Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MEMBER AIEE
372
IA
ft v
NEUTRAL N_
n
1_
( a ) - NO FAULT
(b)
Tl
NEUTRAL N
VR
- SOLID FAULT AT F
I.
Construction of Impedance
Charts From System Data
Notation
Vectors and complex numbers atarepresented by letters without distiugui'shing'
marks; scalar values of those huSrtiiies;
are enclosed in vertical bars? u : i ; uius, '
the vector voltage at point %" is writ- '
ten VA; the scalar of VA i s % i f t e t f | 7 j . '
is vrr:~~c
Assumptions
The method of constructing impedance
charts given here applies to any threephase system whic^i can be replaced dur-
AIEE
TRANSACTIONS
NEUTRAL N
(o) - NO FAULT
=^rr
A2B2C2P2
VR
EA
NEUTRAL N
(b) - NO FAULT
=5?
NEUTRAL N
( c j - SOLID FAULT AT F
OT\VB/VA\
and
the
1945,
VOLUME
64
373
Method AConstruction of
Complete Chart
1. On a sheet of rectangular cross-section
paper, such as shown in Figure 5, locate the
origin 0. As the chart gives the impedances
seen by a relay at R, the origin represents R,
the location of the relay. Selecting a con
venient scale, with resistance and reactance
as abscissa and ordinate, respectively, lay
off Zx and Zz from the origin, locating
points A and B, respectively. These points
are shown in Figure 5. Point A corresponds
to the impedance Zx=ZzZy seen by the
relay when ^ = 0; point B corresponds to
the impedance Zz= Zx-\-Zy seen by the
relay when EB = Q, positive direction of cur
rent being from A to B. Points A and B
may be considered the terminals A and B at
which the voltages EA and EB, referred to
the relay, are applied.
2. Draw a straight line from A to B and
determine its midpoint M. The line AB
will have the length \Zy\ and, in the direction
AB, the slope of Zy = \Zy\/Jv. This is
indicated in Figure 5. Extend the line AB
in both directions. The line AB (extended)
is the line of centers of the circles for con
stant values of the ratio \EA/EB\ or
EB/EA\.
Through M, the midpoint of AB,
draw the line GMH perpendicular to AB.
The line GMH is the line of centers of the
arcs for constant values of 8, the angle by
which EA leads EB.
3. For any assumed value of \EA/EB\
calculate \EAK/EB\.
If EA and EB are
internal generated voltages to neutral (or
their equivalents) applied at A and B behind
transient reactances, they can be calculated
or estimated for a given system operating
under normal specified conditions. Under
374
Table I.
z,
1.
2.
3.
ZRR -. .
Z.BR
ZRR-B
4.
5.
B= 1
ZAR
JZk-
ZRR~
. . . ZRR-B .
ZRR-
0
ZRR-
ZRR-B
. . ZRR.. B .
ZRR
(ZAR
ZBR \
ZBR
ZRR
[ZA~R+Z-B^)
ZAR
ZRR-
ZRR-A+ZRR-B
'
ZRR-A+ZRR-B
ZBR
ZARZRR-B
1/0
ZBR
ZRR-B
ZRR-B
ZRR-A
ZRR-A
ZAR
All the impedances in Table I can be obtained from the positive-sequence diagrams of Figures 1-4 with A
and B short-circuited to neutral and no fault on the system: With a voltage ER applied between neutral
and R, and A and B short-circuited to neutral, let / be the current entering the network at 22 and Ip and
J the components of / at p and q, respectively, which are also the components of / at R flowing toward A
and B, respectively; let I A and IB be the currents leaving the network at A and B, respectively. Then
ZRR^ER/1;
ZRR-A~ER/IP;
The imped
ances ZAR and sBR are required only for the general network. With a series voltage eR inserted at R in
Figure la, and A and B short-circuited to neutral, let I A and IB be the currents at A and B, respectively.
Then zAB=*ZRA=>eR/lA; XBR = zRB = eR/lB
AIEE
TRANSACTIONS
Solution of Problem.
From Table
Z, ft =ZB = 5 0 / 8 0 o f a n s .
