1

B-Kgvm
Your Future Business

eyKwewW wmwiR

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AbK GwMqQ Ges Aviv mvgbi w`K GwMq hvQ| GB BUvibUi msk _K Kvb
wKQzB Avi wewQb bB| Avgv`i hvMvhvM gvag _K i Ki Nii evRviUvI nQ
BUvibU| ZvB mevi mv_ cvjv w`q Avgv`i Kgmsvbi evcviUvI AbKUvB GLb
BUvibUi nvZ| BUvibUi gvag AbKB GLb my`ifve RxweKv wbevn KiQ|
fwelZ Avgv`i `ki A_bxwZ AbKUvB wbfi Kie BUvibU wfwK jb`i Gi Dci|
hgb t BUvibU wfwK Kgmsvb, eemv-evwbR, cov-jLv BZvw`|
wekvqbi G hyM BUvibUi KjvY cw_exi mewKQzZ hgb AbjvBbi Qvuqv jMQ
Zgwb Avgv`i eemv-evwYRI wcwQq bB, Avgv`i eemv evwYRZI GLb BUvibU
wbfi nq coQ| AvaywbK mgvR eevK ejv nq Z_wfwK mgvR| GKwU `ki Rb GB
Z_ (Information) Lye iZc~Y Ges eqej GKwU evcvi| GB Z_K h `k hZewk
KvR jvMvZ cvie m `kB ZZ DbwZ jvf Kie| Avi GB Z_wfwK mgvR eevq
eemv-evwYRi cwZi evcK cwieZb GmQ| Avgv`i bZzb mgvR gk GKwU bZzb
eemv cwZi w`K avweZ nQ hvi bvg B-Kgvm (E-commerce)| eemv-evwYR bvbvb
mgqi bvbvb cwZ Aej^b KiQ| cZKeviB Gi MwZ eoQ| wVK Zgwb B-Kgvm
njv eemv evwYRi AviKwU cwieZb|
GB eBwUZ B-Kgvm (E-commerce) mK wevwiZ fve hgb jLv nqQ
cvkvcvwk GKwU B-Kgvm mvBU Wfjvc Kivi Kkj Ges GKwU B-Kgvm mvBU wKfve
Wfjvc Kiv hvq mwUI `Lvbv nqQ| eBwU mevi Rb Dchy nq mfveB jLv
nqQ|
eyKwewW AbKw`b _K Abyaveb KiQ h, Avgv`i gvZfvlvq GkwU B-Kgvm eB LyeB
cqvRb, hb mevB Lye mnR BUvibU wfwK eev eyS| Avi Qv-Qvx`i Rb eBwU
LyeB mnvqK cvVcyK
wnme mvnvh Kie| eBwU we.we.G, Gg.AvB.Gm, gvKwUs,
wm.Gm.B, AvB wU, wWcvgv Ges wewfb cdkbvj Uwbs Gi Rb LyeB cqvRbxq|

B-Kgvm

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gnvb Avjvn& ZvAvjvi Akl Kwiqv, evsjv`k gvZfvlvq B-Kgvm eBwU cvVK`i nvZ
Zzj `evi Rb| `ki AMwYZ cvVK`i Pvwn`v Avi AbyivaB Avgv`i GB eBwU jLvi
AbyciYv hywMqQ|
BUvibU gvbyli mvgb Lyj w`qQ GKwU gy I mvaxb cw_ex| cw_exi
mewKQz GLb gvbyli Lye KvQ GgbwK Ni| eemv evwYR _K i Ki wkvZ_ webv`b mewKQz GLb h Kvb gy ~Z h Kvb RvqMv _K cvIqv hvQ|
BUvibUi Kvib Avcwb evm, Ub, GgbwK Gqvicb Gi wUKU ch q KiZ
cviQb| evmv _K Avcwb Avcbvi Awdmi KvR cwiPvjbv KiZ cviQb| GZ
Ki gvbyli Rxebi hvMvhvM GLb AbK mnR nq MQ| AvRKi cw_exK
Avgiv Mvevj cw_ex ewj Zvi AbZg KviY BUvibU| BUvibUi gvag GLb
gyZB weki me Bbdigkb Lye `yZ Rvbv hvq|
Iqe mvBU Qvov BUvibUi Zgb mydj cvIqv me bq| Iqei Kvib
AvRK mviv wekK Lye KvQ gb nq| cY wbgvZv cwZvbjv Zv`i wbR`i
cYi wevwiZ eYbv Iqe mvBUi gvag Zzj ai| GZ Ki mevB h Kvb
cbi ev cwZvbi Lei Lye mnR Iqe mvBUi gvag RvbZ cvi| Kvb wKQz
bv Rvbj j A_ev Ab Kvb mvP Bwb LuyR ei Kiv hvq| cw_ex hZB mvgbi
w`K hvQ gvbyl ZZB e nQ Ges cvkvcvwk gvbyli mgqi gyjI eo
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gvbyli eZvi Kvib AvR gvbyl kwcs G hZ Pvq bv| mevB Pvq me wKQz
hb Lye mnR cvIqv hvq| Ni em hb kwcs Kiv hvq Ges AvR mUvB cyivcywi
evevwqZ nZ hvQ| Avi Gme wKQz evevwqZ nQ B-Kgvm Gi Kvib| GKwU
Iqe mvBUi gvag Avcbvi cY q weq Ges A_bwZ jb`b KivUvB nQ
BjKUwb Kgvm|
2020 mvji ga weki ewki fvM gvbyl BUvibU eve cYi Dci
wbfikxj ne| gvmb Gi Z_ gZ 2020 mvji ga wekRyo AviI
GKnvRvi 600 KvwU BUvibU eve cY eenvi nIqvi mvebv AvQ| gvmbi
cavb MelK wRg gwim Rvbvb, AvMvgx 10 eQii ga weki me gvbylB BUvibU
eve cY evenvi Kie Ges Mo .8 _K 5.8 wU BUvibU eve cY Zix ne|
Avi evsjv`k B-Kgvm Gi mvebv AbK ewk|
eBwU jLvi mgq bZzb`i K_v Zv eUB mB mv_ GcvU`i K_vI
weePbv Ki jLv nqQ| Avi G Rb eBwUi cwZwU Aavq AwZ mnR Ki
cvVK`i KvQ Zzj aivi Pv Kiv nqQ| cwZwU welq Gi mv_ mswk Qwe
mshvRb Kiv nqQ| hvZ Ki cvVK`i eySZ Kvb iKg mgmv bv nq|
wcq cvVK, eBwU fvjv Ki wjLvi Rb Avgiv AvcvY Pv KiwQ| Gi ciI
hw` Kvb Z_MZ A_ev, evbvb f~j nq _vK, Avcbviv Avgv`iK gv I my`i
`wZ `Le Ges Avgv`i RvbvZ cvieb| Avgiv me mgq Avcbv`i BwZevPK
mgvjvPbv Avkv Kwi|
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eyKwewW
www.bookbd.info
4

B-Kgvm

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eyKwewW Gi mKj m`mK

B-Kgvm

abev` :
gvt Zvbfxi Avng`
gv: kwid nvmb (wknve)

B-Kgvm

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Zvbfxi Avng`
B-weRbm GcvU
mvD_ Gwkqvb AvB wm wU

B-Kgvm

m~wPc

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1g Aavq t B-Kgvm cwiwPwZ

1.1 t BUvibU Gi BwZnvm
1.1.1 t BUvibU Gi iUv!
1.2 t Iqv IqvBW Iqe -Gi BwZnvm
1.2.1 t wKfve KvR Ki?
1.3 B-Kgvm wK?
1.3.1 t Kv_v _K i
1.4 t B-Kgvm weRbm Kbm wj
1.5 t Kb B-Kgvm ?
1.6 t BUvibU eemv
1.7 t B-Kgvm Gi wKQz myweav
1.8 t wRIMvwdKvj myweav
1.9 t Kvgvi Gcv
1.10 t 24 NUv Pvjy
1.11 t gvKwUs LiP Kgvq
1.12 t ccvi wbfikxjZv Kgvq
1.13 t B-Kgvm Key Drivers
1.14 t UKbvjwRKvj dvi
1.15 t cwjwUKvj dvi
1.16 t mvkvj dvi
1.17 t BKvbwgK dvi
1.18 t BUvibU weRbm gWj wj:
1.19 t EDI
1.20 t EDI Gi gvag AUv UvbRKkb
1.21 t BUvibU
1.22 t B-Kgvm Ges fvwjD PBb
1.23 t Qv GKwU KBm vwW

2q Aavq t B-Kgvm evevqb Gi Bmy mg~n

2.1 t K (Cost)
2.2 t fvwjD (Value)
2.3 t wmwKDwiwU (Security)
2.4 t jfviwRs GwRmwUs wmg (Leveraging Existing Systems)
2.5 t BUvicivwewjwU (Interoperability)
2.6 t jvKvj B-Kgvm Bmy: legal and regulatory frameworks
2.7 t Mvevj B-Kgvm/KvjPvivj gvKwUs: Bm~, Kbmvb Ges wKQz mgvavb
2.7.1 t MvevjvBRkb Gi fvebv

B-Kgvm
2.7.2 t MvevjvBRkb wbq Kvvwbjv wPw Z Kb?
2.8 t weki Uc B-Kgvm eenviKvix `kmg~n:
2.9 t me eemv wK Mvevj nZ cvi?
2.10 t B-Kgvm Gi wKQz Mvevj evavmg~n

3q Aavq t Kv weRbm AbjvBb

3.1 t WvBi gvKwUs, mwjs Ges mvwfm
3.2 t A_bwZK Ges Z_ cwimev t
3.3 t AbjvBb evswKs
3.4 t AbjvBb wewjs
3.5 t wbivc` Z_ weZiY
3.6 t iYveY, givgZ Ges Acvikb (MRO)
3.7 t mvcvB PBb gvbRgU
3.8 t gvbRgU wkdU
3.9 t cwdU kqvi Kiv
3.10 t cwZwZvi myweav
3.11 t AvWvcwUf cwiKbv
3.12 t MwZkxj mZv
3.13 t wWwweDkb GwwKDkb
3.14 t BfU PvwjZ mg^q
3.15 t g~j eevcbv BwUMkb (Value Chain Integration)
3.16 t gvbvdvKPvwis B-Kgvm Bottom Line
3.17 t B-Kgvm Gi cfve
3.18 t 7 wU BDwbK AvBwWqv
3.19 t KBm vwW t BUj Kcvikb

4_ Aavq t IqvK DB_ B-Kgvm

4.1 t wKfve B-Kgvm G KvR Kieb ?
4.2 t UvwWkbvj evwYR Ges B-Kgvm evwYR Gi cv_K
4.3 t UvwWkbvj evwYR Ges B-Kgvm evwYR Gi wKQy cv_K mgyn
4.4 t B-Kgvm UKbvjwR
4.5 t BKvbvwgK cUbwkqvj Ad B-Kgvm (Economic Potential Of E-Commerce)
4.6 t B-Kgvm Ges wiUBj BvwR
4.7 t B-Kgvm Ges gvKwUs
4.8 t B-Kgvm Gi wKQz Z_ mgyn
4.9 t B-KgvmK KvhKi Kiv
4.10 t evbvi AvW Gi gvag
4.11 t AvwdwjqU cvMvg
4.12 t AvwdwjqU bUIqvK
4.13 t mvP Bwb ivws
4.14 t wfRyqvj wWRvBb

B-Kgvm
4.15 t mvP Bwb AcwUgvBRkb

5g Aavq t B-Kgvm gvKU gWj

5.1 t B-Kgvm Gi weRbm UvBc
5.1.1 t weRbm Uz weRbm (B2B)
5.1.2 t weRbm Uz KbRygvi (B2C)
5.1.3 t KbRygvi Uz weRbm (C2B)
5.1.4 t KbRygvi Uz KbRygvi (C2C)
5.1.5 t Governent to Government (G2G) gWj
5.1.6 t Government-to-Consumer (G2C) gWj
5.1.7 t Government-to-Business (G2B) gWj
5.2 t B-weRbm
5.3 t B-weRbm Av Intranet
5.4 t B-weRbm Av GUvibU
5.5 t B-weRbm Av BUvibU
5.6 t B-weRbm gWj
5.6.1 t vidU gWj (Storefront model):
5.6.2 t kwcs KvU UKbvjwR
5.6.3 t AbjvBb kwcs gj
5.6.4 t AKkb gWj (Auction Model)
5.6.5 t Ebaytm KBm vwW
5.6.6 t cvUvj gWj (Portal Model)
5.6.7 t Yahoo! KBm vwW
5.6.8 t fvwUKvj cvUvj Ges KwgDwbwU mvBUm
5.6.9 t WvBbvwgK cvBwms gWj

6 Aavq t B-Kgvm Gi myweav Ges Amyweav

6.1 t myweav (Advantages)
6.1.1 t wRIMvwdKvj evav AwZg
6.1.2 t Kg LiP
6.1.3 t gvKwUs Ges AvWfvUvBwRs
6.1.4 t jvKej
6.1.5 t wews
6.1.6 t `yZ cvWv cvIqv
6.1.7 t KvwiRb kwcs
6.1.8 t Kzcb, evMwbs Ges Mc evwqs
6.1.9 t AvKPzqvj Bbdigkb
6.1.10 t UvMU KwgDwbKkb
6.1.11 t 24 NUv Lvjv
6.1.12 t my`i cvWv

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B-Kgvm
6.1.13 t mvgvwRK myweav
6.2 t Amyweav (Disadvantages)
6.2.1 t ewMZ mKi Afve
6.2.2 t mgq eq
6.2.3 cvWv bv cvIqv
6.2.4 t hvPvB evQvB Kiv
6.2.5t h KD B-Kgvm mU Avc KiZ cvi
6.2.6 t wmwKDwiwU
6.2.7 t cvBfwm
6.2.8 t me RvqMvq B-Kgvm mvKmm bv nIqv Ges Gi wKQz Kvib mgyn

7g Aavq t B-Kgvm Iqe mvBU wWRvBb Ges wews

7.1 t 1g KvR - IqemvBU wWRvBb Gi Uzjm cQ` Kiv
7.2 t Rygjv!
7.2.1 t Rygjv w`q Zwi Kiv wKQy Real World-Gi D`vniY
7.2.2 t Rygjvi myweav
7.2.3 t Rygjv Ges B-Kgvm
7.3 t 2q KvR - Iqe nv wmjKkb
7.4 t 3q KvR - cgU wmjKkb
7.5 t 4_ KvR - kwcs KvU

