UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (Core Elective-III)

Aim: To provide knowledge in various systems that contributes in the design, development and
deployment of unmanned air vehicles

Outcome: The students will acquire knowledge of various disciplines contributing to the design,
development and deployment of UAVs

UNIT I
Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Applications of UAS, categories of UAS systems,
roles of unmanned aircraft, composition of UAV system

UNIT II
Design of UAV Systems-I: Introduction to design and selection of the systems-conceptual
phase,
preliminary design, detailed design; Aerodynamics and airframe configurations-Lift-induced
Drag, Parasitic Drag, Rotary-wing Aerodynamics, Response to Air Turbulence, Airframe
Configurations; Medium-range, Tactical Aircraft, Characteristics of Aircraft Types-Longendurance, Long-range Role Aircraft, Medium-range, Tactical Aircraft, Close-range/Battlefield
Aircraft, MUAV Types, MAV and NAV Types, UCAV, Novel Hybrid Aircraft Configurations,
Aspects of Airframe Design: Scale Effects, Packaging Density, Aerodynamics, Structures and
Mechanisms, Selection of power- plants, Modular Construction, Ancillary Equipment, Design for
Stealth: Acoustic Signature, Visual Signature, Thermal Signature, Radio/Radar Signature, Payload
Types: Non-dispensable and dispensable payloads

UNIT III
Design of UAV Systems-II: Communications-Communication Media, Radio Communication,
Mid-air
Collision (MAC) Avoidance, Communications Data Rate and Bandwidth Usage, Antenna Type;
Control and Stability:
HTOL Aircraft, Convertible Rotor Aircraft, Payload Control,
Sensors, Autonomy; Navigation: NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS), TACAN,
LORAN C, Inertial Navigation, Radio Tracking, Way-point Navigation; Launch and Recovery;
Design for Reliability: Determination of the Required Level of Reliability, Achieving Reliability,
Reliability Data Presentation, Multiplexed Systems, Reliability by Design, Design for Ease of
Maintenance; Design for Manufacture and Development

UNIT IV
The Development of UAV Systems: System Development and Certication-System
Development, Certication, Establishing Reliability; System Ground Testing: UAV Component
Testing, UAV Sub- assembly and Sub-system Testing, Testing Complete UAV, Control Station
Testing , Catapult Launch System Tests, Documentation; System In-ight Testing: Test Sites,
Preparation for In-ight Testing, In- ight Testing, System Certication;

UNIT V
Deployment and Future of UAV Systems: Operational trials and full certification; UAV System
Deployment- Network-centric Operations (NCO), Teaming with Manned and Other Unmanned
System; Naval, arm and air force roles, civilian, paramilitary and commercial roles

TEXTBOOK

Unmanned Aircraft Systems: UAVS Design, Development and Deployment, Reg Austin,
Wiley, 2010

REFERENCE
BOOK
Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Richard K. Barnhart, Stephen B. Hottman,
Douglas M. Marshall, Eric Shappee, (eds.), CRC Press, 2012

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Aim: To make the students know about the functions and procedures of Air
Traffic Control

Outcome: The students will have exposure to various aspects of ATC like airspace
classification, navigation aids, communications, control tower procedures, and future
developments

UNIT I
Air Traffic Control System Structure: Airspace Classification-general categories of airspace,
controlled versus uncontrolled airspace, IFR flight in controlled and uncontrolled airspace, VFR
flight in controlled and uncontrolled airspace; Airspace Classes-classes A to G, special VFR,
federal airways, flight levels, tango routes, special use airspace, Airport Air Traffic Control
Communications-Radio communication, ATC communication procedures

UNIT II
Air Traffic Control Procedures and Organization: Separation responsibilities in controlled
airspace-air traffic control procedures-delegation of responsibility-controller duties in an air route
traffic control centre- air traffic control tower responsibilities; Control Tower Procedures: control
towers, flight data controller duties, clearance delivery controller duties- ground controller duties,
local controller duties

UNIT III
Operation in the National Airspace System: Over view of an IFR flight: Flight planning
and IFR clearances, coded departure route, Traffic flow management programs, alternative
routes, clearance delivery, phoenix airspace, ground control coded departure routes, local control,
departure control, en- route separation , miles in trail restrictions, metering, delay techniques,
approach control; example of a VFR flight; Oceanic and international air traffic control:
International air traffic control, international airspace, European air traffic control

UNIT IV
Future of the National Air Space System : Automated air traffic control: Procedural separation
standards, ATC Modernization, Current ATC Initiatives: Departure delay program, en-route
metering program, en-route sector loading program; Procedural changes: National route program;
CNS Improvements: Communication system changes, required navigation performance,
navigation security and surveillance systems; Air traffic Management: Hardware, Next
Generation air traffic control (NextGen), major components of NextGen, trajectory based
operations, flexible airspace management, collaborative air traffic management, negotiated routes,
improved aircraft separation, additional ADS functions, en-route automation modernization

TEXT BOOK
1.

Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control, Michael S Nolan, Fifth Edition, 2011

GROUND VEHICLE AERODYNAMICS

Aim: To broaden the understanding of aerodynamics of ground vehicles and analyze the stability,
safety and comfort of the vehicles

Outcome: At the end of the course, the students will gain insight on major aerodynamic
features associated with different types of ground vehicles and will be able to apply the basic
principles of aerodynamics for the design of ground vehicle bodies

UNIT I
Overview and Introduction: Historical developments and trends, fundamentals of fluid
mechanics, flow phenomenon related to vehicles, external and internal flow problem, resistance to
vehicle motion, Mechanics of air flow around a vehicle, pressure distribution, Aerodynamic
forces, Vehicle drag and types, side and lift forces, cars as a bluff body, flow field around car,
performance potential of vehicle aerodynamics.

UNIT II
Aerodynamic Drag and Shape Optimization of Cars: Cars as a bluff body, flow field around a
car, analysis of aerodynamic drag, drag coefficient of cars, strategies for aerodynamic
development, low drag profiles.
Front end modification, front and rear wind shield angle, boat tailing, hatch back, fast back and
square back, dust flow patterns at the rear. Effect of rear configuration, effect of fasteners

UNIT III
Vehicle Handling and Stability: Origin, characteristics and effects of forces and moments on a
vehicle,
lateral stability problems, vehicle dynamics under side winds-dirt accumulation on the vehicle,
wind noise- Mechanisms and generation design features, measurement and techniques.

UNIT IV
Race Car Aerodynamics: Basic vehicle body concepts, aerodynamics of the complete vehicle,
flow over wheels, sliding seal and skirts, under body channels, simple add ons: spoilers,
strakes and wickers, internal flow, Race car wings, most current examples in detail- design,
aerodynamic behaviour and flow field.

UNIT V
Measurement and Test Techniques: Wind tunnel- scope, Fundamental techniques,
simulation limitations, prototype tests, wind tunnel types and testing methods, Test techniquesscope, measuring equipment and transducers, road testing methods

TEXT BOOKS
1.

Wolf- Heinrich Hucho, Aerodynamics of Road vehicles, SAE International 1998

2.
1974

A. Pope- Wind Tunnel Testing- John wiley & sons- 2 Edition, New York-

3.

Race Car Aerodynamics Designing for Speed- Joseph Katz, Bentley Publishers

1.

Automotive Aerodynamics: Update SP-706- SAE- 1987

nd

REFERENCES

2.

AE 9166

Vehicle Aerodynamics SP-1145- SAE-1996

WIND ENGINEERING

L T P C
3 0 0 3

UNIT I
THE ATMOSPHERE:
6
Atmospheric Circulation Stability of atmospheres definitions & implications Effects
of friction Atmospheric motion Local winds, Building codes, Terrains different types.

UNIT II

ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER:

Governing Equations Mean velocity profiles, Power law, logarithmic law wind speeds,
Atmospheric turbulence profiles Spectral density function Length scale of turbulence,
Roughness parameters simulation techniques in wind tunnels.

UNIT III

BLUFF BODY AERODYNAMICS:

10

Governing Equations Boundary layers and separations Wake and Vortex formation
two dimensional Strouhal Numbers, Reynolds numbers Separation and
Reattachments Oscillatory Flow patterns Vortex sheding flow switching Time varying
forces to wind velocity in turbulent flow Structures in three dimensional

UNIT IV

WIND LOADING

10

Introduction, Analysis and synthesis loading coefficients, local & global coefficients
pressure shear stress coefficients, force and moment coefficients Assessment
methods Quasi steady method Peak factor method Extreme value method

UNIV V

AEROELASTIC PHENOMENA:

10

Vortex shedding and lock in phenomena in turbulent flows, across wind galloping wake
galloping - Torsional divergence, along wind galloping of circular cables, cross
wind galloping of circular cables, Wind loads & their effects on tall structures
Launch vehicles
L: 45, TOTAL NUMBER OF PERIODS: 45

TEXT BOOKS
1. Emil Simiu & Robert H Scanlan, Wind effects on structures - fundamentals
and applications to design, John Wiley & Sons Inc New York, 1996.

