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7MoralPanics:ModsandRockers/Stan
Cohen
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7MoralPanics:ModsandRockers/StanCohen
1.1.MoralPanicsWatchthefilmclipfromthe1979filmQuadropheniawhichtellsthestoryof
disturbancesbetweentwosubculturalgroupsoflargelyworkingclassyoungpeople,themods
androckers,atEnglishseasideresorts1964to1966.Asyoucanseetheyoungpeoplewere
dividedintoveryclearcutwegroupsandtheygroups.Notebelowthedistinctive
characteristicsofeachgroup(clothes,hair,transport.........).Theimagesshouldhelpyou.Mods
Rockers1
2.2.MoralPanicsWesawlastlessonthatthemediamaywellgeneratecrimethemselves,for
examplebytransmittingknowledgeofcriminaltechniques.Afurtherwaytheymaygenerate
crimeanddevianceisthroughlabelling.Aswesawinourstudyoflabellingtheorymoral
entrepreneurswhodisapproveofsomeparticularbehaviourmayusethemediatoputpressure

ontheauthoritiestodosomethingaboutit.Ifsuccessfultheircampaignwillresultinthe
negativelabellingofthebehaviourandperhapsachangeinthelaw.Andaswehaveseenmore
lawsandmorelabellingequalsmorecrime.Animportantelementinthisprocessisthecreation
ofamoralpanicanexaggeratedoverreactionbysocietytoaperceivedproblem.Thisis
usuallydrivenorinspiredbythemedia.Thesocialreactionamplifiestheproblemoutofall
proportiontoitsrealseriousness.InamoralpanicThemediaidentifyagroupsafolkdevilor
threattosocietalvaluesThemediapresentthegroupinanegative,stereotypicalfashionand
exaggeratethescaleoftheproblemMoralentrepreneurs,editors,politicians,policechiefsand
otherrespectablepeoplecondemnthegroupanditsbehaviourThisusuallyleadstocallsfora
crackdownonthegroup.Howeveritmaywellcreateaselffulfillingprophecythatamplifies
theveryproblemthatcausedthepanicinthefirstplace.Themostinfluentialstudyofmoral
panicsandtheroleofthemediaingeneratingcrimeisStanleyCohens(1972)bookFolk
DevilsandMoralPanics2
3.3.Inthespringof1964theredtoptabloidpressfeaturedheadlineswhichsuggestedthat
membersoftworivalyouthgroups(ModsandRockers)wereinvolvedinworryingand
shockingviolentdisturbancesatholidayresortsaroundtheUK.Modswerefashionconscious
youthsidentifiedbycroppedhairandmotorscooters,oftenfeaturingbumpbars,mirrorsand
lights.Rockerswerelonghaired,leatherjacketedmotorbikegangsmodelledontheAmerican
Hell'sAngels.19thMay1964:OnaMargatestreetpolicestandbetweenagroupof'Mods'on
theleftand'Rockers'ontheright.Battlesbetweenthetwoteenagegangshadallegedly
disturbedtheWhitsunholidayonthesouthcoastofEngland.3
4.4.3rdAugust1964:AgroupofModsrunningalongthebeachatHastings,Kent,duringalleged
violencebetweenModsandRockers.AO1StanCohenwantedtodigdeeperandresearchedthe
socialreactiontotheModsversusRockersdisturbancesin1964.InhisbookFolkDevilsand
MoralPanics(1972)henotedthefrontpageoutrageinthenationalpresse.g.oalldayclashes
oWildOnesorivalgangsodayofterroroseasidemayhemobattlefieldHoweverCoheninhis
researchcouldfindlittleactualevidencethatsuchclashesbetweenrivalgroupsofmotorcycle
scootergangsactuallytookplace.Theonlyviolencehefoundwitnesstoinvolvedregional
rivalriesnotbikegangs.Hearguedthatthepressreportsweredistorted,wildlyexaggeratedand
