KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Phylum Porifera
Classes: You will not be responsible for the classes in this
phylum.
Characteristics:
Multicellular; body a loose aggregation of cells and
mesoglea (gelatinous matrix)
Body with pores called ostia, canals and chambers that
serve for passage of water
Mostly marine; all aquatic
Filter feeders
Radial symmetry or asymmetrical
Types of Cells: epidermal pinacocytes; interior
surfaces lined with flagellated collar cells called
choanocytes that create water currents; amebocytesfound within the mesoglea which aid in digestion,
reproduction, and in forming the spicules
Skeletal structure three main types; calcium spicules,
silicon-type spicules, or a protein spongin; may be a
combination of these
No organs or true tissues; the cell level of organization
Excretion and respiration by diffusion
Nervous system absent; local reactions by cells
All adults are sessile and attached to a substrate
Larvae stage is motile
Asexual reproduction by buds or gemmules
Sexual reproduction by eggs and sperm; released into
water
Adult sponges often live in colonies
Phylum Cnidaria
Classes: Class Hydrozoa freshwater hydras, Obelia ; Class
Scyphozoa- jellyfish; Class Anthozoa- corals, sea anemones, sea
pens
Characteristics:
All aquatic
Radial symmetry
Two basic body types polyp or medusae form
Some types may have an exoskeleton or
endoskeleton of chitin, calcium or protein
components

Body with two tissue layers epidermis and

gastrodermis with mesoglea in between
Gastrovascular cavity with a single opening
that serves as both mouth and anus, called a
sac-like body plan; tentacles usually encircling
mouth
Special stinging cell organelles called
nematocytsts; abundant on tentacles
Nerve net with some sensory organs
Some longitudinal muscle fibers; not well
organized in most
Asexual reproduction by budding in polyps
Sexual reproduction by gametes in medusae
and in some polyps; gametes releases
externally
Sexual forms may be monoecious or dioecious
Planula larvae
No excretory or respiratory system; by simple
diffusion
No coelomic cavity; tissue level of organization

Phylum Platyhelminthes The Flatworms

Classes: Class Turbellaria planarians (free living); Class
Trematoda flukes ( parasitic); Class Cestoda- tapeworms (parasitic)
You will also be responsible for the life cycle of the tapeworm and the
blood liver fluke, Schistosoma
Characteristics:
Bilateral symmetry
Three germ layers; endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
(triploblastic)
Body flattened
Parasitic types have a tough tegument for protection
making up their epidermis
Acoelomate
Incomplete digestive system; sac-like body plan with
one opening
Nervous system consisting of 2 nerve cords and
anterior ganglia
Simple sense organs; eye spots in planaria
Excretory system with canals having flame cells
No respiratory, circulatory or skeletal systems
Gas exchange occurs by diffusion

Most forms monecious; well-developed gonads;

internal reproduction
May have one or more hosts during their lifecycles in
parasitic types

Phylum Nematoda The Roundworms

Classes: You are not responsible for specific classes, but are
responsible for the life cycle of the hookworm, pinworms, Trichinella,
heartworms, and Ascaris
Characteristics:
Bilateral symmetry
Triploblastic
Psuedocoelomic body cavity
Epidermis has a thickened cuticle for protection
Longitudinal muscles; results in a characteristic sideto-side motion
Digestive system complete (mouth and anus); tube
within a tube arrangement
No circulatory and respiratory organs; gas exchange
by simple diffusion
Nervous system consists of anterior and posterior
nerves and cerebral ganglia
Usually dioecious; males usually smaller than
females; internal reproduction
Often see constancy in the number of cells within a
species
Phylum Mollusca
Classes: Polyplacophora chitons, have 8 overlapping plates
forming shell; Scaphopoda tooth shells; Gastropoda stomach-foot
snails, slugs, (both land and water species), all with single shell except
slug; Bivalvia - mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, all having hinged
shells; Cephalopoda head-foot squids, octupuses, nautiluses,
devilfish, cuttlefish, most having a reduced shell
Characteristics:
Bilateral symmetry
Muscular foot; cephalopods with divided tentacles;
allows locomotion
3 body parts foot, mantle- is modified into gills or
lungs, secretes the shell; visceral mass
Have a coelom, although somewhat limited to area
around heart

Have a rasping organ called the radula

Complete digestive system
Open circulatory system with a three chambered
heart, blood with respiratory pigments
One or two kidneys called metanephridias
Nervous system
Sensory organs of touch, smell, taste, equilibrium
and vision; eyes highly developed in cephalopods
Both monoecious and dioecious forms
Trochophore larva mainly

