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The Hyperbola is a conic whose eccentricity is greater than unity. (e > 1).
1.
x2
y2
Standard equation of the hyperbola is 2 2 = 1 ,
a
b
where b2 = a2 (e2 1).
C.A
=1+
T.A
b2
e =1+ 2
a
2
Eccentricity (e) :
(C . A .)
2 b2
=
= 2a (e2 1).
=
a
T . A.
Note : (L.R.) = 2 e (distance from focus to directrix)
Centre : The point which bisects every chord of the conic drawn through it is called the centre of the
conic. C (0, 0) the origin is the centre of the hyperbola
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1.
General Note :
Since the fundamental equation to the hyperbola only differs from that to the ellipse in having
b2 instead of b2 it will be found that many propositions for the hyperbola are derived from those for the
ellipse by simply changing the sign of b2.
Example : Find the equation of the hyperbola whose directrix is 2x + y = 1, focus (1, 2) and eccentricity
Solution. Let P 9x,y) be any point on the hyperbola.
Draw PM perpendicular from P on the directrix.
Then by definition
SP = e PM
(SP)2 = e2 (PM)2
2
2x + y 1
(x 1) + (y 2) = 3
4 +1
5 (x 2 + y2 2x 4y + 5}
= 3 (4x 2 + y2 + 1 + 4xy 2y 4x)
Solution.
x2
a2
y2
b2
=1
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3.
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2b 2
a
e=
3
2
2.
C o njug at e H y perbo l a :
( b2 = a2 (e2 1))
2e2 2 = 1
e=
3
2
3
.
2
Two hyperbolas such that transverse & conjugate axes of one hyperbola are respectively the conjugate
& the transverse axes of the other are called Conjugate Hyperbolas of each other.
x2
y2
x2
y2
&
=
1
+
= 1 are conjugate hyperbolas of each.
a2
b2
a2
b2
Note : (a)
If e1 & e2 are the eccentrcities of the hyperbola & its conjugate then e12 + e22 = 1.
(b)
The foci of a hyperbola and its conjugate are concyclic and form the vertices of a
square.
(c)
Two hyperbolas are said to be similiar if they have the same eccentricity.
(d)
Two similar hyperbolas are said to be equal if they have same latus rectum.
(e)
If a hyperbola is equilateral then the conjugate hyperbola is also equilateral.
Example : Find the lengths of transverse axis and conjugate axis, eccentricity, the co-ordinates of foci,
vertices, lengths of the latus-rectum and equations of the directrices of the following hyperbolas
16x 2 9y2 = 144.
Solution.
The equation 16x 2 9y2 = 144 can be written as
eg.
x2
y2
=1
9
16
This is of the form
x2
y2
=1
a2
b2
a2 = 9, b2 = 16
Length of transverse axis : The length of transverse axis = 2b = 8
Length of conjugate axis : The length of conjugate axis = 2a = 6
a = 3, b = 4
5
1 + a
b 2 = 1 + 16 = 4
Foci : The coordinates of the foci are (0, + be) i.e., (0, + 5)
Vertices : The coordinates of the vertices are (0, + b) i.e., (0, + 4)
Eccentricity : e =
2a 2
b
2(3)2 9
2
4
Equation of directrices : The equation of directrices are
b
y=+
e
4
16
y=+
y=+
(5 / 4 )
5
Self Practice Problems :
Find the equation of the hyperbola whose focis are (6, 4) and ( 4, 4) and eccentricity is 2.
1.
Ans. 12x 2 4y2 24x + 32y 127 = 0
2.
Obtain the equation of a hyperbola with coordinates axes as principal axes given that the distances of
=
3.
3.
Ans.
x2
y2
y2
x2
= 1,
=1
16
9
16
9
x2
y2
+
= 1. Find the equation of the
25
9
2
2
hyperbola if its eccentricity is 2.
Ans. 3x y 12 = 0.
A ux i l i ary C i rc l e : A circle drawn with centre C & T.A. as a diameter is called the Auxiliary
Circle of the hyperbola. Equation of the auxiliary circle is x 2 + y2 = a2.