8g Aavq: B-Kgvm IqemvBU vUwR

8.1 t cBR Icwbs
8.2 t gvwcj evIRvi Uws
8.3 t wb iRyjkb U
8.4 t Uv ew
8.5 t U, U Ges U
8.6 t mvBU bwfMkb
8.7 t AvibwUf bwfMkb w_g
8.8 t Ackb wjwgUkb
8.9 t Keep bwfMkb KbwmmUU
8.10 t User Readable dU
8.11 t cvWv KvUMwi cR
8.12 t AUv wiUvb AvdUvi AvW Uz KvW
8.13 t cwZ cR ekx AvBUg hvM Kiv
8.14 t AvDU Ad K Avjv`vfve `Lvbv
8.15 t AvRv wdPvi mshy Kib
8.16 t cvWv Gi cvBm `Lvbv
8.17 t cvWv Gi mgqKvj `Lvbv
8.18 t BDRvi iwUs
8.19 t wdvi evB Kvjvi/mvBR
11

B-Kgvm
8.20 t wiqj dUv Zyj aiv
8.21 t mvP dvskb
8.22 t cvWv BgR wKKe&j
8.23 t n wdPvi mshyKib
8.24 t cvWv cBR
8.25 t K BwKUi `Lvbv
8.26 t cvWv dUv fvjv fve `Lvbv
8.27 t cvWv Zixi RvqMv DjL Kiv
8.28 t wj cvWv ewbwdU
8.29 t cvWv gRvigU G IqBU
8.30 t Kvqb dg (Question Form)
8.31 t Kviw KbfvUvi
8.32 t cvfvBW cvWv IqviwU
8.33 t kwcs KvU
8.34 t wmwgjvi AvBUg wdPvi
8.35 t AvW cvWv Thumbnail BgR
8.36 t wd wkwcs Advi
8.37 t Buy X Get X wd
8.38 t wkwcs K
8.39 t wkwcs UvBg
8.40 t AWvi g_W
8.41 t m mj AvBUg
8.42 t UP-mj AvBUg
8.43 t wjsK evK Uz cvWv cBR
8.44 t PK cMm evi
8.45 t K Ab nv
8.46 t jvBf PvU wjsK
8.47 t cgU Ackb
8.48 t PKAvDU
8.49 t Emphasize wmwKDwiwU
8.50 t Kbdvgkb cBR (Confirmation Page)
8.51 t kv wmwKDi mvwUwdKU
8.52 t Prominent 1-800 Number
8.53 t jvBf PvU
8.54 t wWU KvW UvBc
8.55 t BDRvi dwj wWU KvW
8.56 t Advi ccvj
8.57 t wkwcs UvBg wbavib
8.58 t Kvgvi mvwfm
8.59 t cvmvbvj Kvgvi mvwfm GRU wbqvM
8.60 t Call Customers Who Abandon Their Order

12

B-Kgvm
8.61 t GKB w`b wkwcs
8.62 t gwbUi wkwcs cvMm
8.63 t wd wiUvb wkwcs

9g Aavq t B-Kgvm wmwKDwiwU

9.1 t wmwKDwiwU IfviwfD
9.2 t wmwKDwiwU AvUvK
9.3 t wUwKs `v kcvi
9.4 t wcs kcvim KwgDUvi
9.5 t wwds `v bUIqvK
9.6 t Mwms cvmIqvW (Guessing the Password)
9.7 t Wwbqj Ad mvwfm AvUvK
9.8 t BDwRs mvfvi evMm
9.9 t iU GcqU
9.10 t wWd
9.11 t GWzKkb
9.12 t dvqviIqvj
9.13 t wmwKDi mKU jqvi (SSL)
9.14 t cvmIqvW cwjwm

10g Aavq t BjKUwbK cgU wmg

10.1 t B-cgU wK
10.2 t B-cgU GKvDU wK
10.3 t BjKUwbK cgU wmg Gi AvDUjvBb
10.4 t UvBc Ad gvwb
10.4.1 t Fiduciary money (fiat money)
10.4.2 t Scriptural money
10.5 t UvBc Ad cgU wmg (Types of payment systems)
10.5.1 t wWU KvW
10.5.2 t vU KvW (Smart Card)
10.5.3 t AviGdAvBwW wPc
10.6 t jqvi ev wewfb i
10.7 t jwRK I UvbwRi jqvi
10.8 t AvtmshvM jqvi
10.9 t jwRK MBU
10.10 t BUvibU evswKs
10.11 t BUvibU evswKs ev AbjvBb evswKs Gi myweav wK ?
10.12 t ccvj
10.13 t AvjvU c / cBRv
10.13.1 t AvjvU c wK?
10.13.2 t evsjv`kK GjvUc KZUyKy mvcvU Ki?
13

B-Kgvm
10.13.3 t wKfve GKvDU Zwi Kieb?
10.13.4 t Personal Starter
10.13.5 t Personal Pro
10.13.6 t Business
10.14 t gvwbeyKvm

11Zg Aavq t BUvibU gvKwUs

11.1 t gvKwUs wK?
11.2 t IqemvBU gvKwUs
11.3 t mvP Bwb gvKwUs
11.4 t B-gBj gvKwUs
11.5 t evbvi gvKwUs
11.6 t gvevBj gvKwUs
11.7 t eM gvKwUs
11.8 t AbjvBb cm wiwjR (msev` wew) gvKwUs
11.9 t dvivg Ges wWmKvkvb gvKwUs
11.10 t BfU gvbRgU
11.11 t AvwdwjqU gvKwUs
11.12 t AvwUKj gvKwUs
11.13 t AbjvBb gvKwUs Gi wKQz wUcm
11.13.1 t wjsK wews
11.13.2 t FAQ cBR
11.13.3 t ev cR
11.13.4 t B-eyK
11.13.5 t QR KvW
11.13.6 t wfwWI wP
11.14 t gvKwUs cvb Gi KqKwU avc
11.14.1 t AfixY welqjv cheY
11.14.2 t evwnK welqjv cheY
11.14.3 t cwimsLvb chvjvPbv
11.14.4 t gvKwUs wiwfD
11.14.5 t cqvRb cybivq weRbm Ges gvKwUs cvb cwieZb
11.15 t MvnK mev
11.15.1 t AbjvBb mev wbwZ Kiv :
11.15.2 t `Z Ges wbivc` A_ wbwZ Kiv :
11.15.3 t mgmv mgvavb `Z imcbm& Kiv
11.15.4 t weK eev ivLv
11.15.5 t ^Z fve cZK MvnKi mgmvi cwZ j ivLv
11.16 t wfbavivi gvKwUs Kkj
11.16.1 t cdkbvj fve ev` `Iqv I ewMZ AvPiY
11.16.2 t cY bq wbRK cKvk

14

B-Kgvm
11.16.3 t wbRi mRbkxjZvi cKvk
11.16.4 t Abi welqK iZ `Iqv

12Zg Aavq t gvevBj Kgvm

12.1 t gvevBj ev Gg Kgvmi BwZnvm
12.2 t Gg-Kgvmi
12.3 t gvevBj wUwKwUs
12.4 t gvevBj fvDPvi
12.5 t gvevBj evswKs
12.6 t gvevBj evKviR
12.7 t gvevBj cviPR
12.8 t gvevBj gvKwUs

13Zg Aavq t B-Kgvm - cvcU evsjv`k

13.1 t B-cgU MUIq - cvcU evsjv`k
13.2 t GKRb wdjvvii `wZ AbjvBb jb`b
13.3 t GB gyZ evsjv`wk wdjvviMb wKfve A_ jb`b Ki _vK?
13.4 t A_ jb`b KiZ wK aibi mgmvi myLxb nZ nQ?
13.5 t eZgvb esjv`k B-Kgvm Gi Aev
13.6 t wKfve evbveb B-Kgvm mvBU- cvcU evsjv`k
13.7 t A_i jb`b
13.8 t i Kib B-Kgvm

14Zg Aavq t B-Kgvm-WfjcgU

14.1 t fvPzgvU wK
14.2 t Feature of fvPzgvU
14.3 t General Feature
14.4 t fvPzgvU localization
14.5 t cvWv KvUvjM feature
14.6 t Administration Feature
14.7 t Payment Modules
14.8 t Shipping Module
14.9 t Server wK?
14.10 t wKfve Avcbvi KwDUviK Server Zwi Kieb?
14.11 t XAMPP Bbjkbi wewfb chvq mg~n
14.12 t XAMPP K c_g evii gZv cwiPvjbv Kiv
14.13 t fvPzgvU BUjkb
14.14 t Rygjv! Bbjkb Ges KbwdMvikb
14.15 t fvPzgvU Gi ewmK KbwdMvikb
14.16 t fvPzgvU gby Zix

15

B-Kgvm
14.17 t fvPzgvU vi KbwdMvikb
14.17.1 t vi KbwdMvikb cwZ
14.17.2 t vi Bbdigkb
14.17.3 t Shop KbwdMvikb
14.17.4 t Tax configuration
14.17.5 t User Registration Setting
14.17.6 t Core Setting
14.17.7 t Security Setting
14.17.8 t Checkout
14.17.9 t Downloads
14.17.10 t Feed configuration
14.17.11 t Managing Countries
14.17.12 t Managing Currencies
14.17.13 t Shipping module Gi eenvi
14.17.14 t Standard Shipping
14.17.15 t Payment Module
14.17.16 t Adding credit card
14.17.17 t Configure Payment method
14.17.18 t Cash on delivery
14.17.19 t Adding payment method
14.17.20 t Adding tax rates
14.17.21 t AMvbvBR cvWv KvUvjM
14.17.22 t gvbwRs Manufacturers
14.17.23 t Adding a manufacturer KvUMwi
14.17.24 t Adding Manufacturer
14.17.25 t Listing the Manaufacturer KvUMwi
14.17.26 t Adding cvWv KvUMwi
14.17.27 t KvUMwi Information Tab
14.17.28 t Images tab
14.17.29 t Adding a cvWv
14.17.29.1 t Product Information tab
14.17.29.2 t Display option
14.17.29.3 t cvWv Status
14.17.29.4 t cvWv Dimensions and weight
14.17.29.5 t cvWv images
14.17.29.6 t Related cvWv
14.17.29.7 t Adding multiple cvWv Image
14.17.30 t Adding extra file
14.17.31 t Configuring downloadable cvWv
14.17.32 t Using Attributes

16

B-Kgvm
14.17.33 t Simple Attributes
14.17.34 t Parent Child cvWv
14.17.35 t Adding cvWv Attributes
14.17.36 t Creating a new Item
14.17.37 t Using cvWv Type
14.17.38 t Adding cvWv type
14.17.39 t Adding parameters to cvWv type
14.17.40 t Adding cvWv type to cvWv
14.18 t gvMbUv
14.18.1 t Magento-Gi cwiwPwZ
14.18.2 t MAGENTO Gi Frontend
14.18.3 t MAGENTO Gi Backend
14.18.4 t MAGENTO Gi Customization Options
14.18.5 t Database Zwi
14.18.6 t Configuration
14.18.7 t Product Presentation
14.18.8 t Searching
14.18.9 t Comparing Products
14.18.10 t Sorting Products
14.18.10.1 t Grid/List View
14.18.10.2 t Recently Viewed

15g Aavq t dxjv Ges dxjvws gvKUcm

15.1 t dxjvws wK ?
15.2 t Kvwiqvi wnme dxjvws
15.3 t `kevcx BUvibU eenviKvix ew
15.4 t Kb dxjvws ?
15.5 t wK wK RvbZ ne ?
15.6 t Kv_vq wkLeb ?
15.7 t Kv_vq Kieb ?
15.8 t dxjv gvKUc- m

16Zg Aavq t di UwWs

16.1 t di UwWs (Forex trading) Kx ?
16.2 t Forex Market wK ?
16.3 t wKfve KiZ nq
16.4 t Forex Trading Gi myweav
16.5 t Forex Trading Gi Rb cw Z
16.6 t Forex Trading KiZ wK wK cqvRb
16.7 t UW Icb (Trade Open) I UW KvR (Trad e Close) Kx ?
17

B-Kgvm

18

B-Kgvm

1g Aavq

19

B-Kgvm

B-Kgvm cwiwPwZ

20

B-Kgvm

1g
Aavq

B-Kgvm cwiwPwZ

1.1 t BUvibU Gi BwZnvm

hnZz BUibU ewZZ B-Kgvm Gi gvag evemv cwiPjbv Kiv me bq ZvB
c_gB GKUz Rb bB BUvibU Gi BwZnvm mK|
BUvibU hvK msc `v bUwnmve WvKv nq _vK| BUvibU njv Iqv
IqvBW wmg Ad KwDUvi Gi Ggb GKwU bUIqvK wmg, h bUIqvK
eenvi Ki GKRb eenviKvix Aci mshy eenviKvixi mv_ Z_ Av`vb c`vb
KiZ cvi| BUvibUUv Avmj wekevcx Qwoq _vKv mePq eo KwDUvi
bUIqvK, hUvZ Avgv`i KwDUviwU mavibZ hy nq fvPy qvwj wewfb aibi
KvR Kivi AbygwZ w`q _vK | Avi GKUz evwoq ejZ Mj ejZ nq h,
BUvibU nQ KwDUvi wbf i GKwU ewkK Z cwZ| cii Gi mv_ mK
hy AbKjv KwDUvi Kw`K wbiwewQb bUIqvKi mgwB nQ BUvibU|
cwZwU bUIqvKi mv_ kZ kZ A_ev nvRvi nvRvi KwDUvi hy _vK, Gjvi
GKwU AbwUi mv_ mshy nq wewfb Z_ Av`vi c`vb Ki _vK| BUvibU
wekevcx gvbylK djcm~fve Ges m~jf GK Abi mv_ hvMvhvM KiZ mg
KiQ| mbvZbx cPvi gvag mg~n hgb iwWI, Uwjwfkbi gZB BUvibUi
Kvb aibi K`xf~Z mieivn cwZ bB| Zvi cwieZ h Kvb ew hviv
BUvibUi mv_ mshyw AvQ m mivmwi Ab h Kvb ewi mv_ hvMvhvM iv
KiZ, Abi Rb Z_ mieivn KiZ, Abi `qv Z_ msMn KiZ A_ev
Drcvw`Z cbmg~n Kg gyj q weq KiZ cvi| Z_ LvuRvi Rb h
BUvibU, A_vr IqemvBU G cBR Avgiv `wL mwU nQ GKwU cvMvg hgb
gvBvmdU Kcvikbi BUvibU Gcvivi, dvqvid, Aciv, Mj g
BZvw` hv KwDUvii Z_vw`i c, wP, iLvwP, k Pjgvb Qwe I gWjmg~n
wfwRUi`i mvgb Dcvcb Ki _vK| hvK Avgiv IqemvBU ej _vwK|

1.1.1 t BUvibU Gi iUv!

