Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Concepts
Solving systems of equations
Solving by graphing
Solving by substitution
Solving by elimination
Word problems
Quadratic equations
Solving by graphing
Solving by factoring
The quadratic formula
Quadratic functions
Graphing functions
Sketching parabolas
Parabolic properties
Word problems
Trigonometry
Trigonometric ratios
Solving right triangles
Problems involving two right triangles
Sine law
Cosine law
Word problems
Analytic geometry
2. {
3. {
Word problems
4. There are ninety coins, consisting of quarters and loonies, total $42, how many of each type of
coin are there?
Begin with the let then statement
In this case, let x represent the number of quarters, and y represents the number of
loonies. Then, {
Then simplify both equations, in this case, only the second can be simplified
{
Then you solve the system of equation, by whatever means easiest (or required)
Then substitute the value of y (in this case) into the other equation
(
)
(
)
100000-4y+8y=128000
(
)
Then substitute the value of y into the first equation
simplify
. /
9.
(
)
Expand then simplify
Write each term within the brackets as multiplied by the terms outside of those
brackets
)
(
)
4 (
(
)
Then multiply
Then find two factors of the final term 12 that add up to the coefficient of the middle
term, -8. -2 and -6 work, so substitute them into the expression in place of -8a
)
Then group the terms
, (
(
) ( ))( )
Take the square roots of the two terms. In brackets, add them together, and in another set
of brackets, subtract the square root of the negative term (
) from the positive one
(
)
(
)(
Factor
Group the terms, as appropriate. 12vw can be grouped with -8w, the greatest common
factor being 4w, and 15v with -10, the greatest common factor being 5.
( )
( )
Take the two coefficients in questions like this, theyre the terms outside the brackets
and put them in a bracket together
(
)(
)
Factor
)(
)
Factor (Difference of squares)
Factor out (
)
Theres a difference of squares in the bracket
(
)(
)
Factor (Trinomial factoring)
Multiply the coefficient of the first term, 6, by the coefficient of the last term, -4, which
gives
-24. Note that you always multiply the coefficient of the first term by the 3rd, but
often the coefficient is 1 and in that case it makes no difference.
Find two factors of -24 that add up to 5. -3 and 8 work, so substitute those in place of +5ab.
5ab
Group
( )
( )(
(
)
(
)
Find two terms that add to 1 and multiply to -12. -3 and 4 work, so substitute them in
(
, ( )
( )(
)
( ))
Factor (difference of squares)
)(
)(
Factor
Multiply the coefficients of the first and last terms to get -48, then solve normally; find two
factors that multiply to -48 and add to 22. -24 and 2 work out, so substitute them in, then
group.
(
)
(
)
(
)(
)
10. A box has a length of x centimeters, find the volume and surface area if width is 4 cm shorter
than the length and the height is 3 times the length
First calculate for the volume
(
)
(
)(
)
(
)
11. Find the area between the two rectangles with dimensions
To calculate this, you must subtract the area OF smaller rectangle from the area of the
larger rectangle
(
)(
) (
)(
)
solve by factoring
You have a difference of squares, so the equation can be turned into
(3a + 4) (3a 4) = 0
To solve by factoring, you must determine the two possible answers
One of those factors has to equal 0
If 3a + 4 = 0, then 3a = - 4, and a = -4/3
If 3a -4 = 0 , then 3a = 4, and a = 4/3
The two possible answers are a = -4/3 and a = 4/3
Trinomial factoring
Multiply the 3rd term by the co-efficient of the first, then determine the two numbers
that multiply to that number and add to the 2nd term
In this case (
)
You would re-write the equation as:
)
(
)
Then separate the first two terms and the last two terms (
This then becomes (
)(
)=0
To solve by factoring, you must determine the two possible answers
One of those factors has to equal 0
If
, then
If
, then
The two possible answers are 8 and 5
Trinomial factoring
Multiply the 3rd term by the co-efficient of the first, then determine the two numbers
that multiply to that number and add to the 2nd term
)
In this case (
You would re write the equation as:
)
(
)
Then separate the first two and last two terms as (
)(
)
This becomes (
To solve by factoring, you must determine the two possible answers
One of those factors has to equal 0
If
, then
If
, then
Trinomial factoring
Multiply the 3rd term by the co-efficient of the first, then determine the two numbers
that multiply to that number and add to the 2nd term
)
In this case (
You would re write the equation as:
)
(
)
Then separate the first two and last two terms as (
)(
)
This becomes (
To solve by factoring, you must determine the two possible answers
One of those factors has to equal 0
If
, then
If
, then
The two possible answers are 8 and -2
You have a difference of squares, factor out the GCF in this case (x)
( )(
)=0
To solve by factoring, you must determine the two possible answers
One of those factors has to equal 0
would be obvious
If
, then
and
( )
( )
Graphing functions
A function is a set of ordered pairs for each value of x there is only one for y
To find a function one would conduct a vertical line test which will only intersect one point on the line
A relation will have multiple points,
A quadratic function will have a degree of ,
or
Parabola
Basic function
Can draw table of values, randomly select values of x and see their relation to y
Parabola
-3
18
-2
-1
18
Y=ax^2
If a is more than one the parabola will be stretched vertically
What if we then have a fraction for a (much smaller number?)
x
-3
-2
1.3
-1
0.3
0.3
1.3
-9
-2
-4
-1
-1
-1
-4
-9
Functions
Domain: the domain states what x can be, and is written as:
*
This says; the domain of x is any real number, and must be equal to or less than two
Range: the range states what y is and can be written as:
The vertex: The point where both sides of the function come to a point and is written (_, _)
Opening: where the function appears to open to, can be up or down.