Note from the figure that P & Q are called the "Corresponding Points" on the hyperbola & the auxiliary
circle.
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page 25 of 91
According to question
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5.
x
y
+
+
cos
sin
= cos
.
a
2
b
2
2
x12
y2
1 1 is positive, zero or negative according as the point (x 1, y1) lies inside,
a2
b2
x2
a
7.
y2
b
Tangents :
(i)
x2
y2
= 1,
a2
b2
(ii)
xx1
a
yy1
b2
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1.
x2
y2
= 1 at the point.
a2
b2
x sec y tan
= 1.
a
b
1 2
1 + 2
2
Note : (i)
(ii)
(iii)
There are two parallel tangents having the same slope m. These tangents touches the hyperbola
at the extremities of a diameter.
Example :
Prove that the straight line x + my + n = 0 touches the hyperbola
Solution.
The given line is
or
x2
a
y2
b2
= 1 if a22 b2 m 2 = n2.
x + my + n = 0
n
y=
x
m
m
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page 26 of 91
4.
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M=
and c =
m
m
This line (1) will touch the hyperbola
a2
n2
y2
b2
= 1 if c2 = a2M2 b2
a2 l 2
b2
m2
m2
a22 b2m 2 = n2
or
Example :
Find the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola x 2 4y2 = 36 which is perpendicular to the line
x y + 4 = 0.
Solution.
Let m be the slope of the tangent. Since the tangent is perpendicular to the line x y = 0
m 1 = 1
m=1
x 2 4y2 = 36
Since
x2
y2
a2
b2
So the equation of tangents are
y = (1) x +
y = x +
=1
x2
y2
=1
36
9
or
a2 = 36 and b2 = 9
36 ( 1)2 9
27
x+y+3 3 =0
Example :Find the equation and the length of the common tangents to hyperbola
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1 and
y2
a2
x2
b2
= 1.
=
.....(3)
a
b
tan
sec
and
=
b
a
a
or
sec =
tan
......(4)
b
2
2
sec tan = 1
Solution.
or
or
a2
b2
a2
tan2
tan2
b2
a2 b2
b2 a2
tan2 =
and
b2
a2
b2
a2
sec2 = 1
(1+ tan 2) = 1
b2
2
tan
=
1
+
a2
b2
a2 b2
sec2 = 1 + tan2 =
a2
a2 b2
Hence the point of contanct are
a2
b2
b2
a2
,
,
and
{from (3) and (4)}
(a 2 b 2 )
(a 2 b 2 )
(a 2 b 2 )
(a 2 b 2 )
Length of common tangent i.e., the distance between the above points is
(a 2 + b 2 )
and equation
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don't.
(a 2 People
b2 )
page 27 of 91
x2
..........(1)
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(a 2 b 2 )
(a 2 b 2 )
Self Practice Problems :
Show that the line x cos + y sin = p touches the hyperbola
3.
8.
y2
=1
a2
b2
2
2
if a cos b sin = p .
Ans. p = a cos b sin
For what v alue of does the line y = 2x + touches the hyperbola 16x 2 9y2 = 144 ?
2
2.
x2
Ans. = 2 5
Find the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola x 2 y2 = 1 which is parallel to the line 4y = 5x + 7.
Ans. 4y = 5x 3
x2
y2
ORMALS: (a)The equation of the normal to the hyperbola 2 2 = 1 at the point P (x 1, y1) on it is
a
b
N
a 2 x b2 y
+
= a2 + b2 = a2 e2.
x1
y1
The equation of the normal at the point P (a sec , b tan ) on the hyperbola
(b)
is
ax
by
= a2 + b2 = a2 e2.