1969 mvj BD Gm miKvi GKwU Advanced Research Project Agency
MVb Ki hwU cieZxZ ARPANET wnmve cwiwPwZ cvq | GUvi Dk wQj
GKUv bUIqvK Zwi hvi gvag GK BDwbfvwmwUi eenviKvixiv Ab
BDwbfvwmwUi eenviKvix`i mv_ mshy nZ cvi| GB mgq GB cRi g~j
j wQj MelK`i ga wbiwewQb Z_ Av`vb c`vb Kiv| cieZx mgq wKQz

21

B-Kgvm
KwDUvi GcvU, Bwwbqvi Ges jvBe wiqvb AvicvbU Gi eenvi i Ki| m
mgq bUIqvK Gi gvag hvMvhvM GZvUv mnR wQjv bv|
cieZxZ 1972 mvj AvicvbU Gi Rb mec_g Ugwjbmb B-gBj
Avwevi Kib| Ges Gmgq c_g @symbol eenvi Kiv nq|

wP (1.1) : BUvibU KvbKkb cmm

1.2 t Iqv IqvBW Iqe -Gi BwZnvm
Iqv IqvBW Iqe GKwU Mvevj Bbdigvkb wgwWqvg, hvi gvag BUvibU
eenviKvixiv wjLZ I coZ cvi| AbK fyj Ki www K BUvibU Gi
wmbvbwg wnmve gb Ki| Avmj Wwe I WweI WweI GKUv mvwfm hUv AcviU
nq BUvibU Gi gvag hgb : B-gj|
WweI WweI WweI Gi wimvm BUvibU evenviKvix`i AbygwZ `q GK wimvm
_K Ab wimvm G hZ| WweI WweI WweI AvwcKkb hUv WweI WweI WweI
evDRvi KvBU bvg cwiwPZ| GB evDRvi digvUW UU, BgRm, mvD Abvb
AeR hgb nvBcviwjsK KwDUvi wb G eenviKvwi`i mvgb cRU Ki|
1991 mvji 6 B AvM Awdwmqvwj mvi wUg evbvi-wj WweI WweI WweI (www)
K cwiwPwZ Kivb | GB cR G Zuvi j wQj t
Aims to allow links to be made to any information anywhere

1.2.1 t wKfve KvR Ki?

Avwg Avevi I ejwQ Iqv IqvBW Iqe Ges BUvibU GKB welq bv| BUvibU njv
mejv KwDUvii bUIqvK Avi Iqe njv BUvibU hy KwDUvii GKwU
mvwfm|Iqei Z_jv wewfb cvZvq mwbewkZ AvKvi _vK Ges cwZwU Avjv`v cvZvq
ev wjsK wef _vK| cwZwU wjsKB BDwbK nq| GB Z_mgyn Iqe mvfvi msiwZ
_vK| Avi h me KwDUvi _K Z_jv `Lv nq Zv`iK ej Iqe KvBU|
mvaviYZ IqecRjv evDRvii gvag c`wkZ nq| AvaywbK Iqe UU, Qwe,
Gwbgkb, AwWI, wfwWImn bvbv aibi wgwWqv mwwjZ AvKvi `Lv hvq| bUIqvwKs

22

B-Kgvm
mK wevwiZ RvbZ eyKwewW mvw`Z cvKwUKvj bUIqvwKs eBwU msMn Ki
wbZ cvib|

23

B-Kgvm
1.3 B-Kgvm wK?

wP (1.2) :BKgvm Gi GKwU D`vniY

It is impossible for ideal to compete in the market place if no forum
for their presentation is provided or available.
--- Thomas Mann (1875-1955)

24

B-Kgvm
eve Rxeb Avgiv cY q weq Gi wK Ki _vwK ? mvaviYZ Avgiv Kvb
cb wKbZ ev wewi Rb gvKU A_ev wewfb cwZvb hvB| mLvb Avgiv cY
`wL, cQ` Kwi AZtci cbwU q Kwi Ges A_i jb`b Uv I Avgiv mLvb
mv_ mv_ mb Ki _vwK| B-Kgvm njv Ggb GKUv wgwWqv hvi gvag Avgiv
Dciv KvR wj Ni ev Kvb RvqMvB em BUibU Gi mvnvh Rv wKK Gi
gvag Ki djZ cvwi| A_vr GKwU KwDUvi I BUvibU KvbKkb hw` _vK
Zvnj Avgiv GB me Kbv ePvi KvR Within a second Gi ga mi djZ
cvwi cw_exi h Kvb cv em| B-Kgvm Gi gvag Avgiv ay cY Kbv ePvq
bq, A_ jb`b, Z_ Av`vb c`vb, _K i Ki me aibi UvbRKkb Gi KvR
Avgiv mnRB Ki djZ cvwi| AvR Avgv`i GKUv g~ jevb mgq Avgiv eq Kwi
cY q weq Gi cQb| B-Kgvm mB mgqUv Avgv`iK euvwPq w`PQ| BKgvm gyjZ eeZ nq wWwRUvj cwqvq hv cZK MvnKi cwZwU Askx`vi`i Rb cY
cQ` KiZ Ges `Z mev c`vb Kivi eeZ nq _vK|
Aviv ejZ Mj ejZ nq h BjKUwbK Kgvm Gi gvag Avgv`i eemvwqK eq
Kgvbv, cb weq ew, ewMZ Ges ^qswq mev Rvi`vi Kiv me nqQ|
AbK KvvwbB AvR BjKUwbK Kgvm Gi gvag AbjvBb evswKs Ges wewjs, Z_
myiwZ weZiY, gyj eevcbvi UwWs KcviU q, gvKwUs weq Ges Zv`i DbZ
mev c`vbi Rb AvcvY Pv Ki hvQ|
hw`I BjUwbK mgvm Gi myweavw` LyeB Dbqbkxj A_vr LyeB AvaywbK nq _vK ZeyI GB
wmgi cwiPvjbv memgq mnR bq| bZzb GB chyw MnY QvovI AvR AbK Kvvwb
Zv`i eemvi cqvRb BjKUwbK Kgvm K cwic~bfve eenvii Pv Ki hvQ,
Zv`i UwWkbvj eemv cwZK BjUwbK cwZZ KbfvU KiQ|
mvaviYZ BjKUwbK KgvmK GKwU chywMZ Kkji cvUdg ev AbjvBb cwimevi
Rb GKwU cvUvj wnme MY Kiv nq _vK| GwU Avgv`i wewfb ckv`vix `Zv ew,
bZzb bZzb eemv Ges wewfb cvUdg ZwiZ mnvqZv Ki _vK| BjKUwbK Kgvm GKwU
m~b bZzb chywi cvUdg hv me mgq AbjvBb G mwq _vK Ges Gi gvagB DPgvb
mb Kgvm wmgK mnRB Avgiv eemvwqK ewZ weKwkZ KiZ cvwi| AvRKi
wek B-Kgvm Gi cmvi GKwU cwZwnxb cvUdg wnme MY nQ| GwUZ eeZ nQ
me DbZ chyw Ges wewfb WfjcgUi mvgMx|

25

B-Kgvm

wP (1.3) : B-Kgvm Gi mj wmg

1.3.1 t Kv_v _K i
GKUz cQb wdi hvB wKQz mgq Gi Rb, wewfb iKW _K cvIqv hvq h Iqvb Iqv
Gi wKQz BwUwUDU 1970 mvji w`K c_g Z_ BjKUwbKvwj wbR`i ga Av`vb
c`vb i Ki| wK g~j UwWs Gi KUv Pvjy nq 1990 mvji w`K| Avi c_g BKgvm Pvjy Kib 1994 mvj Rd evRm bvg GKRb AvgwiKvb eemvqx| Zvi c_g
Iqe cvUvjwUi bvg wQjv Cadabra.com hUv AvR Amazon.com bvg wek `ievi
cwiwPwZ jvf KiQ Ges eZgvb GUv AvR weki mePq Rbwcq B-Kgvm mvBU| wVK
Zv? Amazon njv c_g AbjvBb B-Kgvm Kvvwb, hUv wKbv c_g wbivcv ewk
AbjvBb transactions Pvjy Ki| mZ ejZ wK Amazon g~jZ cwiwPwZ jvf KiQ
AbjvBb eyKvi wnme, wKy AvR Zviv GLvb _K eB Kbvi cvkvcvwk wewfb
wgDwRK wmwW wWwfwW, BjwbK cY mgMx, wfwWI Mgm mn bvbv iKg cY q Ki
_vK| 1994 mvj Amazon mdj fve Pvjy njI Zviv c_g eemvwqK jvf Gi gyL
`L 2003 mvj GZv Rbwcq nIqv mI| fq cjb bvwK? gRvi welq njv mdjZv
GKw`b Avm bv| cgvY Zv Avcbv`i mvgbB|

1.4 t B-Kgvm weRbm Kbm wj

26

B-Kgvm
eZgvb AbjvBb Gi gvag wewfb UvBc Gi weRbm Kiv nq _vK| AwaKvsk AbjvBb
weRbm w`b w`b gvbyli KvQ Rbwcq nq DVQ| Gi ga KqKwU Rbwcq weRbm UvBc
njv:
KwgDwbKkb weRbm
Kgvwkqvj weRbm
weRbm cmm
mvwfm weRbm
jvwbs weRbm
KvjvevivwUf weRbm
KwgDwbwU weRbm

1.5 t Kb B-Kgvm ?
B-Kgvm Ggb GKwU wgwWqv hvi gvag BjKUwbKvwj KwgDwbKkb Ges wWwRUvj
Bbdigkb cmwms UKbvjwR eenvi Ki GKwU eemvi m~Y UvbRKkb
wmg Zwi Kiv hvq, dj GKwU cwZvbi mv_ Aci GKwU cwZvb ev evwi
mv_ eemvwqK mKi mw nq|
Kb B-Kgvm? gb Kiyb XvKv knii jkvb ev avbgw GjvKvq Avcwb GKwU
PBb kc LyjZ Pvb Zvnj c_gB AvcbvK GKwU fvjv RvqMv LuyRZ ne, GKUv
MvWvDbi eev KiZ ne, KgKZv KgPvix wbqvM w`Z ne, wewfb
gvbydvKPvi, fi cwZvbi KvQ _K gvjvgvj bIqvi Rb Pzw KiZ ne
GQvovI AbK AbK KvR AvQ hv AvcbvK KiZ ne mePq eo welq GLvb
njv BbfgU | AvcbvK Ggb GKwU cwZvb `Iqvi Rb KqK KvwU UvKvi
BbfgU KiZ ne Avi GgbB GKwU cwZvb Avcwb Ki djZ cvib Kvb
LiP PvovB| Ame? bv GUvB me| Avi GB KvRwU me Kiv hve AvaywbK
chywi AbZg Avwevi B-Kgvm Gi gvag| GLb Avcwb hw` B-Kgvm
AvwcKkb Zwi Kib hLvb Avcwb GKwU PBb kc Gi hveZxq mewKQz KiZ
Pvb Zvnj mUv mnRB KiZ cvieb| wKfve Kieb Avgiv mUv cieZx Aavq
jvZ `Lvev| hvB nvK GLb Avcbvi hw` GKwU B-Kgvm mvBU _vK mB mvBU
Gi gvag Avcwb Avcbvi cY KvgviK `LvZ cviQb wew I KiZ
cviQb| GLvb Avcwb GKwU wekl myweav cvQb Zv njv cw_exi h Kvb cv i
eenviKvix Avcbvi _K cY q weq KiZ cviQ|
h KvRwU Kvb wbw` RvqMvq eemv cwZvb `Iqvi gvag Avcwb KiZ cviZb
bv| ay h Avcwb Gi gvag q weq KiZ cvieb Zv wK bv, Avcwb PvBj
GKwU AKkb nvDR I KiZ cvieb| hLvb wewfb cwZvb ev ew Zv`i cb
K wewi Rb Zzj aie Ges GKwU g~j Zviv w`q w`e cbi mv_, GLb hviv
H cY wKbZ PvBe Zviv weW Kie Ges gvwgvg cvBR h w`e m cbwU Kbvi
Rb Rqx ne|
Gici cYwUi mjvi Avcbvi mv_ hvMvhvM Kie Ges cbwU AvcbvK mieivn
Kie| GLvb DjL h cb jb`bi Rb Avcbvi AKkb nvDR KvR Kie bv

27

B-Kgvm
Avcwb jvfevb neb h ew cbwU wew KiZ PvQ, mLvb _K GKwU
cvmUR Avcwb KU ivLeb| Ggb mvBU Gi Dj D`vniY njv B-e | Avcwb
GB mvBUwU (www.ebay.com) _K GKUz NyiI AvmZ cvib| GLb Avcwb h
Kvb UvbRKkb wijUW IqemvBU Lye mnRB evbvZ cvieb AvcbvK h
KvRwU KiZ ne Zv njv mvBU gvKwUs | hw` Avcwb Avcbvi mvBU Gi gvKwUs
Uv fvjv fve KiZ cvib Zvnj Avcwb nq hveb mdjKvg| GKUv B-Kgvm
mvBU nq hZ cvi Avcbvi RxweKvi cavb Drm, `iKvi ay Avcbvi AvMn Pv
Ges gav|

1.6 t BUvibU eemv

Avgiv mvaviYZ `L _vwK h AbjvBb Pvbji gvagB mvaviYZ MvnK Ges Kvvwb
jvi ga eemvwqK hvMvhvM nq _vK| Avi BUvibU weRbm nj eZgvb mgq Gi
GKwU bZzb Ges AbK KvRi Rb wekl Ki eemvwqK hvMvhvMi Rb k Pvvbj
wnme mevi KvQ MnY hvMZv cqQ| eZgvb mgqG GwU AZ `Z, wbfihvM, mv
Ges me eeZ nQ| AvR GB BUvibUi eemv cwZ cvq 600 wgwjqb Gi ewk
j fvv`i `q QuyqQ| hnZz BUvibU Gi gvag eemv KiQ BjKUwbK Kgvm
ZvB Kvvwb jvi eemv cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb AbjvBb G iqQ PviwU cavb Gwiqv |
GB PviwU Gwiqv nj: mivmwi gvKwUs(Direct selleing), weq Ges cwimev, AbjvBb
evswKs Ges wewjs, Z_ myiwZ weZiY Ges g~j eevcbvi UwWs Ges KcviU q|

1.7 t B-Kgvm Gi wKQz myweav

B-Kgvm Gi gvag eemv Kivi AbK myweav AvQ| c_g h myweav mUv njv
cyiv GKUv eemv K AUvgkb Kiv hvq| AviI h myweav jv AvQ Zv wbg
ewYZ njv|