V3(ZA+ZB)
Table II:
100
: - i - i/ ;7 0 / 3
= 1-J0.8248 = 1-296/-39.52
= 1.30/40 , approximately
From Table II :
Zr=ZA=20/80
K
=l+i
= 1+./ 0.8248
V3(ZA+ZB)
= 1.296/39.52
.155/30)
, . 1 \ 100/g0_O(l.l
+J
!.296/39.52
~\
y/*/
L296/3
= 89.2/70.48 ohms
Table I I .
= 1.3 or t o \EA/EB\
= 1.Z+ '
100/80(i.l55/-30o)
1.296/-39.52
=89.2/89.52 ohms
The chart of the impedance Zac will be
expressed in per unit of a base impedance
equal to |Z|=89.2 ohms. In per unit of
89.2 ohms, Z=1.00 /89.52 = 0.009 + j
1.00; Z x = 0 . 2 2 4 4 / 8 0 o = 0 . 0 3 9 + j 0.221,
Zz=Zy-Zx=
- 0 . 0 3 0 - f j 0.779. K, being
1945,
VOLUME
64
Figure
Zy ="-1-
Zs
lZcb = ZB
3a..
I Zac
Zba
Zc Zs/
zA
...+-
ZA
Zc
...Zfl+...
.1 \
Zs
V3(Z^+ZB)
Zc Zs/
1 \
ZA+ZB+-g- =-~i 1+J'v!fJ
Zs
+.V3(ZA+ZB)
++
lZeb=~ZB
3b.
\Zac
\Zu
...KZA+ZB...
Zc
.KZA+ZB. . . Zc
...KZA+ZB+Z
= KZS
.KZA+ZB+Zc~KZs\
1/
..1/
( * )
Zs
l-j V3(Z*+Zc)
e
Zs
l-hr
j5(Zs+Zc)
375
--9-
WWVTORT-
_-
I GAEAGBEB
HA
GA
\GAGB)_
EB\GB/
HB t \GA
GB )
Gi
-ZR=ZZ
2*-lzJ-
W i t h s = 0,
<t> = +ek,ord=<t>-ek
1-
ZRZz/ez
/By
EB
7-a-g*
EAK
(4)
Table III.
|EAK/EB|
1-/()
(3)
(7)
\zy\Ah
-,\/+
(6)
EK
1 - A /+0k
EB
\Zy
En
B
ZR=ZZ Zx-\-Zy
(5)
'.
_
EAK /
EB
zx/h+1-
\Zy\/jy
EAK
(8)
MXyjZy|
|EAK/EB|
r"/\Zy\
MX*/|Z y |
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 ....0.5000
0.101....0.4091
0.208....0.3333
0.330....0.2692
0.9
0.95
1.0
1.05
4.737. ..0.0263.
9.744. . .0.0128.
. . .
0 .
1 0 . 2 4 4 . . . 0.0122.
0.4
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.476....0.2143
0.667....0.1667
0.789....0.1452
0.938....0.1250
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
5.238...
3.566...
2.727...
2.222...
0.0238.
0.0349.
0.0455.
0.0556.
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
1.126....0.1061
1.373....0.0882
1.714....0.0714
2.222....0.0556
3.063....0.0405
1.3
1.35
.1.4
1.45
1.5
1.884...
1.641...
1.458...
1.315...
1.200...
0.0652.
0.0745.
0.0833.
0.0918.
0.1000.
1-/
-
:376
(2)
R
1
NEUTRAL N
(b)
ZR ZZ
EA\GA)
VWvV'WRP
NEUTRAL
(a)
(!)
VR
-WAArRRP
|EAK/EB|
rV|Z y J MX*/|Zy
. 1.55..
. 1.6 ..
. 1.65..
1.7 ..
.1.105..
.1.026..
.0.958..
.0.899..
.0.1078
.0.1154
.0.1226
.0.1296
. 1.75..
. 1.8 ..
. 1.85..
. 1.9 .
. 1.95.
. 2.0 .
. 2.5 .
. 5.0 .
.10.0 .
.0.848..
.0.804..
.0.764.
.0.728.,
.0.1364
.0.1429
.0.1491
.0.1552
.0.696.
.0.667.
.0.476.
.0.208.
.0.101.
0..