+
sec tan
(c)
x2
(a
+ b2 m
a 2 b2 m 2
y2
Solution.
ax cos + by cot = a + b
The normal (1) meets the xaxis in
x2
y2
2 =1
2
a
b
Example :
........(1)
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1 is
a2 + b2
a2 + b2
tan
N 0, b
........(2)
x = a sec or sec =
2
(a + b 2 )
and the equation of NP, the line through N and perpendicular to the yaxis is
a2 + b2
by
y = b tan or tan =
.........(3)
2
(
a
+ b2 )
The locus of the point of intersection of MP and NP will be obtained by eliminating from (2) and (3),
we have
sec2 tan2 = 1
a2 x 2
b2 y 2
2
=1
(a 2 + b 2 ) 2
(a + b 2 ) 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
or
a x b y = (a + b )
is the required locus of P.
Self Practice Problems :
1.
page 28 of 91
1.
(a 2 b 2 )
a2
b2
m
(a 2 + b 2 ) 2
n2
x2
a2
y2
b2
=1
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(a 2 + b 2 ) 2
.
2
m2
n2
Find the locus of the foot of perpendicular from the centre upon any normal to the hyperbola
x2
y2
= 1.
b2
(x 2 + y2)2 (a2y2 b2x 2) = x 2y2 (a2 + b2)
a2
Ans.
9.
b2
Pai r of Tangent s:
The equation to the pair of tangents which can be drawn from any point (x 1, y1) to the hyperbola
2
x 2 y = 1 is given by: SS = T where :
2
2
1
a
b
y2
x
S a
1
2
b2
2
Example :
S1 =
x12
a
y12
b
1;
xx1
a
yy1
b2
1.
How many real tangents can be drawn from the point (4, 3) to the ellipse
x2
y2
=1. Find
16
9
x2
y2
1=0
16
9
16
9
S1
1=1<0
16
9
Hyperbola
2
x2 y2
4x 3y
1 . ( 1) =
16 9
16 9
xy
2y
x
x2
y2
x2
y2
+
+1=
+
+1
+
6
3
2
16
9
16
9
3x 2 4xy 12x + 16y = 0
4
= tan1
3
Example : Find the locus of point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to the hyperbola
Solution.
Let P(h, k) be the point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents
equation of pair of tangents is SS1 = T 2
a2
y2
b2
=1
2
x2 y2
h2 k 2
hx ky
=
a2 b2
a2 b2
2
b2
a
2 h2
k2
1 y 2 1 + ........ = 0
2
a2 b
b2 a
x2
k2
1
2
2
a
b2
b
2
2
2
2
k b h +a =0
10.
x2
Director Circle :
h2
1 = 0
a2
.........(i)
locus is x 2 + y2 = a2 b2
Ans.
The locus of the intersection point of tangents which are at right angles is known as the Director Circle
of the hyperbola. The equation to the director circle is : x 2 + y2 = a2 b2.
If b2 < a2 this circle is real.
If b2 = a2 (rectangular hyperbola) the radius of the circle is zero & it reduces to a point circle at the
origin. In this case the centre is the only point from which the tangents at right angles can be drawn to
the curve.
If b2 > a2, the radius of the circle is imaginary, so that there is no such circle & so no pair of tangents
at right angle can be drawn to the curve.
11.
Chord o f C ont ac t:
Equation to the chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point P(x 1, y 1 ) to the hyperbola
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1 is
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2.
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Ans.
T=
yy1
b2
Example :
x2
a2
mx y =
m
m
equation (i) & (ii) as must be same
a
h
m
=
= m
m=
k
k
1
h
2
2
b
12.
hb 2
ka
ak
locus of P is y2 =
C ho rd wi t h a g i v en mi ddl e po i nt :
b4
a3
y2
b2
page 30 of 91
.............(i)
.............(ii)
b2
a
&m=
.x
ak
b2
Ans.
where S 1 =
2
x1
2
2
y1
2
1;
xx1
a2
yy1
b2
1.
Example :
Find the locus of the mid - point of focal chords of the hyperbola
Solution.
xh
a2
yk
b2
1=
h2
a2
x2
a2
y2
k2
b2
b2
= 1.
locus is
locus is
Example :
ex
x2
y2
= 2 2
a
a
b
Ans.
Find the condition on 'a' and 'b' for which two distinct chords of the hyperbola
2b 2
2a 2
2b 2
2a 2
Since it passes through (a, b)
Example :
2
(b )2
(b )
2a
2a 2
2b 2
2b
1
1
1 1
2 2 2 + = 0
a
b
b a
1
= 0, =
1 1
+
a b
2a 2
y2
2b 2
=1
ab
Find the locus of the mid point of the chords of the hyperbola
x2
x2
a2
y2
b2
= 1 which subtend a
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T = 0, where
hx
ky
x
a
b2
k2
hx ky
2 2
b
a
h2 k 2
a2 b2
or
hx
ky
h2
k2
1 h 2 k 2
1 h 2 k 2
2hk
h2 2
k2 2
2
2
y
=
x
+
xy .......(2)
2
2
2 2
2 2
4
4 y
b
b
a a
b a
a 2b 2
a
b
The lines represented by (2) will be at right angle if coefficient of x 2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
1
a2
2
h2 k 2
h 1
a2 b2
b2
a4
h2 k 2
a2 b2
a2 b2
2
h2 k 2
k =0
a2 b2
b4
1
1
h2
k2
2 2 = 4 + 4
b
a
a
b
(h,k) is
1
1
x2
y2
2 2 =
+
b
a
a4
b4
x2
y2
1.
2.
Find the point 'P' from which pair of tangents PA & PB are drawn to the hyperbola
3.
375
, 12
From the points on the circle x 2 + y2 = a2, tangent are drawn to the hyperbola x 2 y2 = a2, prove that the
locus of the middle points of the chords of contact is the curve (x 2 y2)2 = a2 (x 2 + y2).
Ans. (x 2 y2)2 = a2 (x 2 + y2).
13.
Ans.
x = 2y
x2
y2
= 1 in such
25
16
Ans.
Diameter :
The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords with slope 'm' of an hyperbola is called its
diameter. It is a straight line passing through the centre of the hyperbola and has the equation
y =
14.
b 2 x.
a 2m
Asymptotes :
Definition : If the length of the perpendicular let fall from a point on a hyperbola
to a straight line tends to zero as the point on the hyperbola moves to infinity along the hyperbola,
then the straight line is called the Asymptote of the hyperbola.
Equations of Asymptote :
Pair of asymptotes :
NOTE : (i)
(ii)
x y
+ =0
a b
and
x y
= 0.
a b
x2 y2
2 = 0.
a2
b
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page 31 of 91
1=
h2
........(i)
b2
b2
a2
b2
a2
b2
a2
b2
The equation of the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the hyperbola and the chored
(1) is obtained by making homogeneous hyperbola with the help of (1)
2
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Solution.
15.
The particular kind of hyperbola in which the lengths of the transverse & conjugate axis are equal is
called an Equilateral Hyperbola. Note that the eccentricity of the rectangular hyperbola is 2 .
) (
2 c, 2 c & 2 c, 2 c ,
Directrices : x + y = 2 c
Latus Rectum (l ) :
= 2 2 c = T.A. = C.A.
Parametric equation x = ct, y = c/t, t R {0}
Equation of a chord joining the points P (t 1) & Q(t 2) is x + t 1 t 2 y = c (t 1 + t 2).
x
x
y
+
= 2 & at P (t) is + t y = 2 c.
t
x1 y1
Equation of the normal at P (t) is x t 3 y t = c (t 4 1).
Chord with a given middle point as (h, k) is kx + hy = 2hk.
Example :
A triangle has its vertices on a rectangle hyperbola. Prove that the orthocentre of the triangle
also lies on the same hyperbola.
Solution.
Let "t 1", "t2" and "t3" are the vertices of the triangle ABC, described on the rectangular hyperbola
xy = c2.
c
Coordinates of A,B and C are ct1, ,
t1
t3 t2
1
Now lope of BC is
=
ct 3 ct 2
t 2t 3
Slope of AD is t 2t 3
Equation of Altitude AD is
c
y
= t 2t 3(x ct 1)
t1
ct 2 , and ct 3 , c
t2
t3
respectively
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page 32 of 91
1
3
1
1
00 =0
0+2
2
2
2
=6
From (1), the asymptotes of given hyperbola are given by
xy 3y 2x + 6 = 0 or
(y 2) (x 3) = 0
11 14 + v = 0
v = 154
putting the value of v in (1) we obtain
(2x + 3y 8) (3x + 2y 7) 154 = 0
which is the equation of required hyperbola.
Self Practice Problems :
1.
Show that the tangent at any point of a hyperbola cuts off a triangle of constant area from the asymptotes
and that the portion of it intercepted between the asymptotes is bisected at the point of contact.
Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
Find
.....(1)
......(2)
Example :
(i)
(ii)
c
Sol. Let coordinates of A,B and C on the hyperbola xy = c2 are ct1, ,
t1
c
c
ct1
ct 2
ct 3
t
t
1
1
2
(i)
Area of triangle ABC =
c +
c +
2 ct
ct
ct1
2
3
t2
t3
c
c
ct 2 , and ct 3 ,
t3
t2
c
t3
c
t1
c 2 t1 t 2 +
2 t 2 t1
c2
t2t t 2t + t t 2 t2t + t t 2 t 2t
2t 1t 2 t 3 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
t2 t3
+
t3 t2
respectively..
t 3 t1
t1 t 3
c2
| (t 1 t 2) (t2 t 3) (t 3 t 1) |
2t 1t 2 t 3
Equations of tangents at A,B,C are
x + t 12 2ct 1 = 0
x + yt 22 2ct 2 = 0
and
x + yt 32 2ct 3 = 0
=
(ii)
1 t 12
1
2
Required Area = 2 | C C C | 1 t 2
1 2 3
1 t 32
where C1 =
1 t12
t 32
, C2 =
1 t 12
t 32
and C3 =
2ct1
2ct 2
.........(1)
2ct 3
1 t12
1
1
1 t 22
2
2
2
2
C1 = t 3 t 2 , C2 = t 1 t 3 and C3 = t22 t 12
1
4c2.(t 1 t 2)2 (t 2 t 3)2 (t 3 t 1)2
From (1)
=
2
2
2
2 ( t 3 t 2 ) ( t 1 t 32 ) ( t 22 t12 )
( t 1 t 2 ) ( t 2 t 3 ) ( t 3 t1 )
= 2c2 ( t + t ) ( t + t ) ( t + t
1
2
2
3
3
1)
( t1 t 2 ) ( t 2 t 3 ) ( t 3 t1 )
Required area is, 2c2 ( t + t ) ( t + t ) ( t + t )
1
2
2
3
3
1
Example :
Prove that the perpendicular focal chords of a rectangular hyperbola are equal.
Solution.
Let rectangular hyperbola is x 2 y2 = a2
Let equations of PQ and DE are
y = mx + c
......(1)
and
y = m 1x + c 1
.......(2)
respectively.
Be any two focal chords of any rectangular hyperbola x 2 y2 = a2 through its focus. We have to prove
PQ = DE. Since PQ DE.
mm 1 = 1
......(3)
Also PQ passes through S (a 2 ,0) then from (1),
0 = ma 2 +c
or
c2 = 2a2m 2
......(4)
Let (x 1,y1) and (x 2,y2) be the coordinates of P and Q then
(PQ)2 = (x 1 x 22) + (y1 y2)2
......(5)
Since (x 1,y1) and (x 2,y2) lie on (1)
y1 = mx 1 + c and y2 = mx 2 + c
(y1 y2) = m (x 1 x 2)
.......(6)
From (5) and (6)
(PQ)2 = (x 1 x 2)2 (1 + m 2)
.......(7)
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page 33 of 91
c
Solving (1) and (2), we get the orthocentre t t t ,ct1t 2 t 3
12 3
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or
2mc
x1 + x2 =
and
x 1x 2 =
m 1
(x 1 x 2)2 = (x 1 + x 2)2 4x 1x 2
=
=
4m 2c 2
(m 2 1)2
a2 + c 2
m2 1
4(a 2 + c 2 )
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(m 2 1)
4 {a 2 + c 2 a 2m2 }
(m2 1)2
4a 2 (m 2 + 1)
{ c2 = 2a2m 2}
(m 2 1)2
From (7),
m2 + 1
(PQ)2 = 4a2 2
m 1
Similarly,
m12 + 1
2
2
(DE) = 4a 2
m1 1
1 1 + 1
m
2
= 4a 1 2
m 1
( mm 1 = 1)
m2 + 1
= 4a 2
m 1
= (PQ)2
Thus (PQ)2 = (DE)2 PQ = DE.
Hence perpendicular focal chords of a rectangular hyperbola are equal.
2
15.
Important Results :
x2
y2
2 = 1 upon any tangent
2
a
b
is its auxiliary circle i.e. x 2 + y2 = a2 & the product of these perpendiculars is b2.
The portion of the tangent between the point of contact & the directrix subtends a right angle at the
corresponding focus.
The tangent & normal at any point of a hyperbola bisect the angle between the focal radii. This spells
the reflection property of the hyperbola as "An incoming light ray " aimed towards one focus is
reflected from the outer surface of the hyperbola towards the other focus. It follows that if an ellipse and
a hyperbola hav e the same foci, they cut at right angles at any of their common point.
Locus of the feet of the perpendicular drawn from focus of the hyperbola
x
y
x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1 & the hyperbola 2
= 1 (a > k > b > 0) are confocal
2
2
a
b
a k
k b2
and therefore orthogonal.
The foci of the hyperbola and the points P and Q in which any tangent meets the tangents at the
vertices are concyclic with PQ as diameter of the circle.
If from any point on the asymptote a straight line be drawn perpendicular to the transverse axis, the
product of the segments of this line, intercepted between the point & the curve is always equal to the
square of the semi conjugate axis.
Perpendicular from the foci on either asymptote meet it in the same points as the corresponding
directrix & the common points of intersection lie on the auxiliary circle.
Note that the ellipse
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x2
y2
The tangent at any point P on a hyperbola 2 2 = 1 with centre C, meets the asymptotes in Q and
a
b
R and cuts off a CQR of constant area equal to ab from the asymptotes & the portion of the tangent
intercepted between the asymptote is bisected at the point of contact. This implies that locus of the
centre of the circle circumscribing the CQR in case of a rectangular hyperbola is the hyperbola itself
& for a standard hyperbola the locus would be the curve, 4 (a2x 2 b2y2) = (a2 + b2)2.
x2
y2
If the angle between the asymptote of a hyperbola 2 2 = 1 is 2 then the eccentricity of the
a
b
hyperbola is sec .
A rectangular hyperbola circumscribing a triangle also passes through the orthocentre of this triangle.
c
If a circle and the rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 meet in the four points t 1, t 2, t 3 & t 4, then
(a)
t1 t2 t3 t4 = 1
(b)
the centre of the mean position of the four points bisects the distance between the
centres of the two curves.
(c)
the centre of the circle through the points t1, t 2 & t 3 is :
c
1 c1 1 1
2 t1 + t 2 + t 3 + t t t , 2 t + t + t + t1 + t 2 + t 3
1 2 3
2
3
1
Example :
A ray emanating from the point (5, 0) is incident on the hyperbola 9x 2 16y2 = 144 at the point P with
abscissa 8. Find the equation of the reflected ray after first reflection and point P lies in first quadrant.
Solution.
Given hyperbola is
9x 2 16y2 = 144. This equation can be
x2
y2
=1
16
9
Since x coordinate of P is 8. Let y
coordinate of P ia .
rewritten as
......(1)
64
2
=1
16
9
2 = 27
a=3 3
Its equation is y 3
or
13y 39 3 = 3 3 x 24
or
3 3 x 13y + 15 3 = 0.
3 =
03 3
(x 8)
58
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