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    Copyright:

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    5 views34 pages

    Pene Trant

    Uploaded by

    Babar Manzoor Ghauri
    pene

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 34
    CHAPTER 4 PENETRANT TESTING 4. INTRODUCTION Penetant sting (PT) i ne ofthe ost widely used nondestructive testing methods for ‘he detection of surface escontnuts in noaperous sold meri It almost cern {ie most commonly wed surface NDT method today becase I ean be applied to vr. Jy any magnet or oamagnetic material. PT provides mtr with wie range of st Stvies and techniques that make it expecially adaptable fos brond range of ics and Shapes I extremely sel fr examination tha are conducted in reo fed loc tions since itis extremal portable. The mthod i also vey appropri in podction: type evienment where Insay smaller parts ean be processed na relatively shor period time Tis method has muberous antes atl limitations st eat be found in See tion X ofthe capes, M_ HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT ‘Albough the exact dat ofthe fst “penetra” test i known, it is genealy bie ‘athe crest ests Were prTomed in the ate 19th cntry and were primary limited ‘othe examination of various ralfoad pars, suchas ales ash Even hough it wa 2 very rudimentary metho, i war capable of revealing fil large cracks tn metalic Parts by sing what referred to athe“ and whiting method i teresting ona thatthe oi and whiting method employed the same processing ses th are ae today ‘wih current penta esting procedars. In hs erly penta into, the pat fo be trained was cleaned and then suberge indy engine oi. The il hat we use i those days eame fom lige Isomotive engine and was very heyy Iwas generally luted with Kerosene or leo! so that would be thin enough o penetrate disco tines. 1 semed thatthe dy ot worked the best nthe presence ofa discontinuity, ‘nce provided a dark cy stan on the text eface. Aer aturton with ot hepa was allowed to dai, During the draining time, Known fay asthe "dvel” ime, te ‘hind oi would penenaesurtace cracks. Aer the exces ol wa removed a the surface witha solvent te pt was coated wih “whiting which consisted of o chal tike [powder suspended in alcool. The ol that was erzapped inthe void woud then bleed Suto the wing and dark, oy stain nt he presence and location of discon tiny. ‘Sometimes th whiting used was a whitewash tril simi th wed to wash and pnt ences, ees the expression ol and whiting” method. salsa believed that a= um powder was used those early day asa developer to help bring theo ack otto The ure soit coud be obeerved. ‘Asan be expected, dere were may problems with his ery testnige, There was 2 ten he Mca Coin eC Tr ener lck of consistency, since tere were no established procedures or stndards and the del and development ines wee prety mac left upto the jadgment ofthe se. “The materials varied conten nd use and only he grostest type of scontnitis could bedetced ‘The ond whiting method had place in the ely examinations of road pats but ‘tse began to diminish wih the introduction of magnetic particle eng (MT) i he 1930s decline was most notable nthe Years from 1925 ina the mil 1930s. At this ‘me, many pas hat were consiored ob eel were made of feremagnetic materiale andthe advent of MT techniques povided a much more lable and repeatable eto far the detection of surface discontinuities. BY the mid-1930s, the use of aluminum and ter matrlsthat cold wt be magnetized wa inresing and twas gu ppc tat there hd to be another nndestuetve text method for detecting dicots in these noaeomsgneie materials. Crain, at tat time, itemal discontinuities could be de: tested using ay techniges, bu many ofthe xray techniques nase were mt cpa of ‘revealing sale ight dlscontnlties atthe surface. lost there ws an obvious ‘eel for method that would be sensitive enough to detect hese small arc discon “The cary pioneers Can Betz, F.B. Doane, snd Taber Foret, who worked fr the Magnatox Corporation atthe tite, were expensing with many dilleren pes of oe ‘i and solvents that might fli hs eed forse contin testo, These carly techniques that were red used rile neqerelestole anodizing. etching. and ‘arious elor-contaspenetrant: Some ofthese ely approaches were dicaded wih the exception ofthe anoizing proves. Dring this period, th anediang process was ted for detecting cracks i eres! sain pat, erally associated wih sca “This rested in the publication of a miliary specication, MIL-LS474, on September ith, 1946. The il f this specification was “Anodizing Process for lspection of Ali minum Alloys and Pats "Yeats before the plication ofthis military standard, Robart Switzer had been work- ing wa urescent rater, primarily for pricing Aucrescent adverismeats for ‘movie heaters. He ands younger ther, Joseph, were poner nthe ary ae and d= ‘lopment of various Noorescentistrils-Av ely ae 1987, Rober Switzer became sare of problem that focal esting company Was having with pars forthe Ped Mtoe ‘Company. There was 2 lrge batch of aluminum tatings tha were Found to contin ‘umber of dsconnutis tht were ot cheered ntl afer the surfaces of the castings Tad been machined. iter realled how the ferent fluorescat meters he wat fi mar with were capable of clinging losses and oreing when observed sing l= trvitet (bck) igh He thought at his material would be appropri for detecting te Surface cracks ht had been uncovered by machining He was able to obtain amare of Samples and began experimenting with he varios Maoreszent pigment ht he wus de ‘loping. He found that although these pigments were unique inclining fo a person's hands and other porous-ype materi hey were nt very festive for he detection of ‘ery ine srfse cracks Switzer continued tory diferent combinations a, evel Ineduced tem io various ligeds tha woul be used to cary the fees pigment ino the iscominities. His work was lima succes and he sped for pte ‘August of 1938, Ts ineesing to note that be asked his brother, Josep, 1o share the pentlng fee, which amouried fo 315.00, and Joe detind. Robe then proceed 10 Iie the patent on his ove at ulinstly found islration about the Magnex Crp ration whi at that tine was sill developing and pionaring the magnetic parle Section method. He decided to snvesigae te commun and eotacted one of ht sles representatives New York City to dies he posit of expanding her sfc d+ entity efforts o include a Muoescet pencean, FENETRANT TESTING 43 Some ofthe amps o demonstrate the Muorescet penetra nethoo Cat Bete and ates fo th Magnan Cerporation were not scree. Lack of ores in hese ‘nly demonsations wis probably due othe fet hl the esting eng examined were ‘Sipposed ta have discontinuities but those isconiaute ebably did at ext One ote ‘bstrvers, A.V. deForest ho was pioneer in MT, happened to havea specimen c= ‘aiing known dseontnues that he had wed demons MT, and» foorescet pene ‘rant est was prfooned an his specimen. Theindeatios were gt sppaent. Nataly, allofthe observers were ery impressed hat the known dacontiuis appened In ad ‘other dacontinuties that A.V. deForet was not rare of were ls observed. ‘Subsequent this desoastation, twat fund tht the sass that were ft exa- ined had been pected, tus closing the discontinuities tht were a the sic, This ‘emonsraon proved unique. The yar 198] became memorable, nt only or he pale ‘hat was awarded o Switzer tht summer, ut besa also marked the Reganing of he Second Word War. This new test would be widely used in supporting the fre: pr ‘sts hat woul be used by the miliary Early Penetrant Technique: Some ofthe ey penetant proceses were suite similar to hoe ine today. The pat woul be cleaned witha song solvent athe, aster ying ia mere nthe pn rant fr about 10 minutes. After this penton o dwell dine, he penetatt Was Te ‘moved, usualy with suong solvent, an he part a wpe imi yan sean, The ‘oval sep vas usually perfomed under a blk ght According ery aceounts, the ts would then be stuck with a hammer, which would cause the entrapped peacoat. terials "led otto the sctce at which tme the pt would be examined unde ‘Slick lg These early techniques were sll quite arate and the test resus were rot ‘very consistent. Dring the flowing year, inorder to achieve the evel of consistency ‘hat is essential for quality asuranes, many dierent types of materiale wee red and 8 ‘arity of echnques were tempted. These edo amt unigue development the wae ‘nasable oe water emovable(perbasa more appropri em) penta ‘Waterasable ponatant maerils and vlaed eqpmen were fit offered around sone of 1942, There was mich intrest in them snd numberof orpanis sated te the vatersnsble technique. AS a mater of record, the Ts purchaser of the wale removable potent equipment was Aluminum Indatnes of Cincinnati, Ohio, wish ‘wou we the equment for the exaination fein casings, Many’ oe applica Hons and uses followed nelding teresting of propeller les, pistons, valves, at ot veal aera part esol be noted that 3 ajor ep forvar nto sppition of Pr occured when it as included in the maintenance and overhal rogram fost engines. Asaresit ofthis pplication, the PT method of nondestuctve testing was is ‘af psiing wide aecepiance, A patent onthe "water-wadhale”ehnigue ws spied {erin Jne 1942 and was isd i uy 194, The aly developer compounds were ye Iowish mates consieing mainly oft. The wet develope tshnague began Tobe wed ‘nate 1944 a ary 1945, ‘One ofthe problems associated withthe wner-emovabetshniqe wae the potenti fox remavel of enreped penetration dicontinues ns result 2 vigorows wet rinse step this ed oconcems abou “overwashing” This overvashing Was the vsult of fm emaliie ht had been mixed n sith the penetra fat, some eat penerants ‘were marketed a promting “super washabiity” nhc resulted in exremely lea se faces but also produced a rete danger of te penetra being removed fom sre de omtinity openings. The solution to this overwashing concem was to remove the ems Sie from the penetant and to apply it late. This fall occured in 1952 when this process was etre tas the psteulsication of FE technique “Theft ostmlifction penetrant wer ntoced in (953, With hie ecigue, the emulsifier was applied afer the penetat dell te and carly controlled 50 tat the penetant inthe dsconsnuties was ot enulsiied would remain nthe discontno= ity even ater the emulsified surface penetra wes moved with war ins. Alou tsadded an ational se ae an ational lid ote proces, dd provide bie level of eons over the detstion of small, shall somtimes fa may not have ‘tected wit the use ofa ypial water removable ecniqu cntsinng emulsifiers Visible Penetrants ‘The penta echniques described to this point were ofthe foresent type. The ores ent penn fechnigueregued tas, 2 water supl, electri forthe Hack iis, ‘nud dened area forte evaluation oFindeaions. fn ode to pet para es 10 be pesToamed nthe Feld nto provide ori, ample, visible dead to be deve ‘ope In the 19405, a Nedop metus ned Rebees Smith developed 9 visible She penerant approach. Rebecca Smith who would be ater Known as Becky String, ‘collaborate wih Northrop chemists Lloyd Stockman and Eliot ody, who alo asied inthe development ofa visible dje penetra. This was considered neeesry fr examin ingest jt engine pars outdoors, where creating’ darkened ares nocestry forthe se ‘of tuorscetpentrants was inconvenient. Te cevelopment of he visible de peta {echnigoe would ke several years Stockman spp (ora pte my Mach 1989, By thi tine, thee were several choices of pencran:Hoescel water removable, Suortcent rll, and vinble ye, Other Developments Inthe late 1950 and ery 1960s, auch work was done to uaniy and analyze the vai ous penetra that were available By the early 1960s, varity of techniques were bing Used witha ange of senses that would say the demanding eguremens of many industries. Many of te variable associated with the ponent ests Were ealsted a the eatze proces Was mprove, so that consistency abd sensitivity would Be a inisic Dar ofthe proces. One ofthe most widely wed itary standard, MI-L6886, ae t= ‘ied in 1950 ang isl nue i x murber of indie toay, with vary fe changes Hom the original desment Crrerly. there hasbeen a shift vay ern military sane arc abd eventually all itary saad wil be replaced wit standard developed by the American Society for Testing and Matsials (ASTM), The remains of hs chapter ‘lea om the mater ad techmgies that asin se the pest tie and will de Seebe the many aplicaon fr which hs unique NDT method can be effstively ap pile Il THEORY AND PRINCIPLES “The tsi principle upon which pnarant esting based is that of apy “aac” ‘or action” Capllry acon is surface tention plenorienon tat pei liquids to be ‘ra in tight openings a a est of the energies tht are preset te sues of he ‘openings Ia met high school physics clase, he principle fear atone demon strated by pacing a glass saw it a beaker filed wit colored wate. The sufice tee Sin assoclated wi he opening othe las sao capil. cases the ig level o ‘move ta higher level nid tat esplry than the level ofthe gu in te beaker, A Simple demonstration of apr ston using two gsi panels camped ogee i l= ‘ated ia Figure aan ‘One can consider tat discontinuities open the surface behave ia meh the same fashion as shown by th glass panel n Figure 1b. The iid sod in this example 2 cy FIGURE 41 Desiastaton of epi ction. (A istratons in his cape oatesy C. 1 Het) Cs as camped mgt) Vs cnr ota ent pid 0 tas of el a6 ‘oumrrenrouR ‘gpa visible contrat penetra. The capillay action frees ae very strong and, in fa, Ifa peneuat est were being performed ons specimen nan eve poston the pene ‘rant would be dr ito the opening, game fe force of rity. The expla forces ‘much stronger than gavty andthe dscontinaties wil be detected even though hey my bein an overeat specimen, 1. PENETRANT EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS: Penetrant Equipment Penetan systems ane fiom simple portale Kits to large, comples fine test systems, ‘The is contain pressurized cans ofthe poner, clesneemaver, solve, nd even and in some ease, brushes, swabs, and cloths. lager Muoescent penta it Wil Include a lack it These hs ar eed when examinations ae to be conducted ine mot areas, the fd fra small ares ofa teat race. contrat o these portable Peet ils, there are number of diverse saonary ype systems, These range rom 8 Framully operated pencrant line wih 9 amber ofan, o very expensive scm Fines, in which most steps inh proces ae performed astral. The pent ines ‘ante very simple as ilstatd in Figure #2. ‘Inthis pair stam there sa ak forthe penetra, a tak foe he water sine, & Aryng oven, abd a develope ston. The inal ston i th examiton ee, which i les black igh. This manvallyeperted system is» type small watersemovabe enean Ine. The steps in he tein process would be clesing of th art pplication {tthe peony, removal of he pentant with water spray, dying application of the ‘developer, nd ally inspetion. This ete process severed n mvc gente ein Section V,Teeigus. FIGURE 42 Typical Moorescetpeserant line srangemet fa pstemulsifabe penesans obo used the manvaly operate ine wil ee an sia ak Ths tank wll conan ak emai ht wil ender the sre pentane Temovable afters specifi emulsification tine. Again, dus techngue wl be covered uch greater dea later in this chapter The tomatic peta lines n we oy vay fom sll rater simple systems to very lp complex Hnes that af computer co tolled Figre 43 illustrates lage auionate penta line. Altouph the steps in an stented penevant stem have been somewhat mecha ized itis nerestingw note th the examinations stil mst be conde by inspectors ‘vio ve Been tained abd ae quale the process, The arangement of hse large !utomated penetra ines vary With fren aout wo permit the most