0.1610
0.1667
0.2143
0.3333
0.4091
0.5000
*r is the radius of the circle; X is its intersection with AB. See Figure 5. MX is the distance from M
the midpoint of A B to X in the positive direction MB. The center of the circle C is on AB (extended).
MC has the sign of MX. \MCi=r-f \MX\.
Swings
A I E E TRANSACTIONS
Figure 5.
Circles for Constant Ratios of the
Magnitudes of EA and EB
The first terms in the two equations 8
are constant impedances; the second
terms involve EA/EB or EB/EA and other
constants. In reference 5, it is inowu
that an impedance equation in t h e form of
either of these second terms is the equa
tion of a circle for, any constant value of
the ratio of the magnitudes of the two
Voltages when the phase angle between
them varies from 0 to 360 degrees; and
equations for the centers and radii of
these circles are given. The addition of
the constant first term shifts the centers
of the circles but does not change their
radii. If r is the length of the radius and
C is the center of the circle referred to the
origin, and ZR is expressed in terms of
EJEB,
EAK\
|zl E 1
B
\EA K
-1
C^lr
(10)
=M)4"
MX
(11)
^ 1 |Jt/ B !'+l
-2
&AK/EB\>-1
(12)
MxJH
2
[-]'
I
-1
EB\
If \EAK/EB\
EAK
-1
EB
\EAK
+1
\Ea
" 1945, V O L U M E 6 4
NEUTRAL N
(b)
Relay location R at
Relay location R at A
,| \EB/(E AK)\
EB 21
1EAK
1-\EB/{EJQ\
l+\EB/(EAK)\
(14)
(15)
D = ,/-ev
(13)
NEUTRAL N
(o)
\EAKV
EAK 2
-f-i
\E*
-1
\EB
VA and VB
,r l z
\EB
MC
sequence diagrams
of a symmetrical
three-phase
linear
network
between
terminal
voltages
EB
/-g-fljb-fly
KEAZy\
(W)
X'=-Zx+
1-/-
= -zz+ 1 cos +j
(1-
= -Zx+
,
= -Zx+~+
sin
cos -j sin
2 ( 1 - cos)
(17)
Zu\Zy\/ey-W
377
20, it will be noted that when points A and tance relay, using line-to-line voltage and
B corresponding t o EA = Q and = 0,
t h e corresponding delta current, will see
respectively, have been located, the set of
the same system impedance on threecircles for constant values of
\EB/(KEA)\
phase, phase-to-phase, or two-phase-toor \EAK/EB\
and the arcs for constant
ground faults in a symmetrical threecot phase linear system having equal positive(18) values of =-\- can be determined
2
MX'= J
from the length and slope of the line AB
and negative-sequence impedances, pro
2 tan
which represents the impedance Zy
vided the fault involves t h e phases t o
\Zy\ /By. If line AB is taken as unity or which the relay is connected. Accord
100 per cent, and a chart constructed with ingly, the three impedances at R are
If cot (/2) is positive, MX' is positive;
if cot (/2) is negative, MX"' is negative.
complete sets of circles and arcs of circles
Vb-Vc
This is indicated in Figure 5 where MX' for constant values of \EB/(EAK) | or
(21)
h-h
h~ -h
is positive for values of between 0 and \EAK/EB\
and = --0*, respectively,
180 degrees, and negative for values of this chart can be used for any system if
Vac
c -Va
between 180 and 360 degrees. The inter impedances are expressed in per unit of a ^ac
(22)
h-la
1,-1.
sections X' are shown for = 6 0 and 240 base impedance equal to \Zy\ =AB. The
degrees.
general chart is shown in Figure 6 with
. JjLL _ YsiliL
(23)
From equation 18 and Figure 5, the line AB in a vertical position. The length Zba~ lah
la lb
angles AX'M and BX'M are each equal t o AB = \ZV\ in this chart is five centimeters.
where V and I in the above equations are
/2.
If C is the center of the arc, t h e Any convenient length may be selected.
sinusoidal voltages t o neutral and line
angles AC M and BCM will each be There are no co-ordinates o n the chart.
currents, respectively, of fundamental
equal to (an angle inscribed in a circle
It consists of circles and arcs of circles
frequency at R; and subscripts a, b, c
is one-half the angle at the center sub and the straight lines AB (extended)
tended b y the same arc). The distance and the perpendicular bisector of AB. refer t o phases a, 6, c, respectively.