REFERENCES:

1. Tom Lawson Building Aerodynamics Imperial College Press London, 2001

2. N J Cook, Design Guides to wind loading of buildings structures Part I & II,
Butterworths, London, 1985
3. IS: 875 (1987) Part III Wind loads, Indian Standards for Building codes.

AE 9158

AEROELASTICITY

L T P C
3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVE
To understand the theoretical concepts of material
emphasis on their elasticity property.

UNIT I

behaviour

AEROELASTIC PHENOMENA

with

particular

Stability versus response problems The aero-elastic triangle of forces Aeroelasticity

in Aircraft Design Prevention of aeroelastic instabilities. Influence and stiffness coefficients. Coupled oscillations.

UNIT II

DIVERGENCE OF A LIFTING SURFACE

10

Simple two dimensional idealisations-Strip theory Integral equation of the second kind
Exact solutions for simple rectangular wings Semirigid assumption and approximate
solutions Generalised coordinates Successive approximations Numerical
approximations using matrix equations.

UNIT III

STEADY STATE AEROLASTIC PROBLEMS

Loss and reversal of aileron control Critical aileron reversal speed Aileron efficiency
Semi rigid theory and successive approximations Lift distribution Rigid and elastic
wings. Tail efficiency. Effect of elastic deformation on static longitudinal stability.

UNIT IV

FLUTTER PHENOMENON

14

Non-dimensional parameters Stiffness criteria Dynamic mass balancing

Dimensional similarity. Flutter analysis Two dimensional thin airfoils in steady
incompressible flow Quasisteady aerodynamic derivatives. Galerkin method for critical
flutter speed Stability of disturbed motion Solution of the flutter determinant
Methods of determining the critical flutter speeds Flutter prevention and control.

UNIT V

EXAMPLES OF AEROELASTIC PROBLEMS

Galloping of transmission lines and Flow induced vibrations of transmission lines, tall
slender structures and suspension bridges.
L : 45 TOTAL NUMBER OF PERIODS : 45

TEXT BOOKS
1.

Y.C. Fung, An Introduction to the Theory of Aeroelasticity, John Wiley & Sons
Inc., New York, 2008.

2.

E.G. Broadbent, Elementary Theory of Aeroelasticity, Bun Hill Publications Ltd.,

1986.

REFERENCES
1.

R.L. Bisplinghoff, H.Ashley, and R.L. Halfmann, Aeroelasticity, II Edition

Addison Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., 1996.

2.

R.H. Scanlan and R.Rosenbaum, Introduction to the study of Aircraft Vibration

and Flutter, Macmillan Co., New York, 1981.
3.

R.D.Blevins, Flow Induced Vibrations, Krieger Pub Co., 2001

AE 9160

UNIT I

FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS

FATIGUE OF STRUCTURES

L T P C
3 0 0 3

10

S.N. curves Endurance limit Effect of mean stress Goodman, Gerber and
Soderberg relations and diagrams Notches and stress concentrations
Neubers stress concentration factors plastic stress concentration factors Notched SN curves.

UNIT II

STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR

Low cycle and high cycle fatigue Coffin-Mansons relation Transition life
Cyclic
Strain hardening and softening Analysis of load histories Cycle counting techniques
Cumulative damage Miners theory other theories.

UNIT III

PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF FATIGUE

Phase in fatigue life Crack initiation Crack growth Final fracture Dislocations
Fatigue fracture surfaces.

UNIT IV

FRACTURE MECHANICS

15

Strength of cracked bodies potential energy and surface energy Griffiths theory
Irwin Orwin extension of Griffiths theory to ductile materials Stress analysis
of cracked bodies Effect of thickness on fracture toughness Stress intensity factors
for typical geometries.

UNIT V

FATIGUE DESIGN AND TESTING

Safe life and fail safe design philosophies Importance of Fracture Mechanics
in aerospace structure Application to composite materials and structures.

L : 45 TOTALNUMBER OF PERIODS : 45

TEXT BOOKS

1.
D.Brock,
International

Elementary

Engineering

Fracture Mechanics,

Noordhoff

Publishing Co., London, 1994.

2.

J.F.Knott,

Fundamentals

of

Fracture

Mechanics,

Butterworth

& Co.,

(Publishers) Ltd., London, 1983.

REFERENCES

1.

W.Barrois and L.Ripley, Fatigue of Aircraft Structures, Pergamon Press,

Oxford, 1983.

2.
C.G.Sih,
International

Mechanics

of

Fracture,

Publishing Co., Netherland, 1989.

Vol.1

Sijthoff

and

Noordhoff

AE 9162

HYPERSONIC AERODYNAMICS

L T P C
3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVE:
To present the basic ideas of hypersonic flow and the associated problem areas.

