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ACI 318 provides two alternative methods for designing two-way slabs for concrete, The equivalent frame
method? (EFM) and the direct design method (DDM). This section will explain how the direct design method is
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For the Direct Design Method moments are found using a simplified procedure similar to analyzing a One-Way
Slab.
The Conditions:
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1l22/2l12
< 5.0
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-way slabs, column offsets will not be considered, this is why the offset must remain small (L.T. 10%). For
large column offsets neither the DDM or EFM can be used, instead a finite element model must be used to
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Step 1:
Concrete
Divide the slab into wide beams (Similar to a tributary area method but how the equations are set up I believe
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basically voids this idea, it is just good for visualization of the problem).
Steel
Step 2:
Wood
MO =
wu l2 l2n
8
where:
MO = The total moment
wu = The total factored distributed load (See Concrete LRFD to understand the required loading factors)
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Step 3:
The Moment (MO) for each span must be distributed up into positive and negative moments according to the
tables below:
exterior edge
slab w/ beams
without edge
with edge
exterior edge
unrestrained
beam
beam
fully restrained
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.65
0.63
0.57
0.52
0.50
0.35
0.16
0.26
0.30
0.65
interior negative
moment (factored)
positive moment
(factored)
exterior negative
moment (factored)
Factor
0.65
0.35
The factor is multiplied by the total moment to find the positive and negative moments (e.g. a positive interior
factored moment will be 0.35xMO)
Step 4:
The width of the wide beam will now be divided into column-strip and middle-strip regions.
where:
Column Strip = a strip with a width on each side of the centerline of 0.25l2 or 0.25l1, whichever is less.
Middle Strip = a design strip bounded by two column strips (the leftovers)
Step 5:
The column strip will now take the fractions of the moment designated in Table 3 which has been provided
below.
l2
l1
l2
l1
= 0 (no beams)
1
0.5
1.0
2.0
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.90
0.75
0.45
0.5
1.0
2.0
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.90
0.75
0.45
l2
l1
l2
l1
= 0 (no beams)
1
tb
0.5
1.0
2.0
l2
l1
= 0
t = 0
1.00
1.00
1.00
l2
l1
= 0
t 2.5
0.75
0.75
0.75
l2
l1
t = 0
1.00
1.00
1.00
l2
l1
t 2.5
0.90
0.75
0.45
where:
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Ecb Ib
Ecs Is
Notes:
(a) Linear interpolation can be used when (l2/l1) is between 0 and 1.
(b) t is a torsional stiffness calc. for the edge beams.
Step 6:
Middle strips will be designed for the fraction of the moment not assigned to the column strip (which has been
computed using the factors from Table 3 above).
Therefore if section 5 gave a factor (for the two-way slab in question) of 0.35 then the moment for the middle
strip will be 1-0.35 or 0.65.
References:
1. American Concrete Institute, "ACI 318", 2005
This equation can be found in ACI 318 13.6.2.2
2. American Concrete Institute, "ACI 318", 2005
This information can be found in 13.6.4.1 through 13.6.4.3
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