1.8 t wRIMvwdKvj myweav

B-Kgvm - Gi AbZg myweav njv
eenviKvix GUv evDR KiZ cvi,
KiZ cvi| eemv cwiPvjbv Kivi
wekUvB Avcbvi eemv cwiPvjbv Kivi

weki h Kvb cvi h Kvb BUvibU

Zviv Zv`i cQ` Abyhvqx cb q weq
Rb Kvb wbw` GjvKv GLvb bvB MvUv
RvqMv nq hve|

1.9 t Kvgvi Gcv

Avi GKwU AbZg myweav njv Avcbvi B-Kgvm mvBU Gi gvag Avcbvi
Kvgvi`i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Kvb cb hw` cvPm KiZ bv cvib gvb Avcbvi
KvQ cYwU hw` bv _vK Zvnj Ab hKvb Pvbj ev RvqMv _K cYwU msMn
Ki Kvgvi`iK mieivn KiZ cvieb GZ Ki Avcbvi Kvgvi Avcbvi
cwZ m _vKe| Avcbvi Kvgvi RvbZI cvie bv h Avcbvi KvQ cYwU bB
ev Avcwb Kv_v _K cYwU msMn Ki ZvK cvVvjb|

28

B-Kgvm
1.10 t 24 NUv Pvjy
cw_exi hKvb cvi wfwRUiiv hKvb mgq Avcbvi mvBU wfwRU KiZ cvie|
mUv ivZI nZ cvi ev ei w`bI nZ cvi 24 NUv 365 w`bB Avcbvi mvBU
mPj _vKe| Avcbvi weRbm KLbI e _vKe bv Zvi gvb mviv eQi Avcbvi
BbKvg Pvjy _vKe|

1.11 t gvKwUs LiP Kgvq

h Kvb cwZvbi cavb LiPi LvZ njv gvKwUs |eZgvb gvKwUs Gi cQbB
mePq ekx LiP nq _vK| wK AbjvBb eemvi Avcwb cvq webv LiPB
BUvibU G Avcbvi mvBU Gi gvKwUs ev cPvi KiZ cvieb| gvKwUs RvbZ
eyKwewW mvw`Z B-gvKwUs eBwU msMn KiZ cvib|

1.12 t ccvi wbfikxjZv Kgvq

mivmwi Kvb cb wew KiZ Mj Zvi wnmve c mewKQzB KvMR wjL ivLv jvM
Avi Gmei Rb Avjv`vfve KgPvix wbqvMI `Iqv jvM| wK B-Kgvm G
mewKQzB BjKUwbK cmwms wmg nIqvq Avcbvi mgq Ges LiP `ywUB euP
hve|
GQvovI AviI h myweavjv AvQ|

mjv njvt
Avcwb Avcbvi BQv gZv hZv Lywk cb Avcbvi mvBU G AvW KiZ
cvieb| cY Avcbvi KvQ _vKzK ev bv _vKzK Kvb mgmv bvB|
B-Kgvm weRbm wU Abvb eemvi Pq AbK mvkqx|
w`b w`b hfve gvKU jvZ jvK mgvMg evoQ ivZv NvU hvbhUi
cwigvb hfve evoQ GZ Ki gvbyl GLb BUvibU _K cb qi cwZ
ewk AvMn `LvQ| myZivs GUv GKUv AbK eo Kvib Ges myweav B-Kgvm
weRbm Gi Rb|

1.13 t B-Kgvm Key Drivers

Kx WvBfvi B-Kgvm Gi LyeB iZc~Y welq GUv Avmj GKwU `k me aibi
cwiwwZ K evSvq| gyjZ GUv wewfb `ki eemv cwiwwZ evSvi myweav
c`vb Ki _vK| hgb: B-Kgvm eemvi w`K _K USA AbK ekx AMMvgx
Europe _K| GB key drivers wewfb `ki evemvi cwiwwZ j K Avcbvi
mvgb Zzj ai | wb wKQz cwiwwZ Zzj aiv njv:

1.14 t UKbvjwRKvj dvi

GUv wbfi Ki GKwU `ki UwjKwgDwbKkb infrastructure Gi Dci hUv bZzb
UKbvjwRi KZUzKz eemvwqK myweavw` c`vb Kie| UwjKwgDwbKkb

29

B-Kgvm
vKPvi h `ki hZ DbZ ne m `ki Rb B-Kgvm weRbm GKUv Avwkev`
^ic wnme `Lv w`e| Kvib GB weRbmUv cyiv UKbvjwR wbfi weRbm|
hgb USA Gi UKbvjvwR mePq fvjv Aevb AvQ ejB GLvb B-Kgvm
fvjv fve PjZ cvi|

1.15 t cwjwUKvj dvi

GUv h Kvb `ki Rb iZc~b welq | hw` Avgv`i `k wnmve Kwi Zvnj
Avgvi gb nq, GwU mePq iZc~Y evcvi nq `vuovq| KviY miKvi KZUKz
myweavw` c`vb KiZ cvie B-Kgvm Ges Bbdigkb UKbvjwR evevqb Gi
Zvi Dci wbfi Kie G weRbm Gi wevi| hgb wKQzw`b AvM evsjv`k
evsK B-Kgvm cgU MUIq Dby Ki w`qQ mvgwqKfve| myZivs Avcwb
PvBj GLbB AbjvBb weRbm i KiZ cvieb| w`b w`b Aviv AbK ekx
myweavw` miKvi w`e hw` GB eemvi cmvi NU|

1.16 t mvkvj dvi

B-Kgvm Gi gZ AvWfvW jfj weRbm Gi Rb `iKvi Bbdigkb
UKbvjwR wkv Ges Uwbs Avi GUv hw` Kiv hZ cvi Zvnj Zv Ges
weZv DfqB jvfevb ne bZyb UKbvjwR eenvi Kivi ga w`q| eZ gvb
AbjvBb weRbm Gi cmviUv evcK fve wevi KivB mvkvj wkvi weK bvB|

1.17 t BKvbwgK dvi

GKwU `ki A_bxwZ Aevi Dci B-Kgvm eemvi fwelZ AbKUv wbfi Ki|
A_bwZK Aev hZ fvj ne GB eemv ZZ jvfRbK ne| hgb- AvgwiKvi
A_bxwZ Lye kwkvjx weavq AbjvBb weRbm Gi cmvi weki ga mePq ekx|

30

B-Kgvm

wP (1.4): B-Kgvm evevqb

1.18 t BUvibU weRbm gWj wj:

BUvibU Gi gvag wK aibi evemv Avgiv cwiPvjbv KiZ cviev Zvi wKQz gWj Gi
msw AvjvPbv wbg ewYZ njv:

fvPyqvj vidU t GLvb gyjZ cY weq Ges wewfb mvwfm `qv nq _vK|
hgb: Sells goods, services on-line

Bbdigkb evKvi t GLvb gyjZ Bbdigkb wijUW KvhgUv nq _vK|

hgb: Provide info on products, pricing, etc.

UvbRKkb evKvi t GLvb hviv wewfb UvbRKkb mvwfm cvfvBW Ki _vK|

hgb: Buyers view rates, terms from various sources

AbjvBb gvKUcm t Concentrates information from several

providers

KUU cvfvBWvi t Creates revenue through providing client for a

fee, and advertising

AbjvBb mvwfm cvfvBWvi t Provides service, support for hardware,

software products

fvPyqvj KwgDwbwU t Chat room, on-line meeting place

cvUvj t Initial point of entry to Web, specialized content, services
31

B-Kgvm
AKkb t Products, prices, change in response to demand. Used in
online marketplaces

wP (1.5) : B-Kgvm WvBgbkb

1.19 t EDI
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) njv Ggb GKwU chyw hv BjKUwbKvwj weRbm
WKzgU Uvdvi Ki _vK GK KwDUvi _K Aci KwDUvi G| EDI mvaviYZ
cvBfU KwgDwbKkb bUIqvK Gi gvag UvbRKkb Ki _vK weRbm cvUbvi Ges
mvcvBqvi`i ga|

1.20 t EDI Gi gvag AUv UvbRKkb

EDI evenvii Kvib ccvi wfwK KvR Ges gvbyli msk Kg hvq| GUv gyjZ
weRbmK AUvgkb KiZ mvnvh Ki _vK hvi dj weRbm Avb GK bZzb MwZ|

1.21 t BUvibU
gyjZ Internet Gi mvnvh GKUv EDI transactions cvUdg Zix nq| hvi dj
mnRB Ges `Z WvUv GP Kiv hvq| wbPi BgRUv fvjfve evSvi Pv Kib|

32

B-Kgvm

wP (1.6) : B-Kgvm EDI Transactions

1.22 t B-Kgvm Ges fvwjD PBb

Avgiv mvaviYZ `L _vwK h eemv cwZvb jvi eemvwqK aib njv Zv`i GKUv
weRbm wWRvBb _vK, cvWvKmb, gvKU,Wwjfvwi wmg Ges cvWv Gi mvcvU
wmg _vK| GB mg AvKwUwfwU jvi mv_ cvWv/mvwfm Gi K Ges fvjy mshy
Ki Kvgvi`i KvQ wWwweDU Kiv nq _vK| fvjy PBb g~jZ KZjv GKwUwfwU
viv wWRvBb Kiv nq _vK evemvwqK jvfi Rb Avi GB wWRvBb eenvi KiB
cvWv/mvwfm Gi K Ges fvjy mshy Kiv nq GB cv_wgK welqjv eenvi KiB
dvBbvj cvWv/mvwfm Gi K Ges fvjy wbavib nq _vK| Gi evBiI wKQz wRwbm
nZ cvi GKwU cvWv Gi gyj wbavibi Avi Zv njv:

Kvvwbi infrastructure gvbR Kivi gvag|

Kvvwbi jvKej gvbR Kivi gvag|
wewfb aibi BbcyU cek Kivi gvag|
bZzb bZzb UKbvjwR eenvi Kivi gvag|

33

B-Kgvm

wP 1.7: B-Kgvm fvjy PBb

1.23 t Qv GKwU KBm vwW

AvR Wj KwDUvi AbK eo ifwbD ARb KiZ cviQ Iqe Gi gvag aygv
gafvwM`i K fvwMq w`q| AvR wmmKv wmg Zv`i bUIqvK nvWIqvi Ges
mdUIqvi wew KiQ Iqe Gi gvag hvi dj Zv`i jvf hgb nQ wVK Zgwb
cvWv Gi eqI Kg nQ| AvR United Parcel Service (UPS) Ges Federal
Express BUvibU UvwKs cvKR eenvi Ki Zv`i eemvwqK cwiwa evwoq PjQ|

34

B-Kgvm

ck t Aavq-1
1. B-Kgvm Ges fvjy PBb mK wevwiZ wjL|
2. B-Kgvm Gi msw BwZnvm wU wbRi gZ eYbv Ki |
3. cvUvj wK? cvUvj Gi wevwiZ eYbv Kiv|
4. BUvibU eemv wKfve Kiv hZ cvi? GKUv KBm vwW Gi
gvag Dcvcb Ki|
5. Kb AvR B-Kgvm Gi w`K cwZvb jv SzKQ?
6. evsjv`ki cvcU B-Kgvm evvevqbi evavmg~n wjL|
7. evsjv`k Ges AvgwiKvi B-Kgvm WfjcgU Gi ga cv_K
wjL|

35

B-Kgvm

2q Aavq

B-Kgvm evevqb Gi Bmy mg~n

36

B-Kgvm

2q
Aavq
B-Kgvm evevqb Gi Gi Bmy mg~n
Peace, Commerce and honest friendship with all nationsentangling alliances with none. Tomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
B-Kgvm Gi myweavw` eYbv Kiv AbK mnR wK Gi evevqb Kivi KvRwU wKQzUv RwUj|
GUv Lye GKUv mnR KvR bq GKwU B-Kgvm mvBU evwbq Zv eenvi Ki eemv cwiPvjbv
Kiv| GKwU B-Kgvm weRbm cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb GKwU cwZvbK c_g AekB wKQy
iZc~Y welq Gi w`K j ivLZ ne | mB welq jv njv:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

K (Cost)
fvwjD (Value)
wmwKDwiwU (Security)
wjfviwRs GwRmwUs wmmUg (Leveraging existing systems)
BUvicivwewjwU (Interoperability)

2.1 t K (Cost)
cwZwU evemvi RbB K ev LiP AbK iZc~Y welq Avi GKwU B-Kgvm eemv
cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb LyeB iZc~b welq njv bZzb UKbvjwRi cQb Bbf Kiv hUv
GKwU Kvvwbi cavb eemvwqK cmm nZ cvi| Abvb weRbm Gi gZB B-Kgvm
weRbm Gi Rb cv_wgK chvq wKQz iZc~b Bbf Gi cqvRb nq _vK hgb:
nvWIqvi, mdUIqvi, vd Ges Uwbs Gi cQb Bbf| ZvQvov Gaibi eemvwqK
KvRi Rb wewfb aibi mwjDkbiI cqvRb nq _vK|

2.2 t fvwjD (Value)

GKwU weRbm Gi Bbf mK AekB avb avibv _vKZ ne Avi ZvB GKwU BKgvm mvBU Pvjy KijB ay ne bv Zvi wiUvb wK Avme mUv wbq AekB fveZ ne|
weRbm AeRwUf wK ne mUv AvM mvwRq wbZ ne| weRbm Gi wewfb AeRwUf
Gi wKQz iZc~b welq AekB hb _vK mw`K j ivLZ ne, welq jv: wjW
Rbikb, weRbm cmm AUvgkb Ges K wiWvKkb| wmgK Zvi j wbq
hvIqvi Rb AekB GUvK AZ mnRxKib KiZ ne A_vr hLbB c qvRb ne ZLbB
hb e`jvbv hvq|

2.3 t wmwKDwiwU (Security)

BUvibU AvR Avgv`iK fvPyqvjwek cek Gi myhvM Ki w`qQ cvkvcvwk w`qQ
AbK KvRi myweavw` ZvB GKwU KvvwbK AekB Zv`i m` ivq h_ gbvhvwM

37

B-Kgvm
nZ ne Kvb `yNUbv ev AvbBw_Kvj (Unethical) KvRi wei| GKwU wmg Gi
wmwKDwiwU Avcwb KLbI ev` w`Z cvieb bv GUv AvcbvK AbK myweavw` c`vb Ki
_vKe| AvcbvK AekB Avcbvi Kvgvi`i Bbdigkb Gi wmwKIwiwU c`vb KiZ
ne hb Kvb AevZB GUv misuse bv nq| GUv GKUv RwUjZg KvR ZviciI
AvcbvK GUv KiZ ne aygv Kvgvi`i mwi Rb Ges Avcbvi eemvi cqvRb|

2.4 t jfviwRs GwRmwUs wmg (Leveraging Existing Systems)