Phylum Annelida Segmented Worms

Classes: Class Polychaeta mostly marine worms such as
featherdusters and clam worms; Class Oligochaeta earthworms; Class
Hirudinea leeches
Characteristics:
Segmented body
Bilateral symmetry
Circular and longitudinal muscles
Outer transparent moist cuticle secreted by epithelium
Chitinous setae often present (except leeches)
Well-developed coelom separated by septa (except
leeches)
Hydrostatic skeleton
Closed circulatory system with respiratory pigments
Complete digestive system
Gas exchange through skin, gills, or parapodia (foot-like
appendages on some marine species)
Paired nephridia in each segment serve as excretory
system
Nervous system with double ventral nerve cord and
paired ganglia; cerebral ganglia serves as brain
Sensory system with tactile organs, taste buds,
statocysts, photoreceptor cells, and eyes with lenses in
some.
May be hermaphroditic (earthworms) or separate sexes;
some species with trochophore larva
Asexual reproduction by budding in some
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobita triliobites; now extinct
Subphylum Chelicerata

Class Merostomata- horseshoe crabs

Class Arachnida scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy longlegs,
Spiders
Subphylum Crustacea crustaceans
Numerous classes are included in this subphylum and the
crustaceans are often referred to as a class but are
actually a subphylum.

Subphylum Uniramia
Class Chilopoda centipedes
Class Diplopoda millipedes
Class Insecta insects
Order Isoptera termites
Order Anoplura lice
Order Hemiptera- true bugs
Order Homoptera cicadas, aphids, scale insects
Order Neuroptera Dobson flys, lacewings
Order Coleoptera beetles
Order Lepidoptera butterflies
Order Odonata damselflies, dragonflies
Order Diptera true flies
Order Hymenoptera ants, bees, wasps
Characteristics of Arthropods:
Bilateral symmetry
Segmentation
Jointed appendages
Exoskeleton
Complex muscular system
Reduced coelom
Complete digestive system with modified mouthparts
for a variety of feeding methods
Open circulatory system
Respiration by body surface, gills, trachea (air tubes)
or book lungs
Paired excretory glands called coxal, antennal, or
maxillary glands or with excretory organs called
Malpighian tubules
Nervous system with well developed sense organs
Separate sexes; usually internal fertilization

Complete (egg, larvae, pupa, adult) or Incomplete

metamorphosis (egg, nymph, adult) seen in many
species

Phylum Echinodermata
Classes: Asteroidea sea stars; Ophiuroidea brittle stars;
Holothuroidea sea cucumbers; Crinoidea sea lilies and feather stars
Characteristics:
Marine
Unsegmented body
Radial symmetry
No head or brain with few specialized sensory organs
Some photoreceptors, statocysts, chemoreceptors,
and tactile receptors
Endoskeleton of cermal calcareous ossicles with
spines or of calcareous spicules
Pedicellaria tiny pincers which help clean the skin
Water vascular system that extend from canals
within tube feet to an opening into the exterior called
a madreporite; allows locomotion
Complete digestive system
No true circulatory system
Respiration as water moves into tube feet bringing
oxygen
Excretory organs absent
Mostly dioecious; external fertilization
Free-swimming bilateral larval stage
Regeneration of lost parts
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata tunicates (sea squirts)
Subphylum Cephalochordata Lancelets
Subphylum Vertebrata includes all the vertebrates
Superclass Agnatha - includes the classes of jawless fish
(hagfishes and lampreys), the cartilage fish (sharks, skates,
rays), the bony fish
Class Amphibia the amphibians; frogs, toads,
salamanders
Class Reptilia the snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles,
alligators, caymens
Class Aves birds

Class Mammalia monotremes (spiny anteater and

duckbilled platypus), marsupials (kangaroos, koala bears),
placental mammals
Characteristics of Chordates:
All have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal
pouches or slits, endostyle or thyroid gland, and
postanal tail all present at some stage of the life
cycle
Integument consists of an epidermis and dermis
Endoskeleton of cartilage and/or bone; all but a few
of the primitive groups have a vertebral column and
cranium
Gills or lungs
Advanced muscular, excretory, digestive, circulatory,
respiratory, and nervous systems
Ventral heart with multiple chambers; closed blood
system of arteries, veins, and capillaries; blood
containing hemoglobin
Well-developed coelom
Well-developed brain consisting of cerebrum,
cerebellum and brain stem
Specialized sense organs
Endocrine system of ductless glands
Separate sexes