lexi from thestandpotnt of processing te pas. Normally, the ystems wil he sranged ina staight lines however a U shape or ote configuration may Be used provide more eTacvee aoa space. Other Equipment ‘The lack igh (se Figure 44 is an essential accessory for Muorescent pentane sion. Black lghs used in penerant esting ypicalyprodice wavelegte nthe ange of FIGURE 43. Automat Porson pent ins a8 couarrenrour FIGURE 4-4 Black ht 315 to 400 am (3150-4000 Angstrom nis) and tlize mercury vapor lbs of the Sealed-selctor type. These is are povided with "Wood fier, which eliminates the undesirable longer wavelengths: Bsc light inesiyrequiemens wil range fom 00-1500 microwats per square centimeter (Wem?) at the ts sure. Specie te: ‘quirements wil ary, depending upon the ee r specication) being ed. Recent de Yelopmens in black light teshnology provide lights Wal ean produce intensies up 0 4300 Wier a 18° B81 om). Ligh intensity meter ar se 9 measre both whit light intensities when visible PT {suse ad lack ight menses fr fuorescet penetra technique. Ths mearement {is neceairy to very code compliance and to asur that tae a eos deraton oft lights Some meters redesigned to measre Doth white ight and lack ight ine Test panes including comparator blosks, conzlled cracked panes tered pate mets dnote fo specific industries sh athe TAM pane (Spey aed i aro Spoce, are employed to contol te varios atebutes ofthe PT system. They ls provide 2means for montering the mateals snd the process. This is discussed in Sexton X, Quality Conte! Considerations Tn sunny, the equipment used willbe greatly ifloenced by the size, shape, snd «quantity of products hat are to be examined. the are large quate involved on 8 Continuing bass, the use of an aufomated system may be appropriate, Wheres With Small quate of parts, the we of penetra iis maybe more stable. The sie and ‘figuration of he pat wl lo iiunce the typeof pentane tat wil be most ap propre Penetrant Materials The various materi tht wil be wed inthe diferent penetant processes must exhibit cetain characterises. Above all these matils must be compatible wth exch ther and ‘Seat Beep te emir is hype (Fines 417 0 A ‘Water eemoate pene agus or songs eek (isi, (arene) folrcenrst) Pose eet cous rd gues Pigwess) soaguou evap c Sventremorle pest solvent clawecanorr ens (Figure t6) _oenomgeois deeper 4. When te puso he examina have srfics tat are rough, sch ae with snd casings for weld conditions ‘Advanages: 1. Higher sensitivity 2, Excess penetra is easly emoved wi couse say 3, Easily adapable for large sures and large quant of smal prs 4. The costs relatively ow 1. A garkened ara is requied for evaluation 2. Under-oroveremoval of penta teri s possible 5 Water contamiaton can deyade te effectiveness ofthe penetrant 4. Notefetve for brood or hallow discontinue 5. Dryers are required (usually) when using develops 6 This technique sully ot portable Technique | Process B (Lipophilic) and Process D (Hydrophilic) “eetnigu |, Procestes Band D use a fvresent postmulsifable penta lipopitic (or yaropiie EH emulsiie, and dy, aqueous, onaious developers. Pigs 44:18 and 417 sls overviews of Processes B and, respectively.) The mates ‘sed ate very similar o those dseribed for Tecngue 1 Process A excep sa thse pen: ‘rants ae not watr-temovablewitho emulsion A pops or rope ele Prerequistes L Ty Ge L Dry L Apo TT serena enetrant Daina Fenoval cess ponetant vith water spray [ 1 Dy ‘pplication i of aqueous “pplication coven of developer T T L Dy i L Drypowser] [Nonaqueons] Development time T Tntrpretation ‘evaluation i Post dean FIGURE 4-14, Wate-emovable chaque Proce -A or I-A) siir must be wed alr the dvel sme has expired. This ecnigue i generally wed in the following stations tu s ‘When large guanity of parts must be examina ‘When dscominites tha re bread an shallow ate anscpated For the deteton of ress racks or intergranular corsion Forthe detection of small iscontnues