ENERGY CONSERVATION

- ISSUES AND CONCERN

Why to Conserve?
We have limited fuels available on earth.
Our demand for energy is increasing dayby-day.
It is possible that someday, most of fuels
will be exhausted, and we will have to
switch over to alternate energy.

Increasing Consumption
Furthermore, our consumption is increasing
day-by-day.
This means fuels will last much earlier than
expected.
The only solution is ..

Energy Conservation

What is Energy conservation ?

When you look around you at all the machines that are running, the lights, fans, cars, etc., you
simply cannot imagine life without all these.

But can you imagine the amount of energy that is being used to run all this?

Fortunately, people all over the world are becoming aware of the problem of consuming too
much energy and are making a conscious effort to conserve it and thereby put less pressure on
the earth.

By conserving energy we also lower the amount of pollutants we release into the air and thereby
help to keep the air clean.

Energy conservation refers to efforts made to

reduce energy consumption. Energy
conservation can be achieved through
increased efficient energy use, in conjunction
with decreased energy consumption and/or
reduced consumption from conventional
energy sources without compromising the
desired output.

AVENUES FOR ENERGY

CONCERVATION

INDUSTRIAL
TRANSPORT
AGRICULTURE
DOMESTIC

AVENUES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

INDUSTRIAL
REMEDY

ENERGY AUDIT
TECHNOLOGY UPGRADATION
REGULAR MONITORING

AVENUES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

TRANSPORT
REMEDY
ENERGY EFFICIENT VEHICLES

BETTER POLLUTION FREE FUEL

EFFICIENT PUBLIC COMMUTING SYSTEM

CAR POOL

AVENUES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

AGRICULTURE
REMEDY
USE OF PROPER AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT

EFFICIENT IRRIGATION FACILITY

USE OF EFFICIENT PUMPS FOR IRRIGATION

SCIENTIFIC POST HARVEST METHODS

AVENUES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

BUILDING
REMEDY
USE OF DAY LIGHTING

PROPER SHADING FOR COOLING

USE OF LOCAL MATERIAL

SOLAR PASSIVE ARCHITECTURE

AVENUES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

DOMESTIC
REMEDY
CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES FOR COOKING

EFFICIENT HOME APPLIANCES

ENERGY EFFICIENT PUMPS

ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING

AVENUES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

LIGHTING

LIGHTING
= 480000 Wh=480 kwh=480 units

40

= 320000 Wh=320 kwh=320 units

=112000 Wh=112 kwh=112 units

WE CAN SAVE UPTO 30% OF

COOKING GAS OR KEROSENE
BY FOLLOWING A FEW SIMPLE
FUELSAVING TIPS

A FEW MINUTES OF PLANNING ENSURES A BIG FUEL SAVING

You can avoid an idle flame if you prepare and keep all materials required
for cooking within reach, before lighting the stove.
Experiments have revealed that keeping the flame of the larger burner
burning unnecessarily in a gas stove, results Even a few paise saved
everyday will amount to a sizeable saving by the end of a month.
Remember
Light your stove only after you have kept all the ingredients within your
reach and ready for cooking. Put off an idle flame at once.

PRESSURE COOKING SAVES FUEL

Pressure cooking is one of the fastest and
most economical ways of cooking.
Experiments have shown fuel (kerosene or cooking gas)
savings of
20% on rice,
46% on soaked gram dal and
41.5% on meat,as compared to ordinary cooking.
The savings in cooking time were equally high. To obtain further
savings from a pressure cooker, use the separators of the cooker to
cook different items such as rice, vegetable and dal, all at the same
time. Just think of the fuel and money you will save! And have your
entire meal ready quickly.
Remember
Pressure cooking saves duel and time. Use separators in the pressure
cooker to cook different items at the same time.

USE OPTIMUM QUANTITY OF WATER

The quantity of water used differs for various dishes. And even for
the same dish, different housewives use varying quantities of water.