AwaKvsk Kvvwb Bbdigkb UKbvjvwR K Zv`i eemvwqK cqvRb non-Internet
cwiek eenvi Ki _vK| hgb: gvKwUs Gi KvR, BbfbUwi, wWwweDkb Ges
Kvgvi mvwfm Gi KvR BZw`| BUvibU Avgv`i AjUvibwUf KvRi my hvM w`jI
me KvRB Avgiv GLvb Ki _vwK bv| GUv h fzj KvR Zv wK bv| B-Kgvm weRbm Gi
me KvR Kivi Rb h BUvibU jvMe GgbwU bv, Avgiv Avgv`i GwRmwUs
(Existing) weRbm cwjwmI GLvb cqvM KiZ cviev|

2.5 t BUvicivwewjwU (Interoperability)

Avgiv BUvicivwewjwU ejZ eyS _vwK h hLb GKwU wmg _K `yB ev ZZvwaK
weRbm Gi WKzgU Kvb aibi gvbyqvj cmm QvovB Pj ZLb mUv Avgv`i eemvi
eq Kgvq, KvRK `Zkxj Ki Ges KvRK WvBbvwgKfve cRU Ki| Avcbvi
Kvvwbi eemvwqK wWRvBbUv AekB hb Kvgvi`i myweavw` c`vb Ki _vK GgbwU
hb nq| Avcbvi Kvvwbi wfkb nIqv DwPZ Avcbvi Kvgvi Ges Abvb eemvwqK
cvUbvi`i mv_ kwkvjx mK vcb|

2.6 t jvKvj B-Kgvm Bmy: legal and regulatory frameworks

GLvb Avwg GKUv Iqvb gywfi GKUv WvqvjM Zyj aiwQ where the payement
ends and the West begins| AvR BUvibU Ges B-Kgvm eemvi eo Pvj
wnmve `Lv w`qQ legal and regulatory frameworks| AvR.com Kvvwbjv
eemvi UvwWkbvj weRbm Gi mv_ GK aibi Pvj gvKvejv KiQ| eZgvb
wewfb Bmy Ges cwjwm BUvibU Gi Dci GK aibi cfve wevi KiQ| GB wewfb
aibi cfveB B-Kgvm Gi mv_ Rwoq AvQ| hgb: KbRygvi Ges Acvikbvj K|
mvkvj Awareness Ges KbRygv`i wewfb wWgv BZvw`|

wcq cvVK, eBwU Avcbv`i KvQ mnR fve DcvcY Kivi Rb Avgiv wKQz
wKQz RvqMvq evsjv Ges BsiRx GKmv_ wjLwQ| KviY, wKQz BsiRx AvQ,
hjv evsjv wjLj eySZ mnR bvI nZ cvi| me mgq Avgiv Avcbv`i
mnhvMxZv Kvgbv Kwi|

38

B-Kgvm

Illegal and Harmful

Content

Jurisdiction
Domain Name
System

Technical Standards

Intellectual Property
(Copyright, Patents,
Trademarks)

Authentication,
Certificates, Digital
Signatures

CyberCrime,
Network Security,
Law Enforcement
ISP Liability
Information
Collection, Privacy
and Data Protection

Taxation On-Line

wP:2.1: jvKvj B-Kgvm Bm~mg~n|

2.7 t Mvevj B-Kgvm/KvjPvivj gvKwUs: Bm~, Kbmvb Ges wKQz mgvavb
hnZy B-Kgvm GKwU Mvevj weRbm ZvB Gi mv_ Rwoq AvQ wKQz welq| mB
welhjv njv:

2.7.1 t MvevjvBRkb Gi fvebv

B-Kgvm gvbB Mvevj weRbm GUv GZ eo GKwU gvKUcm, hv Mbbv Kiv KwVb| Ze
GB gvKU AvR Avgv`i Rxeb hvvK KiQ AbK mnR| GLb ch B-Kgvm Gi ekx

39

B-Kgvm
eenvi nq BD Gm G Z| Gi gv 30% UvwdK Ges 10% AWvi BD Gm G Gi evBi
_K Avm| GKUv mgxvq `Lv MQ h 67% BUvibU eenvi Kvix BD Gm G Gi
evBii BDRvi| wK B-Kgvm weRbm Gi cavb RvqMv GLb ch BD Gm G| GLvbKvi
B2B gvKU cwiwa cvq 12.3 wUwjqb| hw`I w`b K w`b GwkqvZ B-Kgvm Gi eenvi
eoB PjQ| eZgvb GwkqvZ B2C gvKU cwiwa AbK eo AvKvi avib KiQ|

2.7.2 t MvevjvBRkb wbq Kvvwbjv wPwZ Kb?

BD Gm G Z B-Kgvm ekx eenvi njI GLb Avi GKZidv weRbm BD Gm Avi
KiZ cviQ bv GLb mvivwekB B-Kgvm weRbm wbq cwZhvwMZv i nq MQ| Gi
Kvib AvR weki h KD PvBjB mdjZvi mv_ hKvb B-weRbm gWj Kwc KiZ
cvi| AvR wewfb `ki Kvvwbjv BD Gm Gi fzj jv _K wkv wbq Zv`i
wbR^ cwZZ weRbm Pvjy KiQ Ges Zviv mdjI nqQ| hvi Kvib AvR AOL,
eBay, Amazon Gi gZv Rbwcq Ges cyivbv Kvvwbjv GK aibi eemvwqK
gwKi mywLb nQ|

2.8 t weki Uc B-Kgvm eenviKvix `kmg~n:

weki Uc 10 wU B-Kgvm eenviKvix `k mgyn njv: USA, Finland, Iceland,
Canada, Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, Denmark, Ireland and
New Zealand.
Avi mvgb h `k jv GwMq AvmQ Zvi ga AvQ: Pvqbv, Rvcvb, Bwqv, evwRj Ges
gwKv| Zvnj evsjv`k Kv_vq? me Zv B-Kgvm Pvjy njv, wbivk nIqvi wKQz bB|

wP 2.2: Uc B-Kgvm eenviKvix `kmg~n

40

B-Kgvm
2.9 t me eemv wK Mvevj nZ cvi?
GwU Lye RwUj GKwU ck| KviY GwU c_gB wbfi Kie Avcwb Kv_vq _K Avcbvi
eemv cwiPjbv Kieb| hnZz B-Kgvm Gi mv_ Rwoq AvQ KqKwU welq| c_gB
AvQ UwjKwgDwbKkb BbdvmU23KPvi| Avcwb B-Kgvm Pvjy Kijb wK Avcbvi
mvBU BDRviiv KLbI cvq Avevi KLbI cvq bv Zvnj Avcwb wK eemv cwiPvjbv KiZ
cieb| fe `Lyb..
Gici Avm cgU wmg Avcwb wKfve cgU Mnb Kieb mUv wbq fveZv ne|
Gici Avcbvi wdwRKvj BbdvmUvKPvi Kgb ne Zvi eev Kiv| Mvevj gvKU cek
KiZ Mj AZ GB wZbwU welq AvM fveeb| Aek Gi evBiI AbK wKQz AvQ h
jv Avwg avc avc Avcbv`I mvgb Zzj aiev|

Information
E-BUSINESS

Physical
Goods
Money

wP 2.3: B-weRbm cmm

2.10 t B-Kgvm Gi wKQz Mvevj evavmg~n

Bbdigkb BbdvmUKPvi

cgU Bmy

Uwjdvb jvBb Gi MnbhvMZv

wWU KvW KvjPvi

evDB_ Gi KgwZ

Uv AvBb

Kj Gi g~j ekx nIqv

Kviw Kbfvimkb evav

KwgDwbKkb wmwKDwiwU

Kvk, PK A_ev COD payment

wdwRKvj BbdvmUKPvi

IqmvBU wWRvBb Bmy

41

B-Kgvm
mvcvB PBb Bmy

jvKvjvBR Ges fvlv

wWwweDkb Pvbj

KvjPvivj Bmy

cvWv Wwjfvwi

Kvgvi Kqvi mvwfm

Kvgm

Kvjvi Gi mgmv

Qv mgvavb:
jvKvjvBRmb Ges mUvjvBRmb Gi ga GKUv evjv Kiv| mUvjvBR UKbvjwR
eenvi Kiv| jvKvj mjm cvimb mvcvB PBb Gi eev Kiv| vbxq`i mv_ myK
Mo Zvjv| jvKvj weRbm mK vb ARb Kiv| Gi evBi h mgvavb AvQ Zv njv
Avcbvi IqemvBU gvwjvsqR mU Kiv|

42

B-Kgvm
ck-2q Aavq

1. me eemv wK Mvevj nZ cvi?

2. MvevjvBRkb wbq Kvvwbjv wPwZ Kb?
3. Mvevj B-Kgvm/KvjPvivj gvKwUs wbq wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kib
4. B-Kgvm Gi iZc~b Bmy wbq AvjvPbv Kib|
5. evsjv`ki cvcU B-Kgvm Gi 10wU Bmy wbq AvjvPbv Kib|
6. weki c_g 10wU B-Kgvm eenviKvix `ki bvg wjLyb|
7. msv wjL t B-Kgvm eq, B-Kgvm Gi wbivcv Ges
BUviAcvivwewjwU|

43

B-Kgvm

3q Aavq

Kv weRbm AbjvBb

44

B-Kgvm

3q
Aavq
Kv weRbm AbjvBb
AvR BUvibU Avgv`iK AbjvBb wfwK wewfb eemv Kivi Rb bZyb bZzb w`K
DbvPb Ki w`qQ hv wKbv Avgv`i eemv cwiPvjbvi Rb AbK w`K _K jvf RbK
wnme `Lv w`qQ| GLb Avwg avc avc AbjvBb eemvi wewfb aibi cmm mg~ n
wbq AvjvPbv Kiev|

3.1 t WvBi gvKwUs, mwjs Ges mvwfm

AvR AbK eemv cwZvbB Zv`i eemv evwYRjvK dvKvm Kivi Rb
wbR`i gvKwUs, weq Ges mevjvK AviI DbZ KiQ | Avi BjKUwbK Kgvm
Gi c_g aviYv wQj WvBi mwjs A_vr mivmwi Kvgvi`i KvQ cY wew hw`I
GwU AbK Kvvwbi c` webvmi wKQzUv RwUjZi AvKvi aviY KiQ| hgb:
Amazon.com, Barnes & Noble, Dell Computer e-tickets BZvw`| WvBi
mwjs B-Kgvm eemvi Rb LyeB iZc~b welq Avi GRb WvBi mwjs Gi
KbRygvi`i `w AvKlbi Rb wKQz c`c bqv LyeB cvqRbxq hgb:
** cY wecYbi IqemvBUK AekB AvKlbxq KiZ ne Ges cbi
Pvwn`v mw Kivi Rb wewfb cve MvnK`iK Kiv hZ cvi | Ze G
AvcbvK Lqvj ivLZ ne Avcwb wK aiYi cv Wv wew KiZ Pvb Ges Avcbvi
MvnK Kviv ne | GRb AvcbvK mec_g gvKU vwW (gvKU wimvP) KiZ ne
Gici Zix KiZ ne GKwU weRbm cvb|
** weq-ewi Rb mvBUK my`ifve wWRvBb Kiv LyeB Riwi wVK ZgbB
cvWv KvUvjMUvK wmwiqvwj mvRvZ ne hZUv me cvWv KvUvjMUvK MvnK`i
mvgb LyeB mnRfve Dcvcb KiZ ne |
** BwUMUW weq-cwqvKiY KivUv LyeB Riwi, hv mvaviYZ wbivc` wWU
KvW Ges cgU Ackb K Abygv`b Ki _vK, cvkvcvwk ^qswq Ki MYbvI Ki
_vK Avi GBme myweavjv MvnK`i mvgb LyeB mnRfve Dcvcb KiZ ne |
** ^qswq cwZZ Kvgvi`iK q weq Gi myweav c`vb Kiv A_vr
^qswqfve MvnK mevi ewk nj fvviv hLb Kvb cb Abymvb Ki _vK ZLb
^qswq cwZZ cwZwqv Rvbvbv| Gi gvag ^qswqfve fvvi Abyiva
mK Z_ UvK Kiv Ges ^qswqfve KvgvBRW A_vr ewMZ Pvwn`v I ^v_i
Dci wfw Ki cwimev c`vb AekB AvcbvK KiZ ne |
** GB eemv _K fvv (B2C) ($) BjKUwbK Kgvm Gi ivR^ ew Ki
_vK Ges GB eemv viv cvq me MvnK`iB AwaKvi ew Kiv hZ cvi | mvavibZ
^qswqic up-selling I cross-selling AbjvBb bZzb aibi GK eemv

45

B-Kgvm
cwZ| Avcbvi MvnK`iK GB eemv cwZi gvag Lye fvj Ges mePq Dchy
cY Ges cwimev c`vb Kiv me nq _vK| GB eemv cwZi gvag Zvi m
fvjv mK, AvbyMZ Ges ewaZ gvb ew me nq _vK| ZvB eemvi i _K
AvcbvK AekB fveZ ne h Avcwb wKfve Kvgvi`iK Avcbvi mvwfm jv
w`eb| AvcbvK gb ivLZ ne h Kvb Kvgvi GKevi hw` Avcbvi mvBU _K
ALywk nq ei nq hvq ZvK Avi KLbI Avcbvi mvBU G wdwiq Avbv me bv|

wP 3.1: WvBi mwjs

3.2 t A_bwZK Ges Z_ cwimev t

AvR wek GKwU evcK cwimii Avw_K Ges Z_ cwimevi mvjb nq _vK
BUvibUi gvag Ges G aibi mvBUjvi gvag `Z mev cvIqv hvq| GB
mvBUjv AvR AZ Rbwcq KviY GwU fvv`i eemvi AvKvi Ges Avw_K
AbK DcKvi Ki _vK| BUvbUi gvag AbK iZc~Y Z_ Ges AbK bZzb
bZzb D`vM mK AvR Avgiv Lye mnRB RvbZ cvwi | D`viY^ic:
** Online Banking (AbjvBb evswKs)
** Online Billing (AbjvBb wewjs)
** Secure Information Distribution (wbivc` Z_ weZiY)

