Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a,*
, Chi-Chuan Wang
Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Laboratory (FUTURE),
Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi,
Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
Energy and Resources Laboratory, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan, ROC
Abstract
The present study proposes a new reduction method to calculate the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the
wavy n-and-tube heat exchangers under dehumidifying conditions. For fully wet conditions, the sensible heat transfer
and mass transfer characteristics are relatively insensitive to the inlet relative humidity. The heat and mass transfer performances show appreciable inuence of n spacing at 1-row conguration. Both the heat and mass transfer performances increase when the n spacing is reduced. However, the dierence becomes less noticeable when ReDc > 3000.
For 1-row conguration, larger wave height shows much larger dierence with the n spacing. However, the eect
of inlet conditions and geometrical parameters on the heat and mass performance becomes less signicant with the rise
of number of tube rows. Test results show that the heat and mass transfer analogy is roughly applicable (the ratios of
hc,o/hd,oCp,a are in the range 0.61.1, and is insensitive to change of n spacing). The correlations are proposed to
describe the heat and mass transfer characteristics. These correlations can describe 94.19% of the jh factors within
15% and 83.72% of the jm factors within 15%. Correspondingly, 93.02% of the ratios of hc,o/hd,oCp,a are predicted
by the proposed correlation within 15%.
2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Wavy n-and-tube heat exchangers; Dehumidifying; Heat transfer; Mass transfer
1. Introduction
The plate n-and-tube heat exchangers are the most
widely used heat exchangers in association with the
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +66 2 470 9115; fax: +66 2 470
9111.
E-mail address: somchai.won@kmutt.ac.th (S. Wongwises).
application of air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. The heat exchangers can be used for condensers
where surface is dry and evaporators in which surface
may be wet provided the n temperature is below the
dew point temperature. In regard to the wet surface,
simultaneous heat and mass transfer occurs along the
n surfaces. In general, the complexity of the moist air
ow pattern across the n-and-tube heat exchangers
under dehumidifying conditions makes the theoretical
Nomenclature
Af
A0
Ap,i
Ap,o
b0p
b0r
b0w;m
b0w;p
Cp,a
Cp,w
Dc
Di
fi
F
Gmax
hc,o
hd,o
hi
ho,w
I0
I1
i
ia
ia,in
ia,m
ia,out
ig
im
ir,in
ir,m
ir,out
is,fm
is,fb
surface area of n, m2
total surface area, m2
inside surface area of tubes, m2
outside surface area of tubes, m2
slope of the air saturation curved between
the outside and inside tube wall temperature, J kg1 K1
slope of the air saturation curved between
the mean water temperature and the inside
wall temperature, J kg1 K1
slope of the air saturation curved at the
mean water lm temperature of the n
surface, J kg1 K1
slope of the air saturation curved at the
mean water lm temperature of the tube
surface, J kg1 K1
moist air specic heat at constant pressure,
J kg1 K1
water specic heat at constant pressure,
J kg1 K1
tube outside diameter (include collar), m
tube inside diameter, m
in-tube friction factors of water
correction factor
maximum mass velocity based on minimum
ow area, kg m2 s1
sensible heat transfer coecient, W m2 K1
mass transfer coecient, kg m2 K1
inside heat transfer coecient, W m2 K1
total heat transfer coecient for wet external n, W m2 K1
modied Bessel function solution of the rst
kind, order 0
modied Bessel function solution of the rst
kind, order 1
enthalpy, kJ kg1
air enthalpy , kJ kg1
inlet air enthalpy, kJ kg1
mean air enthalpy, kJ kg1
outlet air enthalpy, kJ kg1
saturated water vapor enthalpy, kJ kg1
mean enthalpy, kJ kg1
saturated air enthalpy at the inlet water temperature, kJ kg1
mean saturated air enthalpy at the mean
water temperature, kJ kg1
saturated air enthalpy at the outlet water
temperature, kJ kg1
saturated air enthalpy at the n mean temperature, kJ kg1
saturated air enthalpy at the n base temperature, kJ kg1
is,p,i,m
is,p,o,m
is,w
is,w,m
jh
jm
K0
K1
kf
ki
kp
kw
Lp
m_ a
m_ w
N
P
Pd
Pl
Pr
Pt
Q_
Q_ a
Q_ avg
Q_ total
Q_ w
R
RH
ri
ro
ReDi
ReDc
Sc
Sp
Ta
Tw
Tw,m
Tp,i,m
Tp,o,m
Tr,m
t
Uo,w
V
Wa
Wa,m
Ws,p,o,m
Ws,w
Ws,w,m
Xf
yw
e
gf,wet
l
q
method to determine the air-side performance of nand-tube heat exchangers under dehumidifying conditions. The eects of inlet relative humidity, n spacing,
and the number of tube rows on the mass transfer characteristics are examined in this study.
2. Experimental apparatus
The schematic diagram of the experimental air circuit
assembly is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a closed-loop
wind tunnel in which air is circulated by a variable speed
centrifugal fan (7.46 kW, 10 HP). The air duct is made
of galvanized sheet steel and has an 850 mm 550 mm
cross-section. The dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
of the inlet air are controlled by an air-ventilator that
can provide a cooling capacity up to 21.12 kW (6RT).
The air ow-rate measurement station is an outlet chamber setup with multiple nozzles. This setup is based on
the ASHRAE 41.2 standard [8]. A dierential pressure
transducer is used to measure the pressure dierence
3. Data reduction
3.1. Heat transfer coecient (hc,o)
Basically, the present reduction method is based on
the Threlkeld [12] method. Some important reduction
procedures of the original Threlkeld method is described
as follows:
Table 1
Geometric dimensions of the sample wavy n-and-tube heat exchangers
No.
Sp (mm)
Xf (mm)
Dc (mm)
Pd (mm)
Pt (mm)
Pl (mm)
Row no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00148
0.00152
0.00270
0.00280
0.00342
0.00351
0.00157
0.00305
0.00159
0.00300
0.00152
0.00158
0.00302
0.00295
0.00145
0.00153
0.00270
0.00294
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
6.3500
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
4.7625
0.01038
0.00862
0.01038
0.00862
0.00862
0.00862
0.00862
0.00862
0.00862
0.00862
0.00862
0.00862
0.00862
0.00862
0.01038
0.00862
0.01038
0.00862
1.18
1.58
1.18
1.58
1.58
1.68
1.18
1.18
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.18
1.18
1.58
1.18
1.58
1.18
1.58
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.0254
0.01963
0.02007
0.01963
0.02007
0.02007
0.02627
0.01963
0.01963
0.02007
0.02007
0.02007
0.01963
0.01963
0.02007
0.01963
0.02007
0.01963
0.02007
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
Table 2
Summary of estimated uncertainties
Primary measurements
Derived quantities
Parameter
Uncertainty
Parameter
m_ a
m_ w
DP
Tw
Ta
0.31%
0.5%
0.5%
0.05 C
0.1 C
ReDc
ReDi
Q_ w
Q_ a
j
1.0%
0.73%
3.95%
5.5%
11.4%
0.57%
0.73%
1.22%
2.4%
5.9%
number of fins
4 3 2 1
1
2
Q_ Q_ w
a
2
number of
tube passes per row
ia;in ia;out
i ia;out ia;in ir;out
a;in
ia;in ir;out
i
a;in ir;out ia;out ir;in
ln ia;out ir;in
6
ir;out ir;in
ir;out ir;in ia;in ir;out
ia;in ir;out
ia;in ir;out ia;out ir;in
ia;out ir;in
7
The overall heat transfer coecient is related to the
individual heat transfer resistance [14] as follows:
0
Dc
1
b0r A0 bp A0 ln Di
1
8
A g
Ap;o
2pk p Lp
U o;w hi Ap;i
f0 f;wet
ho;w 0
bw;p A0
bw;m A0
where
1
kyww
yw in Eq. (9) is the thickness of the water lm. A constant of 0.005 inch was proposed by Myers [14]. In practice, (yw/kw) accounts for only 0.55% compared to
(C p;a =b0w;m hc;o , and has often been neglected by previous
investigators. As a result, this term is not included in the
nal analysis.
In this study, we had proposed a more detailed reduction method relative to the conventional lump approach.
The proposed method can divide the n-and-tube heat
exchangers into many tiny segments (number of tube
rows number of tube passes per row number of ns)
as shown in Fig. 2. The tube-side heat transfer coecient, hi is evaluated from the Gnielinski correlation
(Gnielinski, [15]),
hi
C p;a
b0w;m hc;o
ho;w
where F is the correction factor accounting for a singlepass, cross-ow heat exchanger and Dim is the mean
enthalpy dierence for counter ow coil,
ln
ir;m ir;out
ia;m ia;in
Cold water
inlet
fi =2ReDi 1000Pr
ki
p 2=3
D
1:07 12:7 fi =2Pr 1 i
1
1:58 ln ReDi 3:282
12
13
The values of b0w;p and b0w;m are the slope of saturated enthalpy curve evaluated at the outer mean water lm temperature at the base surface and the n surface. Without
loss of generality, b0w;p can be approximated by the slope
of saturated enthalpy curve evaluated at the base surface
temperature [16]. The wet n eciency (gf,wet) based on
the enthalpy dierence is proposed by Threlkeld [12].
i.e.,
gf;wet
i is;fm
i is;fb
14
where is,fm is the saturated air enthalpy at the mean temperature of n and is,fb is the saturated air enthalpy at
the n base temperature. The use of the enthalpy potential equation, greatly simplies the n eciency calculation as illustrated by Kandlikar [17]. However, the
original formulation of the wet n eciency by Threlkeld [12] was for straight n conguration (Fig. 3(a)).
For a circular n (Fig. 3(b)), the wet n eciency is [16]
gf;wet
10
11
2ri
K 1 M T ri I 1 M T ro K 1 M T ro I 1 M T ri
M T r2o r2i K 1 M T ro I 0 M T ri K 0 M T ri I 1 M T ro
15
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3. Type of n conguration. (a) Straight n, (b) circular n, (c) continuous plat n.
where
s
2ho;w
MT
kf t
16
The test heat exchangers are of Fig. 3(c) conguration. Hence, the corresponding n eciency is calculated
by the equivalent circular area as depicted by Wang
et al. [16]. Evaluation of b0w;m requires a trial and error
procedure. For the trial and error procedure, is,w,m must
be calculated using the following equation:
C p;a ho;w gf;wet
b0w;m hc;o
0
2
is;w;m ia;m
@1 U o;w A0 4
b0r
hi Ap;i
b0p ln
31
Dc
Di
2pk p Lp
5Aia;m ir;m
17
b0p A0 lnDDc
3.5.
Calculate
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
3.10.
3.11.
Assume a Tw,m.
Calculate the gf,wet using Eq. (15).
Calculate Uo,w from Eq. (8).
Calculate is,w,m by Eq. (17).
Calculate Tw,m from is,w,m.
If Tw,m derived in step 3.10 is not equal that is
assumed in step 3.6, the calculation steps 3.7
and
2pk p Lp
18
hc;o
hd;o C p;a
19
However, for the present n-and-tube heat exchanger, Eq. (18) did not correctly describe the dehumidication process on the psychrometric chart. This is because
the saturated air enthalpy (is,w) at the mean temperature
at the n surface is dierent from that at the n base. In
hc;o
Pr2=3
Gmax C p;a
hd;o 2=3
jm
Sc
Gmax
jh
24
25
20
Note that the rst term on the right-hand side denotes the heat transfer for the outside tube part whereas
the second term is the heat transfer for the n part. Conservation of water condensate gives
m_ a dW a hd;o dAp;o W a;m W s;p;o;m
hd;o dAf W a;m W s;w;m
21
dia
R ia;m is;p;o;m R e 1 ia;m is;w;m
0.05
15%
22
0.04
A0
Ap;o
23
-15%
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
jh (Threlkeld's model)
(a)
0.05
30%
0.04
jm (Presented model)
jh (Presented model)
where
-30%
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
(b)
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
jm (Threlkeld's model)
iations lies in larger tube row at RH = 50% where partially dry out occurred on the n surface. By contrast,
for the reduced results of mass transfer performance
by the original Threlkeld method, one can see a much
larger departure relative to the present reduction method
(the mean deviation is 22.9%). This is attributed to the
original Threlkeld method is more suitable for counter-cross-ow arrangement and the original method
reveals irrational dependence of inlet humidity. A
previous study by the present authors [18] had shown
an analogous trend for the plain n geometry under
dehumidifying conditions.
The heat and mass transfer performance for 1-row
conguration subject to the inuence of inlet relative
humidity is schematically shown in Fig. 5(a) and (b).
As seen in Fig. 5(a), for the same wave height and tube
.06
RH=0.9 RH=0.5
#1
#1
#2
#2
#3
#3
#4
#4
#5
#5
#6
#6
jh
.04
.02
.01
.008
.006
250
500
750 1000
(a)
2500
5000 7500
2500
5000 7500
ReDc
.06
jm
.04
.02
.01
.008
.006
250
(b)
RH=0.9 RH=0.5
#1
#1
#2
#2
#3
#3
#4
#4
#5
#5
#6
#6
500
750 1000
ReDc
results indicate the blockage of the tube row by the condensate retention may hinder the performance of the
heat exchangers. Thus one can see a slight drop of mass
transfer performance. However, a considerable increase
of mass transfer performance when RH = 0.5 and
ReDc > 1000 is encountered. This is attributed to the
blow-o condensate by ow inertia which makes more
zoom for water vapor to condense along the surface.