Since water is extensively used in cooking, you should remember

that surplus water wastes fuel. Besides, when the excess water is
drained subsequently, precious nutrients are lost.
An experiment on cooking rice with double the required quantity of
water has revealed that fuel consumption increased by 65% So use
only the optimum quantity of water for cooking.
Remember
Surplus water consumes additional fuel which could otherwise be saved.

REDUCE THE FLAME WHEN BOILING STARTS

When a vessels contents reach boiling point,
a low flame is enough to keep them boiling.
Addition of more heat at the boiling stage
causes further evaporation of the liquid
without serving any useful purpose.
Hence, when water or any other liquid is
boiling, reduction in the flame will reduce
wastage. This is possible in a gas stove by
turning the know to simmer position or in a
kerosene stove by lowering the wicks.
Experiments conducted have revealed a
saving of 25% fuel when the flame was
reduced after boiling had started. Try it
yourself. You will find that the time taken to
cook is just the same.
Remember
Always reduce the flame once boiling starts.

SOAK BEFORE COOKING

Experiments have shown that soaking ingredients such as dal and

rice for various intervals of time before cooking saves fuel. 250 gms
of kabuli chana (chick peas) when soaked overnight in water
consumed 22% less fuel as compared to the fuel required for the
same quantity of unsoaked kabuli chana.
Remember
Sizeable savings in fuel are possible if you soak cereals in water
before cooking.

SHALLOW, WIDE VESSELS SAVE FUEL

A visible flame touching the sides of vessel
wastes fuel since it gives out heat to the
surroundings. But if you cover the flame as
much as possible by using a broad vessel, you
will save fuel. Our tests have established that
for most stoves, a vessel of 25 cm. Diameter is
ideal for cooking. A vessel of this diameter tends
to cover the flame completely. Where a
narrower vessel cannot be avoided, try and
reduce the flame so that it does not creep up on
the sides of the vessel.

Remember
Hide the flame with broad bottomed, vessel. Do
not use vessels which are narrow as they allow
the flame to creep up on the sides.

PUT THE LID ON HEAT LOSSES

It is a good practice to cover cooking vessels and
pans with a lid, as an open vessel loses heat to
the atmosphere which means a waste of fuel. A
vessel of 100sq.cm. opening , containing not
water at 96C would waste 7.2 GMs Of gas per
hour. The heat loss would increase by 2-1/2
times if there is wind blowing through the
kitchen. If the vessel is covered by a lid , the
heat loss would drop appreciably to 1.45 gm. Of
gas per hour as heat is retained within the
vessel.

Remember
Always place a lid on an open cooking vessel or
pan
.

THE SMALL BURNER SAVES FUEL

A cooking gas stove has a big burner and a small burner. The small
burner consumes 6% to 10% less gas than the big burner ! An
experiment on cooking 250 GMs Of potatoes revealed that the small
burner consumed 6.5% less gas but look 7 minutes more than the big
burner. Similarly in a kerosene stove, by cooking at lower flame you
will use less fuel. The small burner of the lower flame takes a little
more time to complete cooking, but saves fuel.
Remember
Use the small burner or lower flame more often, as the case may be
especially when you have time to spare
.

A CLEAN BURNER HELPS SAVE FUEL

It is important to/clean the burner of your
gas range regularly and trim or replace the
wicks of the kerosene stove. Soot clogged
gas burners and charred wick-ends of a
kerosene stove increase fuel consumption.
Regular maintenance of your stove helps you
save fuel. In case stove knobs do not more
freely, get them attended to.

Remember
A bright, steady blue flame means efficient burning. If you see
an orange, yellow on non-uniform flame, clean the burner or
wick as the case may be.

FOR ADDITIONAL SAVING

The use of ISI marked kerosene wick stoves in place of nonISI marked stove saves upto 25% of kerosene and the use of
higher efficiency ISI marked LPG stove (the thermal
efficiency level of which is 68%+) saves upto 15% of gas

CLEAN VESSELS HELP TOO

Coating of undissolved salts is usually found on the

insides of kettles and cookers. Even a millimeter thick
coating can reduce the flow of heat to the vessels
contents. This increases your fuel consumption by as
much as 10%.
Remember
Cooking vessels should always be scrubbed clean.