portrayedafalsepictureofwhatactuallywenton.Cohenarguesidentified3distinctive
elementsinthemediareportingofevents:a)Exaggerationanddistortion:numbers,damage
caused,violence...b)Prediction:thatfurtherconflictandviolencewasonthecards
c)Symbolisation:thesymbolsoftheyouthgroupswereallnegativelylabelledandassociated
withdevianceHoweverthemediaoutrageSPARKEDaseriesofinterrelatedresponses:4
5.5.a)Itarousedwiderpublicconcernpoliceincreasedsurveillancemorearrestsresultconfirmed
validityofinitialpressreportsb)ThereportedMod/Rockantagonismadvertisedand
encouragedyoungpeopletooptforonecamportheother(createdwegroupsandtheygroups)
polarizationcementedtheimagemoreclasheselsewhereandmorearrestsresultedconfirmed
validityofinitialpressrepostsc)Newdisturbancescreatedevenmorenewscoverageeven
morepolicesurveillanceevenmorepublicconcernWilkinstermedthisprocessaDeviancy
AmplificationSpiralLesstoleranceleadsto.moreacts
beingdefinedascrimesleadsto.moreactionagainst
criminals.leadsto.morealienationofdeviants.leads
to.morecrimebydeviantgroups.leadsto.lesstoleranceof
deviantgroupsbyconforminggroupsWesawinourworkonLABELLINGhowyouths
cancometoidentifywiththelabelattachedtothemwhichmayresultinastatustransformation
theymaycometobelievetheyareactuallydeviant,andseparatefrommainstreamsocietyand
actassuch(SelfFulfillingProphecy).Cohenarguedthatgroupsforwhateverreasoncouldbe
singledoutasFolkdevils(athreattopublicorderandsocialvalues)andasaresultactoutthat
stigmatisedrole.A02EvaluationandAnalysisTheMoralPanicThesisisimportantbecauseit
helpsustoexplainmediaexaggerationanddistortion.Itarguesthatselectivereportingand
policetargetingactuallycreatescrimewavesandsocialproblems.Themassmediastirorwhip
uppublicindignationandengineerconcernaboutcertainbehavioursevenwhentheremaybe
nothingnewaboutit,orwhentherealthreatisminimal.Cohenarguedthatwemustalways

placeMoralPanicsintheirwidersociohistoricalcontextinordertounderstandthem.For
instancetheModsRockersmoralpanicemergedinatimeofrapidsocialchangewhenyoung
people,withincreasedspendingpowerandleisuretime,hadbeguntousethistopurchase
consumergoods(motorcycles,scooters,fashionaccessoriesetc)andtotravel.ToCohenmoral
panicsaretheresultofaboundarycrisisuncertaintyofwheretheboundarylaybetween
acceptableandunacceptablebehaviourinatimeof5
6.6.change.Publicuncertaintyaboutthisnewdevelopmentwasresolvedbymakingbikergroups
(realorcreated)scapegoatsorfolkdevils,andwhobecamevisualsymbolsofwhatiswrong
withsociety.MoralPanicsmaythusservetodivertandfixthepublicgazeonthesymptomsnot
causeofsocialunrest.Moralpanicsthusreflectdeepseatedpublicanxietiesanduncertainties.
Theyaredistinguishedby4features: Discrepancyoftruthanddepthofpublicperceptionand
reaction Focusaroundkeysocialgroups/themes/categories feedsoff/spiralswithother
concernsthatareidentifiedwithit developintocontrolcrusadesand/orlawandorder
campaignsbymoralentrepreneursPERSPECTIVEShowhavetheperspectivesunderstood
moralpanics?Seep123forsomeusefulsmallsectionsonFunctionalistandNeoMarxistideas:
a)FunctionalistsandMoralPanicsb)NeoMarxistsandMoralPanicsCriticismsoftheideaof
moralpanics:126
7.7.37
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