Stretched: when a function has an integer co-efficient of x, ex:
Compressed: when a function has a fractional co-efficient of x, ex:
The scale factor: the co-efficient of x, can be an integer or a fraction
The y-intercept: pretty self-explanatory, the point where the line intersects the y axis, usually takes the
form of the variable K.
The x intercepts: the points where the line intersects the x axis, if they intersect the y axis at a positive
point, this will be non-existent (written as none), is written as an ordered pair.
Practice
Equation
vertex
opening
Stretched
compressed
Scale
factor
y-intercept
X-intercept
range
Domain
) (
Standard Form
And use the coordinates provided, (x,y), (x,y), but note one should be (
should be (
)
Example
Given points A(2,1) and B(3,5) determine the length of the line segment to the nearest tenth
A good way to dissect equations is to use GRASS, given, required, analysis, solution statement
Given: A(2,1), B(3,5)
Required: l
Analysis:
Solution (substitute)
)
(
( )
( )
Note: this is the exact solution; you do not need to round any
(If asked for one tenth of a unit only)
)
(
)
coordinates of the circle centre, and r being the radius
Example
Determine the radius a circle with centre (0,0) and point (2,7). Round to the nearest tenth, if
necessary
Given: the centre of the circle (h,k)=(0,0), therefore h=0 and k=0, a known point is (2,7), x=2, y=7
Required: value of r
Analysis: (
Solution
(
( )
( )
Statement:
(
Example
Write an equation for a circle with Centre (5,2) and radius 4
Given: h=5, k=2 and r=4
(
( )
)
( )
) (
Example
Determine the midpoint of the following lines given their endpoints:
a) (5,7) and (3,9,)
b) (-2, -4) and (-2, 8)
a) Given:
=5,
Required: mp
Analysis:
(
) (
Solution:
(
( ) (
) (
)
) and endpoint 2
Equations of lines
Calculating equations of lines, both in slope- y- intercept form and standard form is an essential
skill.
You will be asked to find the equation of lines using endpoints, and use these lines to calculate
intersections.
The formula for calculating slope is:
You can use the slope (once found) and another point on the line, such as an endpoint to
calculate the y-intercept.
Example
Find the slope and y-intercept of the line that passes through (1,2) and (-2,5)
Now, use one of the endpoints to find the equation of the line
The slope of a perpendicular line is the negative reciprocal of the line it is perpendicular to,
meaning to flip its fractional value and multiply it by -1, for example 3/2 becomes -2/3.
The place where three medians within a triangle intersect is called the Centroid
Example
has verticies A(3,4), B(-5,2), C(1,-4)
Find the equation for the median from C to AB: CD
1. Find the midpoint of the opposite side, AB
) (
) (
) ( )
)
)
Or in standard form
Right bisectors
A right bisector is a line that divides a line in two parts at 90 degrees. In grade 10 mathematics, the
objective is to determine the equation of the line
To find the equation of a right bisector:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The place where three right bisectors intersect within a triangle is called the circumcentre
Example
has verticies A(3,4), B(-5,2), C(1,-4)
Find and equation for GH, the right bisector of AB
) (
) (
) ( )
)
)
4. Use the slope of the right bisector and the midpoint to find the y intercept
Or in standard form
Altitudes
An altitude of a triangle is a segment from a vertex to an opposite side, which it intersects at a right
angle
To calculate an altitude
1. Calculate the slope of the line intersected by the altitude
2. Use the negative reciprocal of that slope, as the slope of the altitudes (because it intersects the
line at a 90 degree angle.)
3. Use the opposite vertex and the slope of the altitude to find the altitude equation
The place where the three altitudes intersect is called the orthocentre
Example
has verticies A(3,4), B(-5,2), C(1,-4)
Find an equation for CE, the altitude from C to AB
1. Calculate the slope of the line intersected by the altitude
3. Use the opposite vertex and the slope of the altitude to find the altitude equation
Or in standard form
B
have
angles
Proving congruence
Although one may be told that these triangles are congruent, to prove that they are, there are three
mainly used theorems (congruence postulates)
1) Side, Side, Side: congruence can be demonstrated by showing that all corresponding sides
are equal.
2) Side, Angle, Side: congruence can be demonstrated by showing that two of the sides, and the
contained angles (angle of the two corresponding sides intersection) are equal, the triangles
are congruent
3) Angle, Side, Angle: if one corresponding side, and any two corresponding angles within the
triangle are equal, then the triangles are also congruent.