The aforementioned results are applicable for the 1row congurations, test results for the 2-rows conguration is shown in Fig. 6(a) and (b). For the heat transfer
performance shown in Fig. 6(a), one can see the performance dierence is reduced regardless the inuences are
from inlet relative humidity, Pd, or from n spacing.
With the increase of the number of tube rows, the condensate blow-o phenomenon in the row is blocked by
.06
RH=0.9
RH=0.5
#7
#7
#8
#8
#9
#9
#10
#10
.04
jh
.02
.01
.008
.006
250
500
750 1000
2500
5000 7500
ReDc
(a)
hc;o
1
hd;o C p;a
.06
RH=0.9
RH=0.5
#7
#7
#8
#8
#9
#9
#10
#10
jm
.04
.02
.01
.008
.006
250
(b)
500
750 1000
2500
5000 7500
ReDc
26
0.05
1
.8
0.04
15%
-15%
.6
Correlated jh
hc,o/hd,oCp,a
.4
1 Row
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
.2
.1
250
500
2 Rows
#7
#8
#9
#10
4 Rows
#11
#12
#13
#14
750 1000
0.03
0.02
0.01
2500
0.00
5000 7500
ReDc
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Experimental jh
0.04
15%
0.03
Correlated jm
the considerable inuence of inlet humidity of the original Threlkelds method whereas for the present reduction method, the ratio is relatively insensitive to
change of inlet humidity provided that the surface is
fully wet. Secondly, reduction by the present method
indicates that the ratio of hc,o/hd,oCp,a is slightly decreased with the rise of Reynolds number whereas the
original Threlkeld method shows the opposite trend
(slightly increases with the Reynolds number). As aforementioned in previous section, with the rise of inlet ow
inertia, the condensate can be easily removed for making
more room for further condensation. The condensate removal becomes even pronounced with smaller n spacing. In that regard, the removal of condensate subject
to larger ow inertia help to improve the mass transfer
performance. Therefore, one can see the ratio of hc,o/
hd,oCp,a is slightly decreased with the n spacing. Notice
that the eect of n spacing on the ratio of hc,o/hd,oCp,a
is also insignicant. This is associated with the high air
ow rate would increase the vapor shear, and wipe away
the condensate that leads to increase heat and mass
transfer simultaneously. Therefore, the eect of n spacing on the ratio of hc,o/hd,oCp,a is comparatively small.
Based on previous discussions, there is not single
curve that can describe the phenomena for both jh and
jm. In that regard, we had performed a multiple regression technique in a practical range of experimental data
(300 < ReDc < 4500) to generate design correlations, the
appropriate correlation form of jh and jm for the present
data are as follows:
0:00412N 0:0217
0:0142N 0:478 Sp
jh 0:171e0:377N ReDc
Dc
0:114N 0:440
A0
27
Ap;o
-15%
0.02
0.01
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Experimental jm
Fig. 9. Comparison of jm between those derived by correlation
and experiment.
0:0580N 0:475
jm 0:315e0:441N ReDc
A0
Ap;o
0:00223N 0:223
Sp
Dc
0:00471N 0:0216
28
0:00867N 0:0425
hc;o
0:0714N 0:00361 Sp
0:792N
0:490e
ReDc
Dc
hd;o C p;a
0:107N 0:203
A0
29
Ap;o
1.2
15%
Correlated hc,o/hd,oCp,a
-15%
0.8
0.6
Acknowledgement
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
Experimental hc,o/hd,oCp,a
5. Conclusions
The present study examines the heat and mass transfer characteristics of 18 wavy n-and-tube heat exchangers under dehumidifying conditions. On the basis of the
results and discussions, the following results are
concluded:
1. A new reduction method based on the Threlkeld
method is proposed in this study for reducing the test
results. For fully wet conditions, the sensible heat
transfer characteristic and mass transfer characteristic by the present method are relatively insensitive
to the inlet relative humidity.
2. For fully wet conditions having 1-row conguration,
the heat transfer performance and mass transfer performance shows appreciable inuence of n spacing.
Both the heat transfer performance is increased when
the n spacing is reduced. However, the dierence
becomes less noticeable when ReDc > 3000. The inuence is also related to the wave height, larger wave
height shows much larger dierence with the n spacing. Moreover, both jh and jm are comparatively independent of the n spacing when the number of tube
rows is increased (e.g. N > 2).
3. The eect of inlet conditions and geometrical parameters on the heat and mass performance becomes less
signicant with the number of tube rows.
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