3.3 t AbjvBb evswKs

46

B-Kgvm
AvR BUvibUi gvag fvv Ges QvU QvU eemvqxiv Zv`i evswKs Ges A_
mq Gi KvRjv AwZ mnRB KiZ cviQ| BUvibU evswKs mdUIqvi Gi
gvag ^qswqfve cwiPvjbv Kiv nq _vK ej GwU Lye `Z Ges myweav RbK|
MvnKiv Ni em BUvibUi gvag Zv`i BDwUwjwU wej cwikva, Znwej vbvi I
evjv Rvbvmn AbK aibi evswKs myweav cq _vK | mePq eo myweav Avcwb 24
Nv 365 w`b GKvDU ceki myweav I wbRi BQvgZ mgq evjv RvbZ, wej
c`vb KiZ I cqvRb evjv cvVvZ cvieb|h Kvb v b _K KgwcDUvi Ges
BUvibU eenvi Ki A_ jb`b KiZ cvieb|
BUvibU evswKs Gi gvag mnRB BDwUwjwU wej cwikva Kiv hvq hgbt Mvm
wej, dvb wej, we`yr wej, cvwbi wej, gvevBji wej, BUvibUi wej BZvw`|

wP 3.2: AbjvBb evsK

3.4 t AbjvBb wewjs

AbjvBb wewjs Gi gvag Kvvwbjv AvR Zv`i iZc~Y LiP mvkq KiZ
cviQ Ges eo aibi gvKwUs myweav ARb KiZ cviQ BUvibUi gvag wejWwjfvwi Ges Mnb Kivi gvag| GKwU Rwic `Lv MQ h, eZgvb wek mvaviY
fvviv LyPiv, wWU KvW Ges BDwUwjwU _K gBj viv Mo 23wU wej cwZ gvm
c`vb Ki _vK| AbjvBb wewjs wmgUv Avgv`i `kI Pvjy nqQ Ges GUv evcK
AvKvi RbwcqZv ARb KiQ| Kvib Gi gvag AbK aibi Svgjv _K gvbyl
AvR gyw cqQ|

47

B-Kgvm

wP 3.3: AbjvBb wewjs wmg

3.5 t wbivc` Z_ weZiY

wmg hw` asm (Destroy) nq Zvnj bZzb wmg cvIqv hvq wK Z_ hw` GKevi
asm nq wewjqb Wjvi LiP KijI m Z_ Avi cvIqv hvq bv ZvB AvR AbK eemv
cwZvbiB Zv`i mePq g~jevb m` nj Zv`i Z_| hw`I GwU BUvibU eemv
Ges GB cwZZ wecyj fve bZzb bZzb evRvi cQvZ mg ZvB GB eemvi AZ
iZc~Y welq nj Gi Z_, ZvB GB Z_ m`K iv Kiv AvekK| BjKUwbK
AwaKvi cwiPvjbvq AvR Z_ mw myiv c`vb Gi Rb GKwU wbivc` Key
Technology eeZ nq _vK|

3.6 t iYveY, givgZ Ges Acvikb (MRO)

AvR BUvibUi gvag DP fwjDgmb cY iYveY, givgZ Ges Acvikb
(MRO) KvhKjvci gvag mgq, LiP I mq euvPvbv me| mvaviYZ MRO cY
ejZ evSvbv nq _vK Awdm hcvwZ (hgb; Kjg Ges KvMR), I Avmevec,
KwDUvi Ges LyPiv hvsk jvKB| BUvibU Gi gvag KcviU q, kg I
ccviwfwK KvRK self service application cwqvB Lye mnRB Kiv hZ
cvi| mvaviYZ Kvvwbi KgPvixiiv Iqe mvBUi gvag cqvRbxq wewfb mivg

48

B-Kgvm
Gi AWvi w`Z cvi Ges Kvvwbi KgKZviv ^qswqfve qjvK eemvi wbqg
Abyhvwq Abygv`b Ges wbqgvewjK AviI ewk Rvi`vi KiZ cvib| mieivnKvix
Kvvwbjv Zv`i cvWv KvUvjMK Z_ K`xf~Z Ges Avc Uz WU iL _vKb|
q Av`ki Ave`b hnZz BUvibUi gvag Kiv nq ZvB mieivnKvixiv Zv
memgq cheY Ki _vK | GKwU cvWv AWvi w`j mieivnKvixiv BUvibUi
gvag Abyiva hvM cYi Pvjvb, ckvmwbK LiP, BUvibU wfwK KcviU q,
AWvi UvwKs BZvw`i mwVKZv hvPvB evQvB Ki _vK, Gi ci mieivnKvixiv cY
mieivn Ki _vK|
Ab K_vq BUvibU Ges B-eemvi gvag MvnK`i D`vM cwiekb Kiv, GK
Acii mv_ cwZhvwMZv iv Kiv Ges cwZx wecYx eevcbv cYi Rb
Heightened mPZbZv mw Kivi KvR Ki _vK|

wP 3.4: iYveY, givgZ Ges Acvikb

3.7 t mvcvB PBb gvbRgU

mvcvB PBb gvbRgU njv Ggb GKUv cv hUv BwUMU Ki _vK mvcvBqvi,
gvbydKPvivi, IqvinvDR Ges viK (Avi ZvB GKRb cY`e Drcv`K mwVK gvci
cY Drcv`b Ges eUb KiZ cvi mwVK mgq)|
mvcvB PBb gvbRgU (SCM) cwZZ Kvvwbjv `yZ Dcvq MvnK`i Rb DbZ
cwimev Ges weq Gi c~Y wevi Gi Rb Kg LiP wewfb myweavw` w`q _vK| mvcvB
PBb gvbRgU Ggb GKwU bUIqvK hv eemvK BUviKvbKUW KiQ wewfb
cvWv, mvwfm I enduser K| vbxq eemvwqK ewk mgvavb SCM AZ
KbwdMviej hgb: KwDUvi Ges AUvgvevBj, AvRvwZK evRvii cYi wnmve
BZvw` | ZeyI AwaKvsk Kvvwb SCM-Gi mgvavbi Rb mij AbywgK Ges wbqwZ
Aevi Rb cwiKwZ fve KvR Ki _vK| Zviv mvaviYZ mwVK Pvwn`vi c~efvmi Dci
wfw Ki, Zv`i wmv jv K`xq fve Ki Ges Gi cwieZb mvaviYZ w`b, mvn
A_ev cwZ gvm nq _vK| Avcwb PvBj Lye mnR GBPwUGgGj wkLZ cvib| GRb
msMn Kib - eyKwewW mvw`Z GBPwUGgGj 5 eBwU|

49

B-Kgvm

Supplier

Supplier

Storage

Mfg.

Storage

Dist.

Retailer

Customer

Supplier

wP 3.4: mvcvB PBb bUIqvK

3.8 t gvbRgU wkdU

hnZz mvcvB PBb bUIqvK cmvwiZ mvsMVwbK Ges fMwjK mxgvbv Ryo cmvwiZ, ZvB
KvvwbK AekB Awbqbmva mgvavbi Dcvq L~uR ei KiZ ne| fwelZ mvcvB
PBb gvbRgUK Enterprise Kivi Rb ZvrwbK fve Ges AvRvwZK fve cb
mieivn Ges cbi Pvwn`vi wecixZ mieivn Kiv hve ej GB eemvq GUvi iZ
mePq ewk| mgqgZv cY MvnK`i nvZ cuQvbv Gi jB mvcvB PBb gvbRgU
Gi AvR GZ iZ|

3.9 t cwdU kqvi Kiv

wecYx bUIqvKi ceviv ej _vK h GKhvM mbvZb, AbywgK dvkb Gi Zzjbvq
mevi mv_ Askx`vixZi gvag Zvi Pvwn`v mK Z_ fvMvfvwM Ki hw` eemv Kiv
hvq Ze mUv ne mevi Rb gjRbK| GB cwZZ eemvi MwZI AbKLvwb eo
hvq|
mvcvB PBb bUIqvK wecYx Kvvbxi gvU LiP Gi ewkifvM bUIqvK Ryo _vK Ges
K`xq MvnKiv jvfi cwieZ aygv wecYxi Abvb Aski LiP bvovPvov Ki|
AvRKi evRvi MwZwe`vi `Iqv| GLvb wbgvZviv cvq GKUvbv wfwZ Zv`i eemv
cwiPvjbv Ki hZ cvie|

50

B-Kgvm
mvcvB PBb bUIqvKi mg mieivn bUIqvwKs cwiKbv, mvjbi mg^q Ges
KggZv gvbRgU wmgmn PBb wmg, eve mgq BwUMkb Gi Dci
wbfjkxj|
GLvb Zvi mv_ mK eevcbv (CRM) njv Zv mvaviYi cqvRb
MyjvK mgqgZ mieivn Kiv, `xNvqxfve Zv`i mv_ mK ivLv, GKwU ev g~j
Zv`i Rb wbavib Kiv |

3.10 t cwZwZvi myweav

GKwU KwVb eveZv nj AwfhvwRZ wecYx Gi eevcbv Zix Kiv| GwU mvaviYZ
Kvvwbi Avfixb Acvikbi gwjK cwieZb Ki _vK Ges cmm I mvsMVwbK
Mw Ryo wmgi BwUMkb KiZ cvi| GQvov Kvvwb I cwZvbi ga mK
vcb, `kgvbZv Ges wbgwjwLZ KvhKvwiZvi cwieZb Ki _vK|

3.11 t AvWvcwUf cwiKbv

AvR AwaKvsk wecYxjv Zv`i cwiKbv Ges mgq wbaviY Gi cyiv wmgUvB Zwi
Ki _vK GUvicvBR wimvm cvwbs (ERP) Ges cyivbv wmg _K msMnxZ
WUvi cv_wgK aviYvi Dci| Ze Kvvwbjv AvR Zv`i fwelZ cY Pvwn`v
KZUzKz ne GUv Zviv wbavib Ki _vK Zv`i mekl Pvwn`vi Aevb eyS| mvaviYZ
`Lv MQ h AwfhvwRZ cwiKbvjv GKwU BfU PvwjZ msKZ eenvi Ki Kiv
nq _vK|

3.12 t MwZkxj mZv

HwZnMZfve wecYx evcbvjv cwimsLvb c I m`i Dci AwaKvskB
wbfikxj nq _vK| wK mvcvB PBb bUIqvKi Z_ wfwK Ges Gi cwiKbv
cmmi Rb GK aibi Kvqvi WvUv eenvi Ki _vK| G aibi cmm _K
GKwZ AbK Z_ cvIqv hvq (hgb: weZv cwiPvwjZ cwimsLvbc [VMI]
mnhvMxZv I cwiKbv, c~evfvm Ges m~iY [CPFR], mnhvMxZv I mieivn
eevcbv Ges mnhvMxZv I cwienb eevcbv, )

3.13 t wWwweDkb GwwKDkb

AwaKvsk GwwKDkb wmg fvPzqvj mvcvB bUIqvKK GK aibi mg_b Ki
_vK| mvaviYZ wWwweDkb GwwKDkb cmmi wWwweDkb nj AvDUmvwms|
GLvb `Lv hvq h, ewaZ bUIqvKK mx Ki GwU GKK cwiPvjbvq KvR Ki
_vK| wWwweDkb GwwKDkb cmmK ejv nq m wmg BwUMkb Ges GwU Zvi
mnhvMxZvi mg_b viv wewfb ERP wmg Ryo cwiPvwjZ nq|

3.14 t BfU PvwjZ mg^q

AvR wecYx eevcbvjv QvU wWwweDkb , B-gBj, dv Ges dvb wewfb wecbb
KvR eenvi nq _vK| `Lv hvq h mvcvB PBb bUIqvKi gvag fvPzqvj

51

B-Kgvm
GUvicvBR cwiPvjbvi Pvj gvKvejvq cwZwU wgwbU cheY Kiv nq Ges
weRbm cmmK `Z Dcvq wbqb Kiv nq _vK| BfU PvwjZ m~iK cwiKbv
vbxqic wecYb Kiv nq _vK| djvdj? `Z gvKU _K mvov cvIqv hvq Ges
MvnKi m GK aibi fvj mK vcb nq|
(bvU: wecYx bUIqvKi ceviv ej h mbvZb cwZZ evemv Kivi Pq mevi
mv_ Askx`vixZi gvag Zvi Pvwn`v mK Z_ fvMvfvwM Ki hw` eemv Kiv
hvq Zvnj GUv ne mevi Rb LyeB DcKvix| GZ Ki KDB GKZidv eemv KiZ
cvie bv |

3.15 t g~j eevcbv BwUMkb (Value Chain Integration)

evwYwRK mieivnKvix Ges Drcv`b Kvixi ga GKwU mymK _vKv LyeB
Riwi| hw` fvj mK bv _vK Zvnj MvnK`iK cY mieivn Gi AbK
mgmvi mywLb nZ nq| ZvB cwZwU cwZvbi DwPZ Zv`i cY eevcbv mwVK
fve Zix Kiv| me mgq cYi K Gi cwZ bRi`vix ivLv| hLbB K Kg hve
mv_ mv_ mB cY msMni Rb h_vh_ eev bqv|
BUvibU Gi gvag eemv Kij Avcbvi AUvgkb wmgB AvcbvK Rvwbq
w`e Avcbvi cYi eZgvb K KZUzK AvQ| GZ Ki Avcbvi eemvi g~j
eevcbvi ga AbKUv MwZ Avme|

3.16 t gvbvdvKPvwis B-Kgvm Bottom Line

Avgiv Rvwb h gvwKb hyiv GKwU AMvMwZi `k| hvi Drcv`b I cKkj
mii mv_ q Gi cwigvbUv AbK ekx| GB `ki AMMvgx wk Drcv`b gvMZ
gvm Gi ci gvm GKvavi Pj _vK| wZxq wek hyi mgqKjxb A_bxwZwe`iv h
fwelvbx KiwQj Zvi `vwj 2004 mvj Gm mevi KvQ evaMg nqQ| Avi
mUv nj wk mii gvag B-Kgvm Gi Avq Ges D`vM| GE G KgKZviv BwZ
Ki $9 wewjqb _K $24 wewjqb eQii ci eQi AbjvBb Avq ew KiQ|
HwZnvwmK fve AbjvBb Gi Drcv`b cKkj Ges mieivn LvZ ivR^ Avq
AbK ewk nq _vK| KviY AwaKvsk Kvvwb Abvb Dcvq Avqi _K AbjvBb
Avq Ki ewk myweav jvf KiQ| gvwKb wWcvUgU Ae Kgvm Ges Ab`i viv GK
cwimsLb avivevwnK fve DjL KiQ h, hw` B-Kgvm Gi KvhKjvc fvj Aevq
Avm Ze RvZxq A_bxwZi AMMwZ AbK ewk ew cve|

3.17 t B-Kgvm Gi cfve

B-Kgvm Ges B-weRbm h cyivUv BUvibU, IqemvBU A_ev .Kg Kvvwb wbfi
GUv hw` fvev nq Zvnj fzj ne| Kvib GUv GKUv bZzb weRbm Kbm hvi mv_
Rwoq AvQ c~ei mKj weRbm gvbRgU Ges BKvbvwgK Kbm| ZvB B-Kgvm
Ges B-weRbm Gi cfve weRbm Gi AbK RvqMv RyoB AvQ| wKQz D`vniY w`j
cvVK`i eySZ myweav ne Avkv Kwi:

52

B-Kgvm
1. gvKwUs t GLvb h Bm~ jv AvQ Zv njv AbjvBb advertising , gvKwUs
Kkj, Zv`i AvPib Ges Zv`i KvjPvi| GLvb h gvKwUs Uv ekx
cfve wevi Ki Zv njv mivmwi gvKwUs (direct marketing)| AZxZ
cavbZ Wvi Uz Wvi, wjdjU Ges wewfb cvwU AvqvRb Ki gvKwUs Kiv
nZv| cieZxZ UwjgvKwUs, Uwjwfkb Gi gvag gvKwUs Kiv nq hUv
GLbv AbK Rbwcq| wK w`b w`b B-gvKwUs AviI ekx Rbwcq nq DVQ|
B-gvKwUs mK wevwiZ RvbZ eyKwewW mvw`Z B-gvKwUs eBwU msMn
Ki wbZ cvib|

2. wdbv Ges AvKvDwUs t AbjvBb evswKs Gi gvag AvR Avgiv Lye

mnRB gvwb UvbRKkb Gi KvR KiZ cviwQ| GZ Ki `yB ciB LiP
Ges mgq AbK Kg hvQ|

3. BKvbvwgKm t B-Kgvm Gi cfve AvR jvKvj Ges Mvevj A_bxwZi `yB

RvqMvZ mgvb fve coQ| AvR A_b xwZUv wWwRUvj Ges bjR eRW
A_bxwZZ cwibZ nqQ|

4. cvWvKkb Ges gvbRgU t AvR AbjvBb cmwms Gi Kvib cvWv

Gi mvBKwjs UvBg Uv AbK KgQ| AvR hw` KD B-Kgvm Gi gvag Kvb
cvWv Gi AWvi Ki, `Lv hvq h Zvi 90% mgq eP hvq| ZvB GUv
Avgv`i KvRKI AbK `yZkxj KiQ|

3.18 t 7 wU BDwbK AvBwWqv

Ubiquity(meevwcZv)
BUvibU/Iqe UKbvjwR hLvb mnRjf nq _vK mLvbB B-Kgvm eemv Kiv
AbK mnR| B-Kgvm eemv i Kivi AvM GB evcviUv mec_g fveZ ne|

Mvevj wiP
AvR GB UKbvjwR mviv wekB Kg ekx Qwoq coQ GUvi wb` Kvb evDvwi
bvB| hKvb aibi Kvgvi ev evenviKvix BKgvm Gi gvag q weq KiZ
cvi|

BDwbfvmj vvW
AvR GB UKbvjwR njv weki mePq vbWvW weRbm| Avi ZvB Zv AvR GB
weRbm K ejv nq vU weRbm|

Richness
B-Kgvm UKbvjwRZ Lye mnRB wfwWI, AwWI Ges UU gvmR
kqvi Kiv hvq| Gi RwUjZv LyeB Kg nq _vK|

53

B-Kgvm
BUviKwUwfwU
B-Kgvm UKbvjwR mivmwi BDRvi`i mv_ interaction Ki _vK| Gi Uz Iq
KwgDwbKkb Zv Ges weZvi ga GKUv mK vcb Ki|

Bbdigkb WbwmwU
B-Kgvm UKbvjwR Bbdigkb Gi LiP Kwgq `q mv_ Gi KvqvwjwUI ew Ki|
Gi mg BbdigkbB gvKU Ryo wevi _vK wKy Gi KvqvwjwU GK`g b nq bv|

cvmvbvjvBRkb
B-Kgvm UKbvjwR ewMZ gvmR Av`vb c`vb Gi myweav w`q _vK | GB gvmR
individual nZ cvi ev Mc gvmRI nZ cvi|

3.19 t KBm vwW t BUj Kcvikb

BUj Zv`i AbjvBb weRbm Pvjy Ki 1998 mvj Ges Pvjy Kivi c_g gvmB GKevi
b _K 1wewjqb Wjvii KvR Ki GK gvmB| Gi Kvib njv Zviv Zv`i weRbm K
wiBwwbqvwis Ki Zv`i weRbm Gi ga QvU Ges gvSvwi weRbm Pvjy Ki| AZxZ
aygv BUj Gi eo ZvivB Zv`i mv_ AwZgyjevb EDI bUIqvK Gi gvag
KvbKUW _vKZv Avi QvU Ges gvSvwi gvbi weRbm cwZvbjv Zv`i cqvRbxq
AWvi jv fax ev dvb Gi gvag w`Zv| cieZxZ BUj Zv`i Kvgvi`i GB
evcvi gbvhvwM nq Ges Zviv GKwU extranet Zix Ki hUv AbKjv intranet
BUvibU UKbvjwR mv_ mshy nq| Avi GB extranet eenvi Kivi dj Zv`i
Abygvw`Z QvU Ges gvSvwi gvbi weRbm cwZvbjv Zv`i cqvRbxq cvWv Gi
AWvi Lye mnRB w`Z cvi cvkvcvwk Zv`i cvWv Gi AWvijv UvKI KiZ cvi|
hvi cwiYwZ nq Ggb h, BUj Ges Zvi Zviv 45000 dv _K gyw cvq 6 gvmi
ga cvkvcvwk Zv`i Uwjdvb wej Ges dv Gi KvMR Gi LiPI eP hvh|

54

B-Kgvm

ck- 3qAavq
1. B-Kgvm G wK aibi cfve eZgvb eemvi Dci coQ?
2. mvcvB PBb gvbRgU wK? GKwU Km vwWi gvag AvjvPbv
Kib|
3. MRO wK?

4. wevwiZ AvjvPbv Ki t
AbjvBb evswKs
AbjvBb wewjs
wbivc` Z_ weZiY
5. WvBi gvKwUs,mwjs Ges mvwfm
6. 7 wU BDwbK AvBwWqv B-weRbm G wK aibi KvR AvmZ cvi?
7. 10wU mvf ck wjLyb, hvi gvag eySv hve, evsjv`k Kvb aiYi
cYi Pvwn`v AbjvBb ewk ne|
8. mbvZb weRbm Ges B-Kgvm Gi ga cv_K wjLyb|
9. h Kvb 10wU eemvi bvg wjLyb, hjv evsjv`k m~Yfve BKgvm Gi gvag Kiv hvq|
10. evsjv`ki cvcU GKwU gvKU wimvP wjLyb|

55

B-Kgvm

4_ Aavq

IqvK DB_ B-Kgvm

56

B-Kgvm

4_
Aavq
IqvK DB_ B-Kgvm
(Work With E-Commerce)
4.1 t wKfve B-Kgvm G KvR Kieb ?
B-Kgvm Avcbvi weRbmK BUvibU G mU Kie, hvZ Ki me aibi wfwRUiiv
Avcbvi IqemvBU GKmm KiZ cvi| Avcwb h fvPzqvj cvWv ev mvwfm KvUvjM
Zix KiQb mUv ch AvKmm KiZ cvie| hLb Kvb wfwRUi Kvb cvWv cQ`
Kie m Rv add G wKK Kie Avi mv_ mv_ cvWvwU fvPzqvj kwcs evU Rgv
nq hve| h me AvBUg fvPzqvj kwcs evU add Kiv ne, Zv PvBj wfwRUi
wWwjU ev Aviv cvWv AvW KiZ cvie Gi ci m PKAvDU Kie| fvPzqvj PKAvDU
KvDUvi Gi gvag wfwRUiK Zvi m~Y cvWv Gi LiP Rvwbq `Iqv ne| Gici
wfwRUi Zvi bvg, wVKvbv Ges cgU g_W wmj Ki w`e (mvaiYZ wWU KvW ekx
eenvi nq)| Avcbvi wfwRUi me Bbdigkb `Iqvi ciciB Avcbvi mvBU ZvK
Rvwbq w`e m Ke Ges Kvi gvag cvWvwU Zvi nvZ cve| Lye mnR ZvBbv! AvmjB
mnR

4.2 t UvwWkbvj evwYR Ges B-Kgvm evwYR Gi cv_K

AwaKvsk weRbm cmmjv GLb ch UvwWkbvj evwYR bxwZ Abymib Ki Pj
Ges G cmmUvZ GLb ch Zgb Kvb cwieZb Avmwb hw`I UKbvjwRi eenvi
AvMi Pq ekx eoQ| GLbI AwaKvsk Zviv h cvWvwU wKbZ Pvq mUv AvM
k Ges nvZ ai cixv Ki Zvici q Ki | wK B-Kgvm eemvZ Zv GUv me
bv| B-Kgvm mvBU G _vK GKwU my`i wWRvBb, jAvDU Ges cvWv wWmc wmg,
hvK ejv nq gvPbWvBwRs| GLb Avcwb hw` GiKg GKUv mvBU _K wmwW ev wWwfwW
wKbZ Pvb Zvnj mUv mnRB wKbZ cvieb| wK hw` Avcwb Avcbvi Rb GKwU
cvkvK wKbZ Pvb Zvnj AekB Avcwb mUv AbK fve cixv wbixv Ki ZeB
wKbeb| Avi mgmvUv Zv GLvbB Avcwb cvkvKwUi is,mvBR `vg `LZ cvijI mUv
k ev AvcbvK cvkvKwU coj Kgb jvMe mUv Avcwb PvBj U KiZ cvieb bv|

57

B-Kgvm
hw`I B`vwbs wKQz wKQz B-Kgvm mvBU cvkvKi gvc Ges Kvjvi PzR Gi Ackb w`Q
ZviciI Avcwb Zv nvZ ai ev co U (Trial) KiZ cvieb bv| cejg Uv _KB
hvQ|
hw`I B`vwbs GB welqwU wbq ixwZgZv Melbv PjQ| GB mgmv mgvavbi wKQz Dcvq
Aek ei Kiv MQ G welq Uv wbq Avwg cieZxZ GKUv MvBWjvBb w`ev| Iqe
mvBUK mvP Bwbi Uc wbq Avmvi Rb eyKwewW mvw`Z mvP Bwb AcwUgvBRkb
eBwU coZ cvib|

4.3 t UvwWkbvj evwYR Ges B-Kgvm evwYR Gi wKQy cv_K mgyn

Electronic commerce

Traditional commerce

mnR wmwW eB q weq Kiv hvq

mnR DbZ dvkbi cvkvK q

weq Kiv hvq

AbjvBb Wwjfvwi wmg mdUIqvi

Gi gvag

Wwjfvwi wmg mivmwi Kiv nq

AbjvBb Gi gvag mnR cPvi Kiv

hvq

mivmwi ev Uvfj mvwfm Gi gvag

KvR mb nq

AbjvBb Gi gvag cvWv K UvK

Kiv hvq

GUv LyeB eqej KvR

4.4 t B-Kgvm UKbvjwR

Kvb aibi UKbvjwR `iKvi B-Kgvm Gi Rb? msc ejZ Mj ejZ nq h
Bbdigkb UKbvjwR Ges BUvibU UKbvjwR, hwU wbq Avgiv GB eBRyo AvjvPbv
KiwQ, KviY GB `yBUv wRwbm-B cyiv B-Kgvm Ryo AvQ| hgb:
BUvibU, intranets Ges extranets njv bUIqvK Gi BbdvmUKPvi Ges BKgvm Gi dvDkb|
Kvgvi`iK wmwKDi Bbdigkb, gvKwUs, UvbRKkb, cmwms Ges cgU
BZw` mieivn KiZ nq BUvibU Gi gvag|
UwWs Ges weRbm cvUbviiv wmwKDi UvbRKkb Ki electronic data
interchange (EDI) Gi gvag Gi mv_ AvQ wdbvbwmqvj wmg Ges
WUveBR|
Kvvwbi KgKZviv wbfi Ki BUvibU wimvm Gi Dci hUv eenvi Ki Zviv
mvcvU w`Z cvi|
GLvb AvBwU cdkbvj Ges BDRviiv wewfb aibi mdUIqvi eenvi Ki
Zv`i cqvRb Abyhvqx|

58

B-Kgvm
4.5 t BKvbvwgK cUbwkqvj Ad B-Kgvm (Economic Potential Of ECommerce)
mvavib UvwWkbvj eemvi `Lv hvq h, KbRygviiv wiUBjvi`i `qvj G wcV
VwKq `q, KviY, fvj KvqvwjwUi cvWv Pvq Kg gyj| wiUjviivI eva nq Zv`i
AWvi c~ib Kivi Rb| Ze B-Kgvm Gi gvag weRbm Kij `Lv hvq h Awdm LiP,
Kbv KvUvi LiP AbKUv eP hvq| hvi dj Zviv KbRygvi`iK Kg g~j cvWv
mieivn KiZ cvi| Gi evBiI LiP Kgvbvi Rb wewfb `k mvcvBAvim wbqvM
w`qI LiP AbK Kgvbv hvq| Avi ZvBZv AvR B-Kgvm wiUBj Bvw Ges gvKwUsG
A_bwZKfve AbK eo cfve djQ|

4.6 t B-Kgvm Ges wiUBj BvwR

wiUjvi`iK Avgiv cYi g~j wbaviK Gi mv_ Zzjbv KiZ cvwi KviY ZvivB cvi
cvWv Gi `vg AwZwi evovZ| Ze B`vwbs B-Kgvm weRbm GZ ekx KwwUkb i
nq MQ h Kvb wiUjviB Avi GKZidv weRbm KiZ cvi bv| AvR B-Kgvm GB
myweav jv w`Q ejB GLvb Zvi msLvI w`b w`b eoB PjQ|

4.7 t B-Kgvm Ges gvKwUs

AvR B-Kgvm KvvwbjvK bZzb fve wPv KiZ eva KiQ gvKwUs Gi Rb h
gvKwUs GZvw`b djv Ki AvmwQjv gvb UviMU gvKwUs, wijkbwmc gvKwUs, BfU
gvKwUs BZvw`| GLb Kiv nq _vK WvBi gvKwUs hUv wKbv cvq 25% ch iwfwbD
evwoq w`Z cvi Gici Interactive gvKwUs mvnvh KiZ cvi LiP Kgvbvi Rb
GLvb mvaviYZ gvwwgwWqv KvUvjM eenvi Ki gvKwUs Kiv nq _vK| AvR GB
gvKwUs wmg Uv AbK ekx Rbwcq nq DVQ|