Note:
Note:
Note:
means similar to
Similar triangles
The corresponding angles of similar triangles are equal, while their side lengths are proportional
A
C
E
Also
as = =
Proving similarities
To prove that two triangles are similar, there are three main theorems that apply
1) Angle, Angle: show that two angles are similar
2) Side, Side, Side: show that three sides are proportional
3) Side, Angle, Side: show that two sides are proportional and the contained angles are equal
E
a
C
b
F
e
If two triangles are similar, the ratio of their heights is equal to the ratio of corresponding sides,
d=5cm
b=10cm
B
g=4cm
E
e
f=6cm
Finding Areas
AB = 8cm, DE = 12 cm
The area of
is 54cm^2
Solution
AB/DE = 8/12=2/3
The ratio of the areas of the triangles is
or 4/9
=
Let the area of ABC be x, x/54 = 4/9
Then calculate using the cross product rule: 9*x=54*4, 9x=216, x=24
Therefore ABC= 24cm^2
7cm
5cm
Show why
4cm
C
Since AB is parallel to DE
angle A = angle E
Alternate angles
angle b = angle d
Alternate angles
Opposite angles
6cm
D
x
y
Solution of x
Solution of y
Trigonometry
Trigonometry is the study of the relationship between angles and sides in triangles.
A
There are names for each of the sides in the triangle, these
are:
AC- The Hypotenuse: generally the longest side, the
hypotenuse is located opposite the right angle
AB- Opposite: This angle is the one always opposite from
the chosen angle
BC-Adjacent: The third side of a triangle
Theta:
Side ratios
There are three important ratios of sides in right triangles. These functions are all functions of the
given angle, theta. These sides are:
Sine
Cosine
Cosine, shown as cos on a calculator, is represented by the equation
adjacent/hypotenuse
Tangent
A
In this triangle:
Sine = O/H=15/17
B
A
17 H
Cosine = A/H=8/17
Tangent =O/A=15/8
Note: When you are using a calculator ensure that your calculator is in degree mode
Note for future reference When using inverted side ratios use the
nd
button
Finding angles
If you know a trig ratio of an angle, you can find the angle using a calculator. You can use inverted
functions to find the angles from the trig ratio.
Cos = .7071
If
cos
If
)
Tan
sin
If
tan (
sin (
Finding sides in right triangles when given an acute angle and another side
B
X (O)
Y (A)
50cm
Cos =A/H
(H)
Tan =O/A
A
Find X, the opposite side, given that the angle known is
To find X, use the angle ratio that has X and one of the known sides, in this case, the best ratio to use
is Sine, O/H, because we know the length of the hypotenuse
Now that two sides of the right angled triangle are known, the length of the other side can be found
using either the Pythagorean Theorem or using trigonometry.
Generally, using trigonometry is more common and also easier.
i)
ii)
Using trigonometry
cos
cos
)
)
Unknown denominators
Sometimes the unknown may end up in the denominator. To solve for this, you will need an extra
step:
P
cos
6cm
X
X
X=6.38
P
A
X
34cm H
R
O
30cm
To determine angles, first label the angles and then select an angle to determine
For example: Solve for the angle of P
sin
sin
sin
sin (
To solve for the last angle, remember that all angles add up to
180-90-61.9=28.1
Word problems
Some terms you will need to know
The angle of depression: The angle of depression is the line of sight and the horizontal, but only
above the below.
The angle of elevation: The angle of elevation is the angle between the line of sight and the
horizontal, but only above the horizontal. The angle of elevation is also known as the angle of
inclination
Procedure
Step one: Determine and apply what is given in the problem
We know that the cliff is 20 meters high, and that it is at 90 degrees with the sea, we also know that
the angle of depression of the boat and sea is 25 degrees
(This step does not necessarily need to be written down)
Step two: Diagram
20 Metre
Cliff
Step Three: Labeling sides and angles
20 Metre
Cliff
(O)
y (H)
X (A)
sin
15
10
B
C
In
Find angle ACB
sin
sin
CBA=180-90-41.8=48.2
Find CE, (x)
ECD=180-90-48.2=41.8
sin
sin
Example
From a point on the ground, the angle of elevation of the top of a building is
. If one moves 25 metres
closer to that building, the angle of elevation will be
. Find the height of the building.
25
In
tan
(
)(tan
)(
In
,
tan
(tan
Then substitute
(
C
D
sin
sin
sin sin
Q
r
40 cm q
So,
sin
sin
Substitute
sin
sin
Cross multiply
sin
sin
(
sin
c=10cm
a=22cm
sin
sin
sin
Consider
(
In triangle
sin
(sin
)
A
10m
Cosine Law
Cosine law can be used when Two sides, and a contained angle are given or when three sides are given.
a
h
In
(
b-x
cos )
cos
cos
cos
Example
10cm
cos
(
(
)(
) cos
)
20cm
,
Find angle B using cosine law
cos
cos
)(
cos
cos
cos