MC is therefore
The circles are graduated in terms of
Power Swings During Symmetrical
\EAK/EB\, the arcs in terms of =0-1-0*.
z
System Conditions
v\
\z [cQt
Illustrations
of
the
use
of
the
gen
j ? -2Jtan
* l 2 tan\ (i+0*)
l vl
2
eral impedance chart are given in part
This case covers symmetrical three(19) I. It may be preferable t o use a template
phase short circuits, and system condi
If cot is positive, the center C is in the for the general impedance chart, in which tions after a fault has been cleared and
case points A and B of the template would
direction MH; if cot is negative, C
initial transients have disappeared. In a
is in the direction MG. Values of or of be placed over A and B of the rectangular
symmetrical three-phase system under
co-ordinate paper, and the desired circles
= + 0 * which differ b y 180 degrees will
balanced operation, there are only posi
and
arcs
of
circles
drawn
on
the
paper.
have the same center C; but from equa
tive-sequence currents and voltages.
tion 18, their intersection X' with GMH
Va= Val and Ia=Iai>
With phase order
will be on opposite sides of M. This is
a b c: Vb=a2Vai;
Vc=aVal;
I^aH^;
shown in Figure 5, where the arcs for III.
Equations for System Ic=alal.
Substitution of these values in
= 60 degrees and = 240 degrees have
Zcb=Zac=Z*a=
Impedances Seen by Relays equations 2 1 - 2 3 gives
the same center C but their intersections
During Power Swings
X' with GMH are on opposite sides of M.
The impedance ZR seen b y the relays
When the center C has been located,
in the three phases at any location R under
the radius r' is equal to the distance from
symmetrical system conditions can be
Equations will be derived and expressed
C to A or B. The equation for the radius in the form of equation 3 of part II for
determined from the ratio of the positiver'is
sequence line-to-neutral voltage a t i? t o
the impedances seen b y distance relays
the positive-sequence line current at R.
during power swings, with and without
\Zy\
(20) faults, based on the assumptions stated in T h e problem is to express ZR VR/IR
7> = C'A = CB =
2 sin 2 sin (+0*)
b y an equation in the form of equation 3
part I. A brief discussion of three-phase
in terms of the positive-sequence system
To construct charts for constant values linear systems containing unsymmetrical
impedances, the ratio \EA/EB\ or \EB/EA\,
of \EB/EA\ or \EJEB\
and , the as static circuits, with a suggested method
and the angle ; is the angle b y which
of procedure, is given at the end of part
sumed value of \EB/EA\ is divided b y K
EA leads B . With the equation in speci
t o obtain \EB/(EAK)\,
or the assumed III.
fied form, the three complex impedances
It has been shown 6 that a phase dis
value of \EA/EB\ is multiplied by | X | to
obtain \EAK/EB\,
and the assumed value
of is added to 6k to obtain = --0*.
= AB and
Table IV. Location of Centers of Arcs for Constant Values of in Terms of
Circles for constant values of \EB-(EAK)\ or \EAK/EB\ and arcs for constant
values of are then constructed as ex
*MC'/|ZyI
MC'/IZyl
MC7|Zy|
0-{+9k
*=5-Mk
<-5+0k
plained above, but circles and arcs are
graduated in terms of \EB/EA\
or \EA/EB\
0,180
60,240
0.2887
120, 300.....'.".. .0.2887
and , respectively. This is illustrated in
5,185
5.715
65,245
0.2332
.125,305
0.3501
Figure 5, where circles and arcs are labeled
10,190
2.836
70,250
0.1820
130,310
0.4196
in terms of \EA/EB\,
\EB/EA\ and , as
15,195
1.866
75,255
0.1340
135,315
0.5000
well as in terms of \EAK/EB\ and .
20,200
1.374
80,260
0.0882
140,320
0.596
v-
25,205
30,210
35,215
1.072
0.866
0.714
85,265
90,270
95,275
0.0437
0
0.0437
145,325
150,330
155,335
0.714
0.866
....1.072
40,220
0.596
100,280
0.0882
160,340
1.374
45,225
0.500
105,285
0.1340
165,345
,..1.866
A general chart for determining the
50,230
0.4196
110,290
0.1820
170,350
2.836
system impedances seen by relays during
55,235
0.3501
115,295
0.2332
175,355
5.715
power swings was first suggested and con
*MC
is
the
distance
from
M,
the
midpoint
of
.45,
to
C
,
the
center
of
the
arc
on
GMH.