UNIT I

BASICS OF HYPERSONIC AERODYNAMICS

Thin shock layers entropy layers low density and high density flows
hypersonic flight paths hypersonic flight similarity parameters shock wave and
expansion wave relations of inviscid hypersonic flows.

UNIT II SURFACE INCLINATION METHODS FOR HYPERSONIC INVISCID FLOWS 9

Local surface inclination methods modified Newtonian Law Newtonian theory
tangent wedge or tangent cone and shock expansion methods Calculation of surface
flow properties

UNIT III

APPROXIMATE METHODS FOR INVISCID HYPERSONIC FLOWS`

Approximate methods hypersonic small disturbance equation and theory thin shock
layer theory blast wave theory - entropy effects - rotational method of characteristics hypersonic shock wave shapes and correlations.

UNIT IV

VISCOUS HYPERSONIC FLOW THEORY

10

NavierStokes equations boundary layer equations for hypersonic flow hypersonic

boundary layer hypersonic boundary layer theory and non similar hypersonic boundary
layers hypersonic aerodynamic heating and entropy layers effects on aerodynamic
heating.

UNIT V

VISCOUS INTERACTIONS IN HYPERSONIC FLOWS

Strong and weak viscous interactions hypersonic shockwaves and boundary

layer interactions Role of similarity parameter for laminar viscous interactions in
hypersonic viscous flow.

TEXT BOOKS

L : 45 - TOTAL NUMBER OF PERIODS: 45

1.

John D. Anderson, Jr, Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics, McGraw-Hill
Series, New York, 1996.

REFERENCES

1.

John.D.Anderson, Jr., Modern Compressible Flow with Historical perspective

Hypersonic Series.

2.

William H. Heiser and David T. Pratt, Hypersonic Air Breathing propulsion, AIAA Education
Series.

3.

John T. Bertin, Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics, 1994

AIAA Inc., Washington

D.C.

THEORY OF COMBUSTION

UNIT I
Basics of Combustion theory: Combustion Stochiometry and Thermo chemical
Calculation, Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium, Transport Phenomena-Theory
of Viscosity, conductivity and diffusivity
UNIT II
Pre-Mixed Flames: Description of premixed flames, Burning velocity and
parametric dependences, Experimental methods of measuring burning
velocity, Simple one-dimensional thermal theory of flame, concepts of
minimum ignition energy, quenching distance, stability limits and flame
stabilization. Turbulent premixed flame
UNIT III
Diffusion Flame: Jet flame physical description, theoretical analysis-BurkeSchumanns analysis, mechanism of soot formation, Difference between
premixed and diffusion flames, Liquid fuel combustion, Difference between
premixed and diffusion flames, Liquid fuel combustion, Difference between
premixed and diffusion flames, Liquid fuel combustion- Conservation

equations, calculation of mass burning rate, Droplet burning time, Droplet

combustion in convective environment.
UNIT IV
Combustion in Reciprocating and Gas- Turbine Engines: Description of the
combustion process in piston engines, Combustion efficiency and factors
affecting it, Rankine-Hugoniot curves, Deflagration and Detonation in
reciprocating engines and preventive methods. Description of different types
of combustion chambers in gas-turbine engines, primary requirements of the
combustor, Flow structure, recirculation and flame stabilization in main
combustion chamber, afterburners.
UNIT V
Combustion in Rocket Engines and Emission: Types of Rockets based on
combustion, Solid fuel combustion, combustion of carbon particle-simplified
analysis, boundary layer combustion, combustion of carbon sphere with CO
burning gas phase. Chemical Emission from combustion and its effects,
Exhaust gas analysis, Emission control methods
Text Books:
1. An Introduction to combustion Concepts and Application, Stephen R Turns,
TMH Publication
2. Fundamentals and Technology of combustion, Fawzy El-Mahallawy, Saad ElDin Habik,Elsevier
Reference Books
1. Industrial Combustion by Charles E. Baukal.
2. Heat Transfer in Industrial Combustion by CE BaukalJr
3. Fundamentals of combustion, D P Mishra, PHI Publication
4. Combustion, Fossil Power Systems by G. Singer. 4th Ed. 1966 Ed Pub.
5. Sharma, S.P., and Chandra Mohan "Fuels and Combustion", Tata Me. Graw
Hill Publishing Co.,Ltd., New Delhi, 1987
6. Mathur, M.L., and Sharma, R.P., "Gas Turbine, Jet and Rocket Propulsion",'
Standard Publishers and Distributors, Delhi, 1988