such as ringing cracks Applitons reiting higher-sensiviy technics 422 coarren rou Prerequisos T VW Preciean ‘Applaton of past | entice ponent 1 wal ine I “Repicaion of HL teoshtc emir i Enulseaion ime i Removal ot emulsed povetrant wth water pray Dy “pieaion ofaauoous ai ceveloper ot developar v L 1 Dy [ 1 Dypowder] [Nonaaueous] Development me I Tnerpretation ‘valuation I Post dean FIGURE4-15-Posenulible wehnigu pole) (oees HB Advonage: High sensitiv forthe detection of smaller dscotinites 2. For oad or sallow discontinuities (when they are expect) /Adapiable for igh-qantiy testing ot easily affected by cis Less susceptible to overemoval than Tecgue A evermanrsesnN0 zs Prerequistes L —-— Preclean T Panowant application s T Dall tine: T Fomoval of eros ‘surface penetrant ‘th eaan cloth oe = Bee oa I Saas 7 —y [Ee cae Development time. ———— “Ye Teton vlan I Poa cean FIGURE16-Solvent-semoraieteiniqe (Process LC or IEC). 1, This ehnique has an aditonal step, which egies an emulsifier. Therefore, more ‘ime and material necessary 2. Iignotas effective for pas with complex shapes, teas) or rough sarees as is Technique LA, 5. The emulsification tine mst be closely contri 4. As with Teeique I-A itequizes dyin pir tote application of dy or nonaqueous Akvlopers 5. Itisusualy no portable ‘Technique |, Process C (LC) “Teehnque Process C uses Nuorescent penetra, which sslsent-removable, a solvent cleanerfemover, apd « ponaqucous developer. The excess srfae penta i fist T= Prerequitos — oo “App post elaabia I LO rca oy Fenoalal = Se ee [Apply hydrophilic pplication 2] —__ tine A ee tr ‘Application v 2s, Byars Diypowder] [Nonaqueous| Cd Deveioament tine L Interpretation ‘evaluation T Pos dean FIGURE 417 Postenulsifabl tcbgueydopie) (Pees LD). renereaer TESTING 428 ‘moved with a dy cloth, flowed by cleaning wih cloth dampened with a solvent re rover (Figure 416 ustates an overview of Techniguc LC) Ths proves is poeraly ‘eed when removal with water isnot desiabe due opt size weigh sulace condition, ‘water valli or when a ea source not realy avalable for drying. Advanage: 1, Can be used for spt examinations on large parts 2. Bective when water removal ino fesible Limitations 1. Thee of solvent fr removal init thi tecnigue to smaller areas 2. Ablack ight and darkened area we required 3. The sensvty ean be reduced ifexessive remover i applied 4 A bockgroun” may oocur with this technique, which cold aet the contrast ato, specially with rougher surfaces Technique ll Process A (ILA) ‘eetnigy I Proces A uses a vsble ol-contns,wate-removable penetra anda squeout or nonaqueous developer. Dry develope soot usually used with Technique T Drserant. Some specications, in fc, do at permit the use of dey developers ih Technique i pnerants, gue 4-14 states Technique I-A “The ponent contains st emulsifier, making it watersremovabl, This technigne is enerally sed forthe flowing aplicaons! 1. Examination ofa large suanity of pat or arge sree areas 2. Fordizcontnites tat re generally Hight 3. Forthe examination of ars with heads, keyways and other complex acometies 4. For parts with generally rowgh seices Advantages: 1. No blaklgh or drksned are seated for evan. 2 Min slatively quik and inexpensive 3. The excess penta is esly removed with conse water sry. “4 Is effective forte examinations ofa age qui of prs 5. Iteanbe use for rough surfaces, Keyways, treads and other complex geometries Linens 1s sensitivity is inferior to Taeique A 2. Pensa can be averemoved. 