CHE 422 (INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY)

CHAPTER 1 - REVIEWER
Matthias
Scheiden
Theodor
Schwann
Rudolph Virchow
Matthias
Scheiden
Theodor
Schwann
Prokaryote

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He discovered that all plants were composed of cells

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He discovered that all animals were composed of cells.
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Pro
Karyon
Capsule

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Glycocalyx
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Cell Wall
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Plasma
Membrane
Active Transport

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Passive
Transport
Osmosis

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Facilitated
Diffusion/Transpo
rt
Pinocytosis

a single celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound

nucleus, mitochondria or any other membrane-bound
organelle
The word prokaryote comes from the Greek words ______ and
______
The outer layer of prokaryotic cells is a gummy or slimy
covering that may help bacteria stay together in colonies
and/or provide some protection to the cell.
a thin layer of tangled polysaccharide fibers which occurs on
surface of cells growing in nature
It is an outer covering that protects the prokaryotic cell and
gives it shape.
is a thin lipid bilayer (6 to 8 nanometers) that completely
surrounds the cell and separates the inside from the outside
requires chemical energy because it is the movement of
biochemicals from areas of lower concentration to areas of
higher concentration
moves biochemicals from areas of high concentration to areas
of low concentration; so it does not require energy
the net movement of water across a selectively permeable
membrane driven by a difference in solute concentrations on
the two sides of the membrane
materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help
of membrane proteins.

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Phagocytosis
Cytoplasm
Flagellum
Pilus/Pili

Cell Theory was developed from three German scientist's

discoveries.

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Ribosome
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Nucleoid
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a mode of endocytosis in which small particles are brought

into the cell, forming an invagination, and then suspended
within small vesicles.
engulfs whole particles, which are later broken down by
enzymes
It is a gel-like substance that consists mainly of water
It is responsible for the motility of the cell
IT is a hair-like appendage many of which are present on the
surface of many bacteria
a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living
cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis
Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA
molecule.

Plasmid
Mitosis

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Meiosis
1.5 billion years
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin

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Nucleolus
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Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Body
Lysozymes
Mitochondria
Mitosis
Taxonomy
Carolus Linneaus
Robert Whittaker
Monera
Protista

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Fungi
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Plantae
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The International
Code of
Nomenclature of
Bacteria
Bacteria
Antoine van
Leeuwenhoek
Christian
Gottfried
Ehrenburg
Robert Koch
Paul Ehrlich
Gram stain

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45

are short pieces of circular DNA

In this process, one cell divides to produce two genetically
identical cell
DNA replication is followed by two rounds of cell division to
produce four daughter cells each with half the number of
chromosomes as the original parent cell
The oldest eukaryotic fossil is approximately ____ years old
a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the
nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells
the fluid usually found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell
A complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA,
protein and RNA.
the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where it
primarily serves as the site of ribosome synthesis and assembly
A network of hollow tubes, extending off of the nuclear
membrane.
It modifies cellular molecules and coordinates the packaging and
shipment of materials out of the cell. It's also the only organelle
that can generate lysosomes
enzymes that can degrade organic materials
These are tiny powerhouses of the cell, are double-membrane
bound
organelles that extract energy from food to produce ATP
Cell process reproduction for eukaryotic cell
the subject of classification of biological entities
Father of Modern Taxonomy.
He proposed a five- kingdom classification which received wide
acceptance
include true bacteria and blue green algae
which include eukaryotes such as protozoa which are unicellular,
contain chlorophyll
which include non-green eukaryotic organisms like slime molds,
bread molds, sac fungi. The composition of cell wall differed from
that of plants, and had adjacent cells without separation
which include algae, all mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering
plants
The rules for bacterial nomenclature are described in a
publication called _____
These are single celled microbes
he handcrafted single-lens microscopes himself

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He introduced the term bacterium
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a brilliant physician/researcher who was awarded the Nobel Prize

in 1905 after he proved The Germ Theory
He introduced the term chemotherapy
is a test used to identify bacteria by the composition of their cell
walls

Hans Christian
Gram
Gram-Positive
Bacteria

This test was named after _______

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Periplasmic
Space
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Conjugation
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Heterotrophic
Bacteria/Saprobe
s
Photoautotrophs
Saccharomyces
Cerevisiae
Chemoorganotro
phs
Molds
Algae

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Bacteria that use sunlight to synthesize their food are called_____

was the first eukaryote whose genome was fully mapped.

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59

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Phycology/Algolo
gy
Protozoa

has a thick, multilayered cell wall consisting

mainly of peptidoglycan (150 to 500 A) surrounding the
cytoplasmic membrane
This space is actually a compartment containing a variety of
hydrolytic enzymes, which are important to the cell for the
breakdown of large
macromolecules for metabolism
this simply means passing pieces of genes from one bacterial cell
to another one when they come in contact
Bacteria that absorb dead organic material

These are microorganisms that use organic compounds as a

source of energy and do not require light to grow
These are microscopic, multicellular fungi.
a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic, plant-like
organisms that use chlorophyll in capturing light energy, but lack
characteristic plant structures such as leaves, roots, flowers,
vascular tissue, and seeds.
Study of algaes

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is a diverse group of single-celled, microscopic or nearmicroscopic eukaryotes that commonly show characteristics
usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and
heterotroph

1-3 Concept of Cell Theory

All living things are made up
of cells.
Cells are the basic units of
structure and function in
living things.
Living cells come only from
other living cells.
1-13 Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell
Plasma Membrane
Cilia
Flagella
Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Body
Peroxisomes
Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
1-7 Eukaryotic Cell Production
Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
1-5 Five Kingdom Classification system
Monera
Protista
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
1-5 Classification of Bacteria
Cocci (spherical)
Bacilli (Rod)
Spirilla (Spiral)

 Vibrios (Comma)
Spirochaetes (Corkscrew)
1-3 Bacterial Recombination Process
Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction
1-10 Bacterial Inhabitants
Aerobes
Anaerobes

Facultative Anaerobes
Mesophiles
Exophiles
Thermophiles
Halophiles
Acidophiles
Alkaliphiles
Psychrophiles