See
Figure 5.
structed by A. J. McConnell.
MX' is the distance from M to X', the intersection of the arc with GMH in the positive direction MB,
JReferring t o equations 10-15 and 1 8 - If is between 0 and 180 degrees MX* is positive; if is between 180 and 360 degrees, MX' is negative.
378
ClarkeImpedances
During
Power
Swings
A I E E TRANSACTIONS
100
\*
Z.ftxtD
RR
a a - ai
i
(25)
^BR/
*-.
^ *-*
ZRRA-\-ZRRB\ZAR
DATA:
Z* 5 + J 2 5 OHMS
Z z 25 ] 3 5 OHMS
8 /340
J_
Figure 5.
ZRR-q
components of ZRR in
or
^RR-A*ZRR^By
t h e directions p and q,
respectively (or in the directions A and B
when there is no ambiguity in regard to
direction of current) = ratios of the voltage
to neutral applied a t R to the components
1945, V O L U M E 6 4
(25a)
ZBBj
iR =
EA
EB
%AR
koo
RRA^RRB
RRA r?K
ZRRp+ZRRq
ClarkeImpedances
Z
During
(24)
*+ZE
Power
Swings
(26)
ZBR
^RRZARZBR(EAZBR-\-EBZAR\
^R
IR
ZARZBR
\ EAzBREBzAR
ZR=ZR
7~~ )
\^AR
EB
*BR \
A~7
ZAR
^BRf
\zAR/
(zAR
. %BR \
RR[yt)
6RR
nr
^BR
\^AR
-.
EB
^BR/
(ZAR\
(27)
EA\zBRJ
ZBR
ZRR[ ~r-Tp- );
\^AR
^BR/
7 7
?i*.. 7
K=zBR/zAR.
^^*
roi
CM
if
CM
>
ro
CI
CM
M S?
ro
m
CD
380
AIEE
TRANSACTIONS
**-f
(28)
(34a)
ZSRA
ZBRB
ZBKAJ
For use in equation 3 :
Zx=Bl/Al;
ZZ=B2/D2;
Hi
Substitution of VR=IRZRR-B,
from the
second equation of (29) in the first, gives
ZAR
=/,
ZRB-A)
-B(ZRR-B\
ZBB-A^~ZBB-E
EA=
\ZBB-B/
ZRR
VRAI+IRB
and EB=
EAB2-\-EBB\
ZARZBR-B
IR
(30)
ZBB
ZAR=ZAR-
(31)
^RR
r>
- z ^(i^ARZR -B
ZRB-AZBB_B
i+ZR
EA
EB
K ZAR ZBB-B
ZR
(33)
Division of VR from equation 25a by IB
from equation 33, or substitution of
equations 31 and 32 in equation 27, gives
ZRB-B~-
1+
_VR_
EAB2+EBB
/ZBB_AZBB\
VB(
~VA\
EB /
EA
ZBR=ZRB_B=SZSZA
ZRB-A
EA (ZsZA)
/-:
-\-
i+ZRR-B)
ZARZRR_B\
\ZBB-AZBB/
(34)
VB\
ZARZRB_B
-ZRR-A+
During
ZRR-A+~
VB(
ZxZy=ZRR^A;
ZAR
(39)
Zz=0;
K=ZBB_A/ZAB
7 _
Z,R-
B
D
B
D
vB
(38a)
VAD
zx==0;
,,,_.
(37)
ZR- =0-
Z2=Zy=B/D;
B
A
K =D
B
__+
VBA
ClarkeImpedances
ZAR
, ZRR_A-\-ZRB_B
Z2ZB
ZBR/ZRR__B
ZBB-A-\-ZBB-B
ZBB_A
vA\zRR_J
&B
ZBR-AZBR
(38)
ZRR_B\
ZBB )
VA(ZRR_A\
(36)
+Z
B
^RR-A"T^RR-B
ZZ=ZBB-B>'
1945, V O L U M E 6 4
(35)
EAEB
EAEB
ZBVS:
Zx \jsZz=Zy=ZRR_Bj
VA/
~IR~EAD2-EBAX
\ZARZBB-B)
(ZR
ZRR-E
VB \ZRR-B
A1B*+DiBl
Zs
ZR ZRRB
EAD2EBA\
a n d !R =
A1B2-\-D2B1
+_)
(Zs
EA
ZB
= -zR
VJ?