3. Wate contamination can dogade to effectiveness ofthe penetra 4, Teisnot sally eztv for he detection af bod or sallow dsconinite. Technique Il Process B (1-8) ‘Technique Process Buses visible color conat, postemulsifible penetra, an eml- sft and an aqueous o nnagusous developer. The materia used excep forthe pane 426 ‘cuarren Four ‘rant ae very sina to those described for Tetiqu [Process B (ita in Fg- ‘ue 415) An emulsifier aay Hipophi) i applied othe suricepentan fer the bell ime to make it water-embvabe. Tengu It Process genealy wed fo the {allowing appitions 1, When lage quantity of parts must be examined 2, Whenever lower seasiivity than dt achieved with Techni is acceptable 3. When broad and shallow discontinue are anieiated Advantages: 1 No blak ligt or darkened are for evalation is eqid. 2. Broad or sallow dsconutes maybe detected 3. Usefl whe there ae lg quantities of parts to be examined 4 This ehnique isnot as suscepibleo overemoval, a ae the Proces A penetans, Limitations: |. Theadtional stp ofan emulsifier requires more tine and addons ater 2. lis potas effective fr pars with complex geome (eg, treads, at is Poses A, 5. The emulsification tine is very etal and mut be coely contol 4, Drying isrquied if nonaqueous dovelopes ae wed Technique l, Process € (H-C) Technique Process C use a visible, olo-contas, solventemovabe penaant, asl ‘ear clenesemover, and an aqueous or nonaguents develope. Figure #16 stats thisechngue “Tho eee poetant i ot waterremovable and must be renoved with a solvent r= rover This tecigus is widely sed for Rel! spplientons when water real is no feasible, or when examination aro be condute ina remo lesion, Advaninges: 1. Thistecnigue is very potable and can be used vial anywhere 2. Iheanbe used when water removal is ot possible, 5. Black lights o darkened evaluation area are wo required ston i done in vs We light 4. Wis very adaptable for wide range of pps “imitations: 1, The use of solvent to remove excess surface ponent limits the examinations to salle res and part witht complen seams. 2. Sensitviy is reduced when an excessive amount of remover is usd during the r= moval ep 3. Excess penctrant removal eiffel on rough sufices, sich as sa catng and welded surfaces and usally ess a “background 4. Thisechnigue has lower evel of sensitivity compared to Teeigue I penetra 5. Itismore opertn-dependen” due tothe ails involved inthe removal sep ‘Summary (Fal he tecigues described in Sesion VI, the mst widely used Aurescent penta technique PA (water-emevae). Teli ILC i th mom widely sed visible color orks pene, Vil. EVALUATION AND DISPOSITION Affe the pentant proses has teen completed and the indications are observed and ‘corded te ial tp wil be to ctblish wheter or ot hee condition are acceptable ‘reece, The sie of the natn cn ally e related othe mount of penta raped in te disconimaty. The lrger the dicotinty volume, the erstr the mount of penetan that wil be entrapped an, therefore he larger the blew-ot afer ‘evelopment. The shape ofthe ideation is inperant because eas oe ype or ture ofthe diconinuly eg ersek or ack of sion wil show yp ae near Diet rather thin rounded one. A liner indication, by mest codes and apeiintions 1s de fing asa bleed-ut whose length is thee ines of greats than is wid. The intent oF the bled-ou gives some evidence ato how tht the dsconinty x, Aboad hallo "ype discontinuity wil tend tobe due, to an exe, bythe remover igh snd ot Be as bellan as leos.ou fom avery tight scone eset that eonective se Ton be taken o remove rrp the discon x deemed to be eet a ost, ‘eases, crack or ter serious dscontnuty willbe ease or he ejeton or crapping of ‘he pat Repairs to disontinates wil often be accomplished by grinding. A recom ‘mended technique io asa complete removal of an inntion a rinding is merely ‘eappty the developer. This usually verifier wheter the disconsiuity hasbeen eave, ‘ing the beedou wl eappeae fit has ot (Se Figure 4-18). “This proces shuld be epested, se, riding. repplieation of develope, and thea trinding senn unl no fer Mesdoutocee At tat point the ave fon hs bee round out must be recxamined following the penta procedure om the begining, {sure ht in face, the dscotnty has been tty removed. ei futher recommended that the grining be peTormod inthe same diction asthe longest mension a the dit

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