ALLOW FROZEN FOOD TO REACH ROOM TEMPERATURE

BEFORE COOKING

Cold milk, frozen meal or any other cold food-stuff from

the refrigerator should not be taken straight to the
cooking pot. Keep it out of the refrigerator should not be
taken straight to the cooking pot. Keep it out of the
refrigerator for some time before putting if on the stove.
Very cold food consumes a larger amount of fuel.

PLAN YOUR MEAL TIMINGS

Plan your meal timings

If all members of the family eat together, which signifies

togetherness and increases joy, frequent reheating of
food before serving can be avoided. If eating together is
not possible, store cooked, hot food in insulated
containers to serve it hot later.

ENERGY CONSERVATION AND ENERGY

AUDIT

PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF

ELECTRICITY IN INDIA
(kwh/ year)

Growth pattern over years

559

238

15.6

34.8

1950

1960

83.5

1970

130.5

1980

1990

2002

Generating Capacity - Growth over years

Installed capacity around end of the period

(MW)
110,000

66,000

28,000
1,700

4,600

1950

1960

13,000

1970

1980

1990

2003

TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND

AGRICULTURE

3.5%

INDUSTRY

50.7%

TRANSPORT

23.2&

RESIDENTIAL

10.3%

OTHERS

12.3%

ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL

SECTOR

POTENTIAL (%)

ECONOMY AS WHOLE

UPTO 23

AGRICULTURE

UPTO 30

INDUSTRY

UPTO 25

TRANSPORT

UPTO 20

DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL UPTO 20

ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL FEW FACTS

Assessed potential of 25,000 MW energy saving

Energy efficiency/conservation and demand side

management measures can reduce peak and average
demand

One unit saved avoids 2.5 to 3 times of fresh capacity

addition

Investment in energy efficiency/energy conservation is

highly cost effective

Can be achieved with investment of less thanRs. 10

million/MW

Also avoids fresh investment in fuel, mining,

transportation etc.

BARRIERS TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Lack of awareness
Lack of widespread education & training
Economic and market distortions
Lack of standardization & labeling on
equipment/devices

Lack of financing
Lack of effective coordination

Energy Conservation Act- 2001

BEE operationalized from 1stMarch 2002

Standards & Labeling Program

List of Designated consumer
Energy Conservation Building codes
Energy Conservation Fund
Guidelines for Energy Policy for energy intensive
industries framed
Energy Manager and Energy Auditor Accreditation
National Energy Conservation award
Draft codes on assessing utility equipment being prepared

WHAT IS AN ENERGY AUDIT ?

An energy audit is a preliminary activity towards instituting energy efficiency programs in an
establishment.
It consists of activities that seek to identify conservation opportunities preliminary to the
development of an energy savings program.
Energy Audit is an effective means of establishing present efficiency levels and identifying
potential areas of improvement in energy consumption.

TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT

Preliminary energy audit
Detailed energy audit

These identifies avenues largely to help in

reducing the energy consumption with
resultant reduction in fuel and electricity
bills.

PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT

Establish Energy Consumption in the organization

Estimate scope for saving
Identify most likely areas for attention and immediate
Savings / Improvement

Set a reference point

Preliminary Energy Audit uses existing or easily obtained data.

ENERGY AUDIT
As per the Energy Conservation Act-2001,
Energy Audit is defined as
the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of

energy including submission of technical report

containing recommendations for improving energy
efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to
reduce energy consumption.