R = -*
ZARZRR-A=ZA
ZBBZBR^
ZR
VRD2-IRB2
*BR=ZBRZ
K=D2/AV
ZRR-B
EA
Hi
ZV=T+W;
A\ D2
=IB(I+ZRR~*\
=IR
ZBBB2;
ZBR-A=B1/A1;
ZBR-B=B2/D2.
Sub
stitution of these equations in equation 34
gives
(39a)
vA
^ZaZjL
zx== Zy =B/A;
Power
B
A
VBA
Swings
Zz=0; K = l/A
381
plus-negative,
positive-minus-negative,
a n d zero-sequence components. 8
At a n y point R in a three-phase system,
a components of line-to-neutral voltages
a n d a components of line currents in
phases b and c are equal; t h e y are oppo
site in sign a n d of half t h e magnitude of
those in phase a. There are no com
ponents of voltage and current in phase a;
in phases b a n d c, components of lineto-neutral voltages and components of
line currents are equal in magnitude b u t of
opposite signs.
Zero-sequence compo
nents (indicated by the subscript Q) are
equal in the three phases. T h e following
equations satisfy these definitions :
""3
\
-*
-*H
?^ A
41
. 2
r
1
1
V <y
-#C
/o7^
-2.0
>
-1.5
IBASC OHMS
P/r
BATO
/l i * - ^ t i \
i iTT"'v'Hif Sj-TTI
1 II 1 il "1 1 \il\l
LL
T1
IS
69.2 OHMS
-1
60*
/ ' >#/ y i2 0*
f,0.5/
0 ^
Pf
Il!:
rA/^yj
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Ia=R;
Vfi=-jVR';
=-'
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Vfi = -jVR;
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383
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References
(53)
= -ZB
384
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(54)
Discussion b y J. H . N e h e r of reference 2 .
AIEE
T R A N S A C T I O N S , v o l u m e 5 6 , 1937, pages 1 5 1 3 - 1 4 .
4.
Closure b y C. R. M a s o n of reference 2 .
AIEE
P o a g e , C. A. Streifus, D . M . MacGregor, E . E .
A I E E T R A N S A C T I O N S , v o l u m e 6 2 , 1943,
6.
F U N D A M E N T A L B A S I S FOR D I S T A N C E R E L A Y I N G
O N T H R B E - P H A S E S Y S T E M S , W . A . L e w i s , L. S.
Tippett.
E L E C T R I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G , v o l u m e 50,
With JJnsymmelrical
Static
The methods of constructing
During
J u l y section, p a g e s 8 3 3 - 4 4 .
2.
R E L A Y OPERATION D U R I N G SYSTEM OSCILLA
T I O N S , C. R . M a s o n .
A I E E TRANSACTIONS, volume
George.
ClarkeImpedances
1.
A COMPREHENSIVE METHOD OF DETERMINING
T H E P E R F O R M A N C E OF D I S T A N C E R E L A Y S , J . H .
Neher.
A I E E T R A N S A C T I O N S , v o l u m e 56, 1937,
J u n e section, pages 2 7 5 - 8 3 .
7L 1 "" i V3(zI+z c )J
Systems
Circuits.
~~J\ZB~+ZC)
as in
EAZC+EB{ZA+ZB)
Va=VR**
I=IR
V3(ZA+ZB)
48)
(VZ"-Je)EA+(VSb-jf)EB
(V3c-jg)EA-(V3d-jh)EB
[ (52)
(51)
Zcb ZB
Power Swings
Chapter 5 of reference 7.
9.
T W O - P H A S E CO-ORDINATBS O F A T H R E E - P H A S E
CIRCUIT, Edward W. Kimbark.
AIEE TRANS
A C T I O N S , v o l u m e 58, 1939, p a g e s 8 9 4 - 9 0 4 .
A I E E TRANSACTIONS