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ArunShourie:IndianControversies
AnnotatedExtracts:Abiasintranslation?
AmitabhaMukerjee
Thisisareviewofthebook:ArunShourie,IndianControversies,EssaysinReligionandPolitics,
ASAPublications,NewDelhi110021,Rs.150softcover

Theme
ArunShourie'swritingisunrestrainedinitsdetail,overwhelminginitserudition,inflammatoryinits
invectivebutmostimportantlyitisinteresting.Thecontrastwithtypicalsecularly"correct"writingis
stark.WherethelatterdescendsintoonesidedpanegyricShourielashesoutwithunsparingfactual
detail.Ofcoursethereweremanymasjidsthatwereconstructedontopofoldtemples,evidenceis
presentedfrombutthatdoesnotmeanthatamobcanbringitdown.Ancientreligiousnormsmayput
downtheirrulesaboutwidows,butShahBano'scivilrightsasacitizenofasecularstatewere
certainlyviolated.TheSikhswereallowedtoflourishintocriminalactivityundertheguiseofthe
samesecularism.Atthesametime,RoopKanwar'ssatiandsimilarforcesmustalsobecondemnedin
thesamespirit.Thetenorisclearinthesecondsentenceoftheintroduction:"Forthreedecadesafter
[independence]religionwasusedmost...effectivelybythesecularistsnotthose...whoweresecular
butthosewhoappropriatedthelabel."
Thesewritingshavemuchrelevanceintoday'stroubledatmosphere.InapostscriptwrittenafterBabri
Masjid,hemakesadirecaseagainstourfailuretosaythetruth,evenwhenitisbitter:
Intheendamobtookthelawinitsownhands.Sothatthismaynotbecomethepattern,
allofusmustredoubleeffortstogettheinstitutionsworkingagain.Otherwisetherewill
bemobsofmanykinds,andnothingwillsurvive.
Some,writtenbeforetheMasjiddemolition,areevenprescient:
Theattentionwhichnormalpleadingcouldnothaveeverpersuadedthecourtsand
Governmenttopaythematterfortwentyyears,dhakkahaspersuadedthemtopayinjust
twoweeks.Thatisnotalessontowhichanyonewouldbedriven.Butthecourtsandthe
rulersaretheoneswhohavedriventhatlessonhome.
Ifthereisathemethatrunsthroughtheseessays,itistherepeatedattackagainst"counterfeit"
secularism.:
Howthingshavechangedinthelastfiftyyears.Duringthefreedomstruggle,ifyou
lookeduponaMuslimasbeingsomeoneapart,asbeingsomeoneotherthanjustahuman
beinglikeyourself,the'progressive'wasboundtobrandyou'communal.'Todayunless
youlookupontheMuslimasseparate,thatisunlessyouseehimasaMuslimratherthan
asjustahumanbeinglikeyourself,the'progressive'brandsyou'communal.'Fiftyyears
agowhenaHindischolarbyhisdeepstudyperceivedandwroteaboutTheEssential
UnityofAllReligionsthetitleofBhagwanDas'famousworkthatwaslookeduponas
humanistscholarshipatitsbest.Todaywhenascholarpointstotheidentityofwhatis
taughtintheGranthSahibandwhatistaughtin,say,theHinduBhaktitradition,itis
takenasproofpositiveofadeepconspiracytoswallowSikhism.
ThisattackleadstorigorouslydocumentedinstanceswhereHindumajorityopinionhasbeen
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discriminatedagainst:
Andtherearedoublestandards.ItisprogressivetodemandthattheGovernmentappoint
trusteestomanagetheVishwanath,Tirupati,Nathdwara,Guruvayurtemples.Butitis
communaltodemandthatitdosointhecaseofaGurdwara,evenwhentheSGPChas
runawayfromitsresponsibilityunderthelaw.Itisprogressivetodenounce,say,theRSS
forholdingshakhas.Butitiscommunaltodosomuchasdrawattentiontothefactthat
theofficialbudgetoftheSGPCabodyconsititutedunderoursecularlaws,electionsto
whichareheldunderthesupervisionof(andattheexpensesof)oursecularGovernment
has'traininginarms'asoneoftheheadsofexpenditure.