SUBMISSION OF TECHNOCOMMERCIAL PROPOSAL

Scope of Audit

Time Frame
Expertise required
Saving Possible
Pricing Structure and Cost of Audit

DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT

Meeting with plant personnel

Training Programme

Data Collection and Measurement

Analysis of data

On site trial (if possible)

Establishing energy saving projects

Technical Discussion with Plant Team

Final Presentation to the Management

DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT

SUBMISSION OF DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT
REPORT CONSISTING OF
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Energy Saving Proposals

Back-up Calculations
Present Energy Consumption Scenario
Guide lines for implementation
Managerial Guidelines
Vendor List

WHY ENERGY AUDIT

Industry
Reduce energy bills
Increase competitiveness
Increase productivity
Improve quality
Increase profits
Nation
Reduce energy imports
Avoided costs can be used for poverty reduction
Conservation of limited resources
Improved energy security
Globe
Reduce Green House Gases & other emissions
Maintains a sustainable environment

WHAT ENERGY AUDIT INVOLVES

Audit involves data collection, data verification and
detailed analysis of the data.
The analysis leads to recommendations which are short
term (with minimum investment), medium term (with
moderate investment) and long term (with capital
expenditure).
The cost benefit analysis of various energy conservation
proposals enables managements to take decisions
regarding implementation schedules

ROLE OF AN ENERGY AUDIT

To institute the correct energy efficiency programs, you have to
know first which areas in your establishment unnecessarily
consume too much energy, e.g. which is the most cost-effective
to improve. An energy audit identifies where energy is being
consumed and assesses energy saving opportunities - so you
get to save money where it counts the most.

In the factory, doing an energy audit increases awareness of

energy issues among plant personnel, making them more
knowledgeable about proper practices that will make them more
productive. An energy audit in effect gauges the energy
efficiency of your plant against best practices. When used as a
baseline for tracking yearly progress against targets, an
energy audit becomes the best first step towards saving money
in the production plant.

USEFULNESS OF ENERGY AUDIT

Energy contributes a significant part of operational
costs across the globe, as high as 30% in many
process industries. Technological and economic
aspects have also forced organizations to re-look at
energy management with an objective of reducing
energy costs and consumption.
In order to achieve reduction in the energy costs by
proper utilization of the existing equipment and
systems, advice of the competent professionals has
become essential.

AREAS FOR ENERGY AUDIT

SERVICES
Thermal :
Boilers based on different fuels, Furnaces,
Heat Exchangers, Thermic Fluid Heaters,
Steam & Condensate systems, Waste Heat
recovery systems, cogeneration.

AREAS FOR ENERGY AUDIT

SERVICES
Electrical :

Captive Power Generation, Transformers,

Distribution, P.F.improvement, Harmonics,
Demand Side Management.

AREAS FOR ENERGY AUDIT

SERVICES
Utilities :

Compressors and Turbines, Pumps, Cooling

Towers, Blowers Fans, water systems,
Refrigeration & Air conditioning systems,
water recycling, effluent systems

BOILERS

Establish present efficiency by direct & indirect method.

Quantification of various losses .
Identify areas for reducing the losses & improving the efficiency
Study feasibility of fuel substitution for economy & performance.
Study auxiliary systems of boiler & firing equipment
Study fuel handling, storage, metering & heating system &
recommend measures for optimization.
Study possibility of waste heat recovery from flue gases.
Study of present monitoring and control systems with
recommendations for optimization.
Recommend short term & long-term energy conservation
measures with investment & payback analysis.

STEAM DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION

Study line sizing of major distribution lines, layout, and insulation

for optimization of losses.

Study accessories (such as valves, PRS, moisture separators,

traps etc.) on distribution system.

Study of steam traps on distribution system & steam using

equipment for their optimum selection, performance and
installation.

Study of steam using equipment to estimate the required heat load

and actual estimated consumption

Identify major steam leakage points .

Study with respect to optimization of steam usage parameters such

as steam pressure / temperature etc. and feasibility of automatic
controls for optimization of steam consumption.

CONDENSATE & FLASH

RECOVERY SYSTEM
Study of present condensate recovery system
with respect to equipment trap selection,
distribution layout, line sizing, condensate
leakage etc. to recommend optimization
measures. Study of various alternatives to
recover flash steam & recommend measures for
optimum flash recovery.