4.8 t B-Kgvm Gi wKQz Z_ mgyn

AbK aibi B-Kgvm Gi dvm AvQ wb Zv eYbv Kiv njv:
Mvevj Kvgvi t hme Kvgviiv wewfb `k Nyo eovq AvR Mvevj AvBwU Zv`i Rb
GbQ AbK myweavw`|
Mvevj cvWv t cvWv Zv mvivwek meB GKiKg Mvevj AvBwU AvR GBme cvWv Gi
gvKwUs Ges KvqvwjwU ew KiQ|
Mvevj Acvikb t Mvevj AvBwU AvR wewfb aibi mvcvU mieivn Ki ejB AvR
cwZvb Gi Acvikb K AbK Kg MQ|
Mvevj wimvm t AvR wewfb wimvm GKiKg nIqvZ weRbm KivUv AbK mnR nq
MQ Mvevj AvBwU GB wimvmjvK memgq UvK Ki|

4.9 t B-KgvmK KvhKi Kiv

59

B-Kgvm
wKfve ev Kgb Ki B-Kgvm KvR Kie ev Gfve ejZ cvwi h B-KgvmK wKfve
BDRvi`i KvQ cQ w`ev| AbK DcvqB AvQ wb mjvB Avcbv`i KvQ Zzj
aijvg:

4.10 t evbvi AvW Gi gvag

Rbwcq Kvb IqemvBU G Avcbvi mvBU Gi evbvi mshy KiZ cvib GRb AvcbvK
GKUz LiP KiZ ne| wK GUv Avcbvi mvBU G BDRvi evovZ mvnvh Kie| Gme
welqjv Aviv fvjvfve RvbZ eyKwewWi mvP Bwb AcwUgvBRkb eBwU msMn
Kib|

wP 4.1: evbvi AvW

evbvi AvW mB mvBU GB `Iqv DwPZ hvi AbK eo msLvi wfwRUi AvQ| G Rb
hw` mvgvb LiP ekxI nq Avgvi gb nq GUv Kiv DwPZ ne|

4.11 t AvwdwjqU cvMvg

AvR cvWv Gi cvkvcvwk BUvibU G AbK wKQz GwdwjqU cvMvg Gi gvag wew
nq| GLvb h IqemvBU G Avcbvi cvWv w`eb Zviv evbvi Gi gvag mUv cKvk
Kie GRb Zviv GKwU wbw` Kwgkb wbe (cWv Gi g~ji Dci)|

60

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wP 4.2: AvwdwjqU cvMvg

4.12 t AvwdwjqU bUIqvK

AvR AbK Kvvwb UvbRKkb wmg eenvi KiQ Zv` GwdwjqU cvMv gK nv
Kivi Rb Gi ga AbZg njv Kwgkb Rvskb (www.cj.com)| IqemvBU Gi
gvag A_ DcvRb KiZ PvBj eyKwewWi BUvibU AvZKgmsvb eBwU msMn Ki
wbZ cvib|

wP 4.3: GwdwjqU bUIqvK

4.13 t mvP Bwb ivws

AvwdwjqU wc wc wm ev Pay Per Click Gi gvag Avgiv mvBUi BDRvi evovZ cvwi
Gi evBiI mvP Bwb AcwUgvBRkb Gi gvag|

61

B-Kgvm

wP 4.4: mvP Bwb ivswKs

4.14 t wfRyqvj wWRvBb

Avcbvi mvBU Gi wfRyqvj wWRvBb AvKlbxq Ki Ges mvBU bwfMkb AbK my`i Ki
hw` mvBU Zwi KiZ cvib, Zvnj BDRvi`i `w AvKlb GwU AbK KvR w`e|

wP 4.5: wfRyqvj wWRvBb

4.15 t mvP Bwb AcwUgvBRkb

GUv mvBU Gi BDRvi eovZ AZzjbxq| mvP Bwb AcwUgvBRkb Rvbvi Rb Avgvi mvP
Bwb AcwUgvBRkb eBwU msM n Kib|

62

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wP 4.6: mvP Bwb AcwUgvBRkb

ck: 4_ Aavq
1. Kvb aibi UKbvjwR `iKvi B-Kgvm Gi Rb?
2. B-Kgvm Gi A_bwZK welq wj AvjvPbv Kib|
3. UvwWkbvj evwYR Ges B-Kgvm evwYR Gi ga cv_K wj wK wK?
4. mvkvj wgwWqv gvKwUs wKfve B-gvm Gi cYi wew ew Ki ?
5. evsjv`ki Kvb GKwU B-Kgvm Iqe mvBUK weki KvQ cwiwPZ Kivi Rb wK wK
Kiv `iKvi (c`c) ?
6. msv wjL t
mvP Bwb AcwUgvBRkb
AvwdwjqU gvKwUs
Ab-cBR AcwUgvBRkb

63

B-Kgvm

64

B-Kgvm

5g Aavq

B-Kgvm gvKU gWj

65

B-Kgvm

5g
Aavq
B-Kgvm gvKU gWj
5.1 t B-Kgvm Gi weRbm UvBc
B-Kgvm njv B-weRbm Gi GKwU mvemU hvi gvag cvPwQs, mwjs, GPbwRs
Wm wewfb BUvibU mvwfm Gi mvnvh BjUbvKvwj GPbR Kiv nq| GB me
KvibB wewfb UvBc Gi B-Kgvm Avgiv `LZ cvB| Gi ga DjLhvM BKgvm KvUMwi njvt B2B- weRbm Uz weRbm (Business to Business)
B2C - weRbm Uz KbRygvi (Business to Consumer )
C2B- KbRygvi Uz weRbm (Consumer to Business)

C2C- KbRygvi Uz KbRygvi (Consumer to consumer)

G2G MftgU Uz MftgU (Government to Government)
G2C MftgU Uz KbRygvi (Government to Consumer)
G2B MftgU Uz weRbm (Government to Business)
5.1.1 t weRbm Uz weRbm (B2B)
GKwU weRbm cwZvbi mv_ Aci GKwU weRbm cwZvbi ga h
weRbm nq _vK| mUv Kvb gvbydKPvi Gi mv_ A_ev wWwweDUim A_ev
wiUBjvim Gi mv_I nZ cvi| B2B B-Kgvm AbjvBb weRbm Gi LyeB
iZc~Y Ask| GLvb mvaviYZ `Lv hvq GKwU cwZvb Aci Avi GKwU cwZvb
_K cb wKbQ Gici mB cb Avi GKwU cwZvbi KvQ wew KiQ| hgb
Dell computers Gi K_vB aiyb| Zviv wewfb cwZvb _K GKmmwiR wKbQ
Gici mjvK Gm^wj Ki wewfb cwZvb mvcvB KiQ| B2B Gi ga
mvcvB PBb gvbRgU Lye ewk RwoZ| wbgi wPUv `LjB eySv hve wK fve
mvcvB PBb gvbRgU Gi KvR mb nq _vK| B-Kgvm Iqe mvBU wbR
wbR Zwi KiZ eyKwewW mvw`Z B-Kgvm Av Rygjv fvPzgvU eBwU msMn
Ki wbZ cvib|

66

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wP (5.1) : mvcvB PBb gvbRgU

GLvb mvcvBqvi raw material mvcvB KiQ|
gvbydKPvi iv cvWv Drcv`b KiQ|
mLvb _K Iqvi nvDR ev wWwweDUim Gi KvQ mj Kiv nQ|
GLvb cvWvwU Kvgvi`i KvQ cQ hvQ|

wP (5.2) : weRbm Uz weRbm gWj

5.1.2 t weRbm Uz KbRygvi (B2C)

B2C hLvb KbRygvi`i KvQ mivmwi cb wew Kiv nq _vK | GLvb cvWv
KvUvjM _vK, KbRygviiv Zv`i cQ` Abyhvqx cY (kwcs KvU mdUIqvi Gi
mvnvh) q Ki _vK| eZgvb B-Kgvm Gi ga B2C UvB ewk cPwjZ Ges
Rbwcq| KviY njv Gi myhvM myweav| KbRygvi Lye `ZZvi mv_ Zv`i kwcs
mviZ cvi| cvWv cvBm Lye mnRB e`j nZ cvi| IqemvBU Gi mv_B Kj
mUvi BwUMUW _vK| D`nviY^ ic ejv hZ cvi amazon.com, GLvb
_K AwZ `ZZvi mv_ h KD cb q KiZ cvi| Ges wewfb aibi mvnvh

67

B-Kgvm
Zviv KbRygvi`iK w`q _vK| eZgvb Avgv`i `kG GB weRbmUv Pvjy nq
MQ Ges LyeB fvj KiQ| AvMvgxZ G eemv Dj mvebv Avgv`i `k
AvQ|

wP (5.3) : weRbm Uz KbRygvi gWj

5.1.3 t KbRygvi Uz weRbm (C2B)

GLvb GKRb KbRygvi Zv`i cR K GKwU wbw` evRU G wdW Ki
AbjvBb G Rgv `q Gici wewfb cwZvb KbRygvi Gi Pvwn`v jv `L Ges
weW Ki AZtci KbRygvi weW jvK wiwfD Ki Ges cQ` mB cwZvbK
wbevPb Ki cR wU KwjU Kivi Rb `vwqZ `q| GLvb KbRygvi Gi
gZvUvB ewk _vK| D`vniY ^ic ejv h cvi, aib GKRb Qv jb _K
wbDBqK hve, Zvi KvQ AvQ 200 cvD m wiUvb wUwKU mn GKkwU wUwKU
Pvq| Gi Rb m C2B site G Zvi Pvwn`v jv Zzj aijv| Gici h me
GqvijvBb Zvi Pvwn`v jvK dzjwdj (fulfill) KiZ cvie ev Zvi PvBZI Kg
gyj wUwKU mieivn KiZ cvie Zviv weW Kie| Gici mB Qv weW jv
wiwfD Ki h GqvijvBb Zvi ewk cQ` ne mLvb _KB wUwKU wU KvUe|
mnRfve ejv hZ cvi h GKRb KbRygvi Zvi cvWv ev mvwfm Kvb
cwZvbi KvQ wew Ki Avi G aibi weRbm gWj K ejv nq _vK
Consumer to business|

68

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wP (5.4) : KbRygvi Uz weRbm gWj

5.1.4 t KbRygvi Uz KbRygvi (C2C)

C2C weRbm gWj ejZ Avgiv mvaviY fve eyS _vwK hLvb GKRb KbRygvi
Zvi cvWv ev mvwfm Aci GK KbRygvi Gi KvQ wew Ki _vK _vW cvwU Gi
gvag| D`vinY^ic AbjvBb AKkb Gi K_vB aiv hvK| hLvb GKRb
KbRygvi Zvi cvWv wewi Rb cv Ki, Avi Ab KbRygvi Zvi cvWvwU
`L Ges cQ` nj weW Ki| Avi _vW cvwU A_vr h IqemvBU G cvWv wU
cv
Kiv nqQ Zviv GKUv PvR ev Kwgkb KU ivL| G GKwU eo
D`vniY ebay| ebay weki mePq Rbwcq IqemvBU
Avcbviv GB
IqemvBUUv wfwRU Ki `LZ cvib|

wP (5.5) : KbRygvi Uz KbRygvi gWj

69

B-Kgvm

Avwg GLvb Aviv wKQz B-Kgvm weRbm gWj wbq AvjvPbv KiwQ Gi evBiI
Aviv AbK weRbm gWj AvQ|

5.1.5 t Governent to Government (G2G) gWj:

Gaibi weRbm GK `ki miKvi Ab `ki miKvii mv_ h eemv Uv Ki
_vK hgb: hw` evsjv`k miKvi KzqZ miKvi Gi KvQ _K Zj Kb Zvnj
GB UvbRKmbK G2G ej|

5.1.6 t Government-to-Consumer (G2C) gWj:

Gaibi weRbm miKvi hw` mivmwi KbRygvi chvq weRbm Ki _vK| hgb:
miKvi hw` KvDK ewMZ fve GKUv Uv Pvwcq `q|

5.1.7 t Government-to-Business (G2B) gWj:

Gaibi weRbm miKvii mv_ Kvbv wbw` cwZvbi mv_ UvbRKmb nq|
hgb: miKvi Kvb dvIfvi evbvbvi Rb Kvb cwZvbi mv_ Pzw Ki|

BUvibU mvP w`j Ggb AbK weRbm gWj Avcbviv LyR cveb|
5.2 t B-weRbm
B-weRbm Gi iUv nq 1997 mvj, IBM me c_g GB eemv Uv Pvjy Ki|
Zv`i gZ B-weRbm njv the transformation of key business process
through the use of internet technologies.
A_vr h weRbm BUvibU, intranet Ges extranet UKbvjwR Gi mvnvh Kiv
nq| GLvb B-Kgvm njv B-weRbm Gi GKwU mvemU |
B-weRbm ay mj Ges evB KB ewk cvBqvwiwU `qbv mv_ Kvgvi `iK
mvwfm cvfvBW Ki Ges weRbm cvUbvi`i mv_ KvjveviU Ki|

5.3 t B-weRbm Av Intranet

Intranet njv GKwU bUIqvK hwU AMvbvBRkb Gi ga co| GLvb
mvaviYbZ GKwU Kvvwb intranet eenvi Ki Zv`i ccvi IqvK A_vr
WKzgU kqvi Kivi Rb Ges IqviKvi`i ga KvjveviwUf eRvq ivLvi Rb|
GUv GKwU cvBfU bUIqvK aygv A_vivBRW BDRviiv GKmm KiZ cvi |

5.4 t B-weRbm Av GUvibU

GUvibUI GK aibi intranet GLvb Kvb Kvvbxi wmg Gi wKQz
GjvKv evBii A_vivBRW BDRviiv GKmm KiZ cvi| GUv mvaviYZ H
Kvvbxi mv_ RwoZ mvcvBqvim, fim Ges weRbm cvUbvi ivB evenvi Ki

70

B-Kgvm
_vK| cdkbvjx wm.Gm.Gm wbq KvR KiZ eyKwewW mvw`Z wmGmGm (3)
eBwU msMn Ki wbZ cvib|

5.5 t B-weRbm Av BUvibU

BUvibU njv GKwU Mvevj bUIqvK, hUvZ BUvibU KvbW bUIqvK _vK
KwDUvi bUIhvK Gi mv_| AvR cw_exZ hvMvhvM _K i Ki Kbv ePv
meB Kiv hvQ BUvibU Gi mvnvh| eemv mi G GKwU Avgj cwieZb Gb
w`qQ G BUvibU | AvR Avgiv Lye mnR Ges Kg LiP wewfb aibi eemvqi
myhvM cvwQ BUvibU Gi KjvY| wdwRKvwj GKwU eemv cwZvb w`Z Mj h
LiP Zv AbK Kwgq w`qQ B-weRbm | AvR weki e bvwg`vgx eemv
cwZvbjv Av Av B-weRbm Gi mv_ Rwoq coQ, KviY h ay Kg LiP
ZvB bq, GLvb e Kvgvi Zviv cvQ, KgPvix Kg jvMQ| ