, which is called as gradient image
due to its rate of intensity variation.
The main objective of edge detection is to first convolve the input image with a filter to obtain gradient [1]. In case of
Laplacian method, it checks for zero crossings in the 2nd derivative of the image specifically to find edges. Generally,
discontinuities in surface orientation, discontinuities in depth, changes in material properties and changes in scene
illumination lead to the rise of edges.
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Actually the edge localization process is very much complex in case of gray level or intensity image. In gray scale
image, the change in intensity is comparatively smooth in nature rather than abrupt in case of binary image or
segmented image[2].
There are many traditional operators such as Sobel Operator, Prewitt Operator, LOG Operator, Canny Operator and
Robert Operator which are used for edge detection of images.Different methods can be used for edge detection. But,
maximum methods can be grouped into either Gradient or Laplacian [11].
2. LOG EDGE DETECTOR

The optimal smoothing filter can be used in both spatial and frequency domains for images and it was proposed by
Marr and Hildreth. In order to detect the edges in these images, it is required to find the zero-crossings of their second
order derivatives [11].Due to the change of image intensity, the edge will present at several scales in an image. The
spatial coincidence assumption which led to the idea of multiscale edge analysis was proposed by Marr and Hildreth.
Zero-crossings are only reliable in locating edges, if they are separated in well manner and the signal-to-noise ratio in
the image is very high [13]. The Marr-Hildreth operator formally introduced LOG filter into the edge-detection
process. Multiscale or multi resolution takes an important factor in image processing.
Another important problems are the missing edge and false edge detection which need to be considered [9]. It is not
very easy to combine zero crossings for LOG from several scales due to the following key factors:
i) For very few scales, an edge may not match a zero crossing [14].
ii) If the localization of the LOG edge detector is very poor then the zero-crossings may move away from the true edge
position in case of large scales.
iii) Due to noise also there are many zero-crossings in case of small scales [3].
Adaptive thresholding method can also be used for edge detection. Therefore, the results from one scale of the edgedetector is used to predict the locations of edges in the next, smaller, scale .For second derivative image intensity
function, Haralick also introduced the use of zero-crossing value [5].
The introduction of multiscale analysis further complicates the issue by creating two major problems: how to choose the
size of the filters and how to combine edge information from different scales.
Due to the wide variety of features of LOG edge detectors, it can be imposed in several image processing applications.
The LOG operator mask is used to compute the edges of an edges and it can be represented as:
Fig.1. LOG Operator Mask

Adaptive methodologies are computationally intensive in nature. We can use the non linear methods to indicate the
improvement in edge-detection and localization over linear methods. We can consider a pixel of P .Then by using
weighted average over neighborhood of , we can compute the new pixel value at P [6].
The appearance of very new properties and features may not been shown mathematically or experimentally in several
images. So, an edge point cannot be tracked from one image which one is the filtered one to the next.
3. MATHEMATICAL MORPHOLOGOGY EDGE DETECTION TECHNIQUE

Mathematical Morphology is a method for edge detection. It can be considered as theory and methodology for analysis
and processing of geometrical structures and it is based on set theory. It was initially developed for several binary
images but later extends to grey scale images.
The different mathematical morphological operators are Dilation, Erosion, Opening, Closing [15], which can be
implemented for edge detection mechanism . Dilation can be considered as the maximum value in the window. Erosion
can be considered as the minimum value in the window .The image which is taken after dilation will be darker than the
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original image. Opening and closing both parameters are formed by using dilation and erosion operators with proper
implementation.
In opening, image will be arranged properly and then it will be followed by dilation mechanism. Generally, in closing
first step will be the implementation of dilation mechanism and then result of this is followed by erosion mechanism.
All these operators can perform their jobs by the help of structuring elements and it is a matrix of 0s and
1s.Structuring elements have several shapes and sizes.
If Y is a white and black picture and Z is a structure element, then the dilation of the base of Z on the image of Y is
given as:
(YZ)(x, y)= max{Y(xs, yt)+Z(s,t)}
Dilation is an operator that grows and thickens the objects in a binary image. Erosion operator for Y, Z sets is given as:
(Y Z) (x,y) = min {Y(x+s, y+t) Z(s,t) }
Erosion can make small or makes the around of an gray scale or color image thin. Erosion is controlled and managed
by the structure elements. Opening operator on the Y set related to structure elements Z with the relation of Y o Z can
be given as:
Y o Z = (YZ)Z
Closing operator can make smooth for some parts of the periphery but on the other hand, the Opening operator can mix
the broken hybrids and it omits the small details and it can fill the spaces of objects periphery classing operator on Y
and Z sets which is given as follows:
YZ C Y C YZ
YoZ C Y C Y Z
Morphology edge detection algorithm uses basic operator such as closing, opening, dilation, erosion given as :
Ed(Y) = (YZ) Y
Ee(Y) = Y (Y Z)
Ed (Y) is an image edge which is achieved by using the subtract of dilation image from the main image and Ee (Y) is
the subtraction of the main image from erosion image [12]. Generally, dilation and closing can make the shape of the
image big but erosion and opening can make the shape of the image reasonable small. We can use these for finding the
several edges. Mathematical Morphology gradient of an image can be provided below:
G(A) = (YZ ) (YZ)
4. SOBELOPERATOR
The approximate absolute gradient magnitude at each point can be computed using this edge detector. A 2-D spatial
gradient measurement can be implemented by using sobel operator on an image.
The 3x3 Sobel operator mask which is widely used for edge detection of different images is given as:
Fig. 2.Sobel Operator Matrix

Gx and Gy masks are used for horizontal measurement and vertical measurement respectively. These can then be
combined together to find the absolute magnitude of the gradient at each point and the orientation of that gradient [12].
The gradient magnitude is given by:
G=
Gx G y
An approximate magnitude can be calculated using the following formula:

G = |G x | +|G y |
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ISSN 2319 - 4847
The angle of orientation of the edge can be calculated by using the following formula:
=tan 1 (
Gy
Gx
Here, orientation is taken to mean that the direction of maximum contrast from black to white runs from left to right
on the image, and other angles are measured anti-clockwise from this.
5. DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION OF PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
Fig.3. Proposed Technique
6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Here, the LOG, Morphological and Sobel (LMS) edge detectors are applied separately on the original image which is
displayed in Fig. 4 and the result images are displayed in Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 respectively. But, after applying the
combination of LOG-Morphological-Sobel edge detectors (LMS Technique) on the original image the resultant image
is displayed in Fig. 8.
Fig 4. Original Image
Fig.5. Result Using LOG Edge Detector
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Fig.6. Result using Morphological Edge Detector
Fig.7. Result Using Sobel Edge Detector
Fig.8. Result Using LMS Technique
7. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the LOG, Morphological and Sobel, edge detectors have been used separately and in combined manner to
find the edges associated with an image. From the experimental result and analysis, it is concluded that the proposed
approach detects the edges of an image which is clearly visible as compared to others and this method can be
implemented in medical image processing, structural engineering specifically for edge detection of several images in
order to take necessary action for medical and engineering applications.
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Center of Mass, Proceedings of the 1st IEEE/IIAE International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Image
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[4]. Geng Xin, Chen Ke and Hu Xiaoguang, An improved Canny edge detection algorithm for color image, IEEE,
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[5]. M.Sridevi and C.Mala, A Survey on Monochrome Image Segmentation Methods, ELSEVIER 2nd International
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[8]. H. Bustince, E.Barrenechea, M.Pagola and J.Fernandez, Interval-valued fuzzy sets constructed from matrices:
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AUTHORS
Kalyan Kumar Jena
Asst. Prof. Dept. of CSEA IGIT, Sarang-759146
He received B. Tech. and M.Tech. Degrees in Computer Science & Engineering from BPUT, Odisha.
He is continuing his Ph. D. in UU (IGIT, Sarang-Nodal Center), Odisha. He is working as an
Assistant Professor in the dept. of CSEA, IGIT, Sarang. His publications comprise more than 30
papers in national and international journals. His research interests are Image Processing and
Parallel Algorithms. He has more than 5 years of research as well as teaching experience. He acts as
an editor-in-chief,editorial board member of various national and international journals and different professional
bodies. He has acted as supervisor of 45 B.Tech. Students and 4 M.Tech. Students. He received several government
awards in M.Tech., B.Tech., 10th,7th,5th and 3rd standards.
Prof. Dr. (Mrs.) Sasmita Mishra
Associate Prof. Dept. of CSEA IGIT, Sarang-759146
She received MCA and ME degree in Computer Science& Engineering from REC, Rourkela. She
received her Ph. D. degree from UU, Odisha. She is working as an Associate Professor in the
dept. of CSEA, IGIT, Sarang. Her publications comprise more than 45 papers in national and
international journals and conferences. Her research interests are Image Processing, RDBMS ,
Design & Analysis of Algorithms and Parallel Algorithms. She has more than 26 years of research as well as teaching
experience. She acts as an editorial board member of various national &international journals and member of several
national & international professional bodies. She has acted as supervisor of 6 Ph.D. students. She received several
Central as well as State government awards
Prof.(Dr.) Sarojananda Mishra
Prof. & HOD Dept. Of CSEA IGIT, Sarang-759146
He received MCA from S.U. and M. Tech. degree in Computer Science& Engineering from IIT,
Delhi. He received his Ph. D. degree from UU, Odisha. He is working as an Professor & HOD in
the dept. of CSEA, IGIT, Sarang. His publications comprise more than 50 papers in national and
international journals and conferences. His research interests are Image Processing, Fractals and
Graphics, System Dynamics, MIS, Operation Research, Networking, Computer Programming. He has more than 28
years of research as well as teaching experience. He acts as an editorial board member of various national
&international journals and member of several national & international professional bodies. He has acted as supervisor
of 12 Ph.D. students. He received several Central as well as State government awards..
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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

ISSN 2319 - 4847