MONITORING SYSTEM
Study of present monitoring and
control systems with
recommendations for optimization

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Measurement of all major electrical parameters
viz. voltage, current, power factor, KW, frequency
etc. of important equipments (motors,
compressors, pumps, blowers, lighting etc.) with
significant energy consumption.
Loads susceptible to generation of harmonics to
be checked for present harmonics level.
System imbalance with respect to voltage and
current to be checked.

PUMPS AND BLOWERS

Evaluation of performance with respect to
head/pressure, flow, power consumption of
pumps and blowers.
Determination of pumps/blower efficiencies
based on major parameters and critical study
of piping/ ducting/valve/damper pressure
losses, system layout etc.

COMPRESSORS
Determination of compressor capacities & specific power
consumption. Leakage detection and quantification.
Study of layout, pipe sizing and pressure loss for main circuits.

Study of generation pressure and pressure required at

consumer end to optimize Parameters.
Identification of points using higher pressure than required
and identification of applications with wasteful use.
Study of compressor auxiliaries such as driers for
optimization.

Recommendations for improved air quality wherever

required

REFRIGERATION CHILLERS
Establishing present efficiency levels and
Coefficient Of Performance.
Scope for variable speed drives for
compressors , pumps for optimization.
Possibilities of optimization of refrigeration &
A/C load.

COOLING TOWERS
Evaluation of cooling performance by
measurement of water flow, inlet/outlet
temperatures and ambient air DBT/WBT, air
flow, fan power etc.

WATER SYSTEM
Study present system with respect to flow,
requirement and losses.

Study of pipe sizing & layout.

LIGHTING
Management of light intensity and all major
electrical parameters viz. Voltage, amp. P.F.
KW etc.
Study of type of lamps used, type of chokes
used, day and night time lighting etc

D.G. SETS
Establish present performance levels.
Recommend measures for improved
performance.

METHODOLOGY
A visit for a typical energy audit takes about one
to two weeks (depending on the size of the plant
and the inclusions and exclusions which are plant
specific).
During the visit, all the data collection,
measurements (with instruments) performance
test of critical equipment & preliminary analysis
are completed.
At the end of the audit, preliminary observations
about the saving potential in various areas are
discussed & presented to the client.

SAVINGS POTENTIALS ARE

IDENTIFIED IN THREE CATEGORIES
(a) Short term measures involving little or no investment
(such as good operational practices, house keeping
measures in certain areas, tuning of certain
equipment for better performance etc.) with
immediate payback period.
(b) Medium term measures involving marginal investment
& with payback period less than one year
(c) Long term measures involving capital expenditure with
attractive payback returns.

 Subsequently to the site visit detailed energy

audit report with observations and analysis is
prepared with various energy conservation
proposals along with the details of proposed
schemes, equipment specifications, vendors list,
savings potential (with basis of detailed
quantification of savings), investment
(considering the prices of equipment/ systems
recommended) & payback period.
The detailed report is normally submitted with in
two to three weeks after the site visit is
concluded.

INSTRUMENTS TO BE USED
The instruments, used for an energy audit, to collect the performance
data are :
Ultrasonic portable clamp on flow meter for liquid flow measurements
Temperature indicators. (surface temperature & bulk temperature indicator,
thermocouple type.)
Infrared temperature indicator.
Power analyzer (data logger)
Anemometer (vane type) to measure air and flue gas velocity
Relative humidity meter
Lux meter (for light intensity)
pH & conductivity meter
Tachometer for rpm measurements.
Ultrasonic trap leak detector & air leak detector

BENEFITS OF ENERGY AUDIT

Energy Audit of an organization will contribute to

Establishing accurately present performance level of

Energy Consumption. Assessing the performance
efficiency of utility systems & equipment
Evaluating the present status in comparison with the
standard specific consumption norms. Targeting recurring
savings of approximately 5% to 10% on Energy cost and
with favorable payback period of usually less than a year.
Identifying, short term & long term measures for
implementation.

Improving awareness of employees about energy

conservation through proper training at all levels.