Mostoftherhetoricisaimedatthe"concessions"thatwereaccordedtotheminorityreligions,
particularlytheMuslims.Thethesisisthatmostoftheseconcessionsviolatethespiritofsecularism,
andwhatisworse,theydonothelpthelaypersonwithintheminoritycommunity.
Inwritingofthiskind,onetreadsafinelinebetweenpartisanrhetoricandobjectivefact.Howwell
hasArunShouriesucceededinthis?Inmyopinion,hehasnotsucceededtoowell,formuchofthe
writingappearstobearadistinctlypartisanemphasis.Atthesametime,theveryfactthataleading
intellectualhasinvestigatedtheseissuesatsuchdepthistobelauded,andwethankMr.Shouriefor
havingbroughttoournoticethemanyfactsanddetailsthataremissinginthecommon"secular"
discourse.

THEWESTERNINFLUENCE
Theconceptofsecularismevolvedasaconflictbetweenchurchandstateinthewest.Muchofithas
hadatendencytodenigratetheolderreligions.Thishaskeptusfromdiggingforreality,ithascaused
ustoescapeouridentity,ourtraditions.
ThewesterneducatedIndianhasmerelyinternalizedthesophisticated,indeedsubversive
slanderofWesternscholarsabouthistexts,beliefs,practices.Muchofthisscholarship
wasassociatedwithmuchofitdirectlyarosefromtheneedtojustifythenotionthat
theEasthastobe'civilized'bymissionaryactivity,byimperialconquest...wehave
internalizedthreenotionsfromit:thatbyandlargeourtraditionispessimistic,itislife
denyingthatourpresentcondition...originatesinthistraditionfinally,thatwearenot
onestreambutanartificialgeographicalconstruct,thattheSikhs,Muslims,Hindus,etc,
areinherentlyirreconcilablyseparate.
Actually,theproblemisnotwiththeconceptofsecularism,butwithitsimplementation.
Ourlawsdonotdiscriminatebetweenindividualsongroundsofreligion.Thesearethe
cornerstonesofasecularstate.Butinviewofrecentevents,thestatemustbe
scrupulouslyfair.Itmustalsobeabsolutelyfirm.When,confrontedbyaBhindranwale,it
flounders,itbreedsterrorists.Inthesameway,whenfollowingthemassacreof2700
sikhsinthecapital,itdoesnotbringtheguiltytobook,itbreedsterrorists.
...Furthermore,giventheauthority`religious'leadersclaimforthemselveson`religious'
matters,wemustcircumscribetheambitofwhatisreligiousmatter,limitingittopurely
selfregardingactions,andevenamongthosetoactionsofaspiritualkind.`Butthatwas
ourpersonalfight,'aleaderoftheextremistsinPunjabsaidintalkingaboutthe
BhindranwaleNirankarikillings.`Whydidhe[ajournalist],whydidtheGovernment
stepin?'Butkillingothers,evenifitbefrompurelyreligiouszeal,isnotaselfregarding
action.
Theeffectofpamperingtothesereligiousleadersisinsidioustheyoftendenythemajoritymuchof
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theirduesintheinterestsofpreservingtheirownposition.
Concessionsthataremadeostensiblytothegrouparegobbledupbythebetteroff,the
betterorganizedwithinthegroup.thesesectionsbecomethebrokers.Theirpowerinturn
restsonthefactthattheStatedealswiththegrouponlythroughthem....Thinkingin
termsofgroupsratherthanindividualsperpetuatesthetyrannyoftheleadersofthegroup
onitsmembersoftheSyednaontheBohras...ofMuslimmenonMuslimwomen,of
landowningThakursonlandlessHarijans.Indeeditgivestheoppressingleadersand
sectionsashield.Themomentanyonefromoutsidethegroupspeaksonbehalfofthe
oppressed,heisdenouncedforinterferinginthe'internalaffairs'ofthegroup...The
principallosersarethemembersofthegroupitself.

IMPORTANCEOFRELIGIOUSSTUDY
Thecentralthesisofmuchofhisargumentonreligionisthatthereligioustexts,supposedlyhanded
downdirectlyfromGod,arefullofselfcontradictionsandcontemporaneousmisconceptions.Asa
resultmostmoderninterpretationsdonotacceptthewordsofGodasbeing"literal"anymore.The
secularattitudetoalltexts"canonlybe"thata)eachbookismanmade,b)eachbookhasmuchthatis
ofvalue,andalsomuchthatisnot,c)anyonehastherighttostudyandinterpreteachbook,andd)our
surestguideinreligiousmattersisdirectexperienceandnotthediktatofsomeintermediary.
BecauseofthenatureoftheHindutradition,becauseofthespecialpositionthatthe
mystictowhombooksarenothing,anddirectperceptioneverythinghashadinit...
thesepropositionsarewellacceptedinrelationtotheHindutexts.Thehumanistand
secularistmustextendthemtoothertextstoo.Itisonlywhenweacquirethisfreedomin
relationtoaBookthatwecanbenefitfromit.
Asanexampleofselfcontradictionsinreligioustexts,Mr.Shouriecitesseveralknowninstances
fromtheBibleevenafactascentralasthelastsupperortheresurrectionarecontradicted:
OnMatthew'sreckoningDavidisfollowedseriatimbytwentyfiveheirswhomhelists
beforewegettoJoseph.OnLuke'sbyforty.Andapartfromthefirstandthelastnamesin
theseries,i.e.DavidandJoseph,ourauthorshavenotonenameincommon....InMark
andLuke,Jesustellsthedisciplesinageneralwaythatoneofthemwillbetrayhim,one
whoisatthetablewithhim,whoiseatingwithhim(Mark14.1721).InMatthewheisa
bitmorespecificbutnotentirelyso:whenJudasaskshim,'IsitIMaster?'Jesusanswers,
'Youhavesaidso.'(Luke,26.25).ButinJohn,JesusidentifiesJudasclearlyand
specifically(John14.216)...InMatthew(27.32),Mark(15.21)andLuke(23.26),Simon
ofCyreneiscompelledtocarrythecrossonwhichJesusistobecrucified.InJohn
(19.17)Jesusismadetocarryithimself.
"Matthew(27.4650)andMark(15.3308)bothreportJesusascryingoutinaloudvoice,
'MyGod,myGod,whyhastthouforsakenme?'Andaftercryingoutonceagain,
breathinghislast.ThesewordsdonotoccurinLukeandJohnatall....InsteadLuke
reportsJesusassayingfirst,'Father,forgivethem,fortheyknownotwhattheydo.'[After
someinteractionwiththethievesoneitherside]Luke(23.4454)reportsJesusascrying
outinaloudvoice...'Father,intothyhandsIcommitmyspirit."Andwiththishe
breatheshislast.InJohn,[hespeakstoMaryandadisciple,andthen]hesays,'Itis
finished,'bowshisheadandgivesupthespirit.
WhiletheBibleisdefinitelyunclearaboutmanysuchimportantpoints,theQuran,initsreferenceto
Jesus,deniestwoimportantfacts:thathewasthesonofGod,andthathewascrucified.Thedevout
ChristiananddevoutMuslimareunlikelytobeconvincedbyeachothersargumentsoneitherpoint.
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Arethe`reasons'oftheQuranasmuchastheBiblenotsomethingelsealtogether?The
BiblemustaffirmthatJesusistheSonofGodsoastoexalthimtohisuniqueposition.
Forexactlythesamereason,theQuranmustinsistthathewasnottheSonofGod,forthe
samereasonitmustdenythecentraleventofChristianmartyrology,namely,thatChrist
wascrucified.IfitacceptstheseaffirmationsitcannotcreateforMohammedtheunique
positionitmust,ifitistofoundanentirereligiononthelatter.
Thus,believingineachothers"Godgiven"textscanleadtonocompromise,letaloneany
understanding.

MUSLIMPERSONALLAWvsSECULARISM
...Thefundamentalistsareright:inaskingthehusbandofthe70yearoldShahBanoto
payheramaintenanceallowance,theSupremeCourthasgonecontrarytoMuslim
personallaw.Butthatisareasonnotforreversingtheverdict:itisareasonforre
examiningMuslimpersonallawinthelightofmodern,secularprinciples.p.200
WiththisShourielaunchesintoatypicallydetailedinvestigationoftheoriginsofMuslimlaw.Itis
derivedfromfoursources:TheQuran,thesunna(practiceoftheprophetasdescribedinthehadis)
Ijma,thatis,consensus(amongwhom?thisquestionremainsunsettled)andqiyas,thatis,reasoning
byanalogy.
Inthesecondcategory,Sixhadisareregardsascanonical.Shouriegoesintodepthintothetwomajor
onesSahihalBukhari,andSahihMuslim.InMuslimlaw,thehadisaretreatedastheequalofthe
Quran.TheIjma,ontheotherhand,wasoriginallyveryactive,leadingtonineteenschoolsoflaw,and
thentofour.However,italsoleftthedooropentodisputations,todangerousfreethinking.Thus,over
thecenturies,Ijmawasnarroweddowntomeannottheconsensusofthecommunity,butofthejurists,
andfinallythatofthemujtahids,thosethatstrive,andthentoestablishedtraditionsnotamenableto
anyformofconsensustoday.Asimilarnotion,Ijtihad(therighttointerpretation)gavewaytotaqlid,
thepracticeofabidingliterallytotheinterpretationsofthelearnedandtheQazis.
ThecontradictionsandambiguitiesinMuslimlawareexamoinedindetail,includingalargesection
ontherulesofinterest.TheletteroftheQuranprohibitsinterest,yetthiswasflagrantlyfloutedinthe
spiritinthepracticeofdoublesaleforinstance(baytanfibay's)whereIsellyouaslaveforXand
yousellhimbacktomeforX+someamount,atransactionknownasmukhataraorina.Theformof
punishmentalsogoesinfordetailedanalysis,includingthefamouslines,whichoriginallyappearin
thebible:
Alifeforalife,aneyeforaneye,
anoseforanose,anearforanear,
atoothforatooth,andforwound
retaliation(Quran5.49)
whichiscitedalongwithseveralothersinthisvein(Whosocommitsaggressionagainstyou,doyou
commitaggressionagainsthim,2.190),toillustratethepointthatfollowingtheseinjunctionswould
becontrarytotheprinciplesofcriminallaw.

ANUNIFORMCIVILCODE
TheargumenttowhichallthisdiscussionleadsisforthedoingawayofMuslimPersonalLawinall
civilmatters:thiswillestablishauniformcivilcodeinthetraditionsoftruesecularism.Examplesare
citedofmanyIslamiccountriesthatarenowmakingchangesintheMuslimlaw.Finally,headdresses
thecriticismthathe,asaHindu,hasnorighttocriticizetheinternaloperationsofIslam.Shouldother
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religionsspeakupwhenitcomestothereligiousmattersofadifferentfaith?Shourie'sanswerisa
resounding"Yes,"backedupwithconviction.Elsewhere,encounteringtheMuslimargumentthat"We
haven'tinterferedinyoursati,"heenjoinsthemthattheyhavenothelpedbyignoringthisactof
"murder",whichisasmuchaMuslimmatterasitisHindu,anduntilwecanacceptthisdistinction
betweenStateandReligion,wehavenohopesofbecomingasecularnation.
ItisinterestingtonoteherethatthetraditionsoflawinIslampredatethatoftheWestinbothextent
andinsophistication.However,whereasWesternjurisprudencehasbeenadynamictradition,Islamic
Shariyaatlawhasbeenfrozen,withextremelylittlescopeformodification.Thefollowingclaimsare
madebythemostrigidIslamicconservatives(basedonatreatiseontheShariyatLawanditsrelation
toEuropeanlawswrittenbyaleaderoftheMuslimBrotherhoodofpreNasserEgypt):
Shariyaatisagodgivensetoflaws,asopposedtothemorechangeablemanmadeEuropean
legalsystem.
Shariyatiscompleteasitis,andcanbeneitherbrokenintoparts,noraddedto.TheEuropean
lawsaremanmadeandsubjecttoconstantrethinkingandrevision.
TheobjectivesoftheEuropeanlegalsystemistoorganizesocietyinastablemanner.
Consequently,itisbeingchangedconstantlyastheparadigmsaboutsocietyarechanging.On
theotherhand,Shariyatlawhastheobjectiveofcreatinganidealsocietyfullofpeopleof
character,itthusneedsnochange.
ThelawsoftheShariyatcanbeamendedonlyintwoconditions:whenthenewrulesareneeded
purelytoimplementexistinglaws,andwhennewrulesarenecessarybecauseofchangingtimes,but
eventhissecondcategorymustbeincompleteagreementwiththeShariyat.
ToreturntothemainargumentofArunShouriethenecessityofanuniformcivilcodeonecannot
butagreewholeheartedly.Thisisperhapsoneofthecryingneedsofthehour,yetonewillhaveto
treadsoftlyandsellthepeopleontheideafirst.Therootsofthisproblemliewithinourlaws,and
ultimately,inourconstitutionandourveryformofgovernment.Wedidnotarriveatthisgovernment
structurethroughaprocessofsomeinternalevolution,butweborroweditentirelyfromthe
democratictraditionsofEurope.AsimilarthemeechoesthroughthebrilliantanalysisbyOctavioPaz,
LabyrinthsofSolitude.Thefollowingpassage,aboutMexico,wouldapplyequallywellhere,except
thatweareperhapsevenfurtherbehindinourstageofnationalevolution:
Sometimesformchokesus...theliberalstriedvainlytoforcetherealitiesofthecountry
intothestraitjacketoftheconstitutionof1857.Theresultswerethedictatorshipof
PorforioDiazandtheRevolutionof1910.InacertainsensethehistoryofMexico,like
thatofeveryMexican,isastrugglebetweentheformsandformulasthathavebeen
imposedonusandtheexplosionswithwhichourindividualityavengesitself.Formhas
rarelybeenanoriginalcreation,anequilibriumarrivedatthroughourinstinctsand
desiresratherthanattheirexpense.Onthecontrary,ourmoralandjuridicalformsoften
conflictwithournature,preventingusfromexpressingourselvesandfrustratingourtrue
wishes.
InIndiaaswell,wehavelostthethreadofcontinuitysocriticaltoouridentityinourheadlong
transitionfromfeudalpastintodemocraticpresent.Itisthislossofidentity,morethananythingelse,
thathasledtoourinabilitytofacereality,andourfeebleattemptsatatoothlesssecularismanda
spiritlessdemocracy.

JIHAD
Anumberofsectionsinthebookcontainargumentsthatareweak,andarebolsteredbyevidencethat
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iscontroversial.OneoftheseisthediscussiononJihad.Itisherethatwefindtracesofinjudicious
quotation,mainlyasaresultofdifferencesovertranslation,thatcouldpossiblybecitedasevidenceof
bias.EarlyintheQuran,whenthenascentIslamisbesetwithdifficulties,wefind:
Ounbelievers,
Iservenotwhatyouserve,
andyouarenotservingwhatIserve...
Toyouyourreligion,andtomemyreligion!(Quran109.1)
Or,asin2.256'Lettherebenocompulsioninreligion'.Yetlater,thesamevoiceturnsbloodthirsty:
'Iftheywithdrawnotfromyou,and
offeryoupeace,andrestraintheirhands,
takethemandslaythemwhereveryoucomeonthem
againstthemWehavegivenyouaclearauthority(4.93)
Or,
Whenyouencountertheinfidels,
strikeofftheirheadstillyehavemade
agreatslaughteramongthem,and
oftherestmadefastthefetters.
Andafterwardsletthereeitherbefreedismissalsorransomings,
tillthewarhathlaiddownitsburdens.(47.45)
ThesunnasandthehadisareequallyevocativeintheirsupportofthenotionofJihad,whichis
deemedbyShourietobethe"leitmotivoftheQuran."p.229234.However,currenthistoricalresearch
isunanimousthatthenotionofJihademergedmuchaftertheQuran,duringthephaseofreligious
conflict,particularlyduringtheCrusades.Atthesametime,ifthereisaleitmotivthatrunsthrough
theQuran,itisundoubtedlytheunityofAllah,followedbytheexhortationtogivealmstothepoor,a
notionthatisrepeatedtimeswithoutnumber.

AQUESTIONOFTRANSLATION?
ArunShourie'sbasicpointiswelltaken:studyeverythingindetail,initsentirety,andfromthe
original,uncommentedtext.Then,decidewhetherornottheitemsdiscoveredsatisfysecularactionor
"noncommunalnoninterference."
Tofollowuponthisadvice,Ilookeduptheoriginalsource,theQuran.Itwasimmediatelyobvious
thatthetranslationusedbyShouriewasuncharitableattheveryleast.Whereasthetwootherstandard
translationsIfoundwerelargelyinagreement,thewordsusedintheabovequotationswereoften
oftenliabletomisinterpretations.Thelastfewlines(47.4)forinstance,considertheword
"encounter,"whichcanmeanjustameeting,oritcanmeananongoingconflict.Thetranslationby
AhmedAli(OxfordUniversityPress,1984,Rs.180),putsthesameSurathus:
Whenyouclashwiththeunbelievers,
striketheirnecksuntilyouoverpowerthem,
thenholdtheminbondage.
Theneitherfreethemgraciously
oraftertakingaransom.
andthetranslationbyN.J.Dawood(Penguin,1956)has:
Whenyoumeettheunbelieversinthebattlefieldstrikeofftheirheadsand,whenyou
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havelaidthemlow,bindyourcaptivesfirmly.Thengrantthemtheirfreedomortake
ransomfromthem.
InthetranslationquotedbyShourie,thesenseof"greatslaughter"isemphasizedthoughitseems
muchtamerintheothertranslations:
Freedismissalsorransomings,arethusallowed,butafter`agreatslaughter'hasbeen
madeamongthem.`Itisnotfairforanyprophet,'Allahreiterates,`tohaveprisonersuntil
hemakesawideslaughterintheland(8.67)'p.234
Yet,thisphrasealsoappearsmuchmorebenigninothertranslations"...untilhehassubduedthe
wholecountry,"writesAli,whereasDawoodputsitas"...untilhehastriumphedintheland."It
strikesoneasoddthatShouriedoesnotprovidethetranslationthatheused,whichhemusthavesince
elsewherehedeniesknowledgeofArabic.(NOTE:Inapersonalmessageagainstthisreview,Shourie
didprovidealistofhissources,butstillitissurprisinghowtheyaremissinginthetextitself.)

MISCELLANY
Inothersectionsofthebook,hetakesonthelegalhistoryofbanningabookonreligiousgroundsthe
manipulativeandpowerhungrycharacterofJinnah("ThepistolJinnahforged")ahatchetjobonSir
SyedAhmedKhan,whoistypicallydepictedasawesternizedIslamicreformerbybiographers
(includingRajmohanGandhi).Inthislastarticle,someoftheargumentsareparticularlytenuous,and
onewonderswhysuchshrilllogicwouldbeneededifindeedthecaseweresostrong.Inanother
article,hedescribesthedifficultyoflocatingaparticulartextthatwascommendedbyanotedscholar
some15yearsback,andlaunchesonaconspiracytheorybasedentirelyonhearsay.Thecontents,
however,areexplosivethereisalistofmosquesbuiltbytearingdownHindutemplesascompiled
byanotedmuslimscholar(thelistincludesJamaMasjid,BabriMasjid,Qanauj,Benares,Jaunpur,
Mathura,etc.)Thislistisquotedtoemphasizethepoint,stressedelsewhere,thatthemasjidswereof
coursebuiltontemples.Whatistrueistrue.Anostrichlikeobsessionfromfacingthetruthisnot
goingtomakeitgoawayitwillreturnwithavengeance.Betterfaceitrightawayandcomeupwith
thecorrectdecisionsnowratherthanlater.Butwhatkindsofdecisionscanbetaken?Whatarethe
solutiontothisPandora'sBoxthatMr.Shouriehasthrownopen?Oneisleftwithnoguidance.
Whatweneed,ifweacceptArunShouriescogentlyarguedthesis,islessbowdlerization,andmore
directfromthetextsinterpretation,beitinthefieldsoflaw,religion,politics,orhistory.Itleavesone
wishingmerelyformoretime,forarslonga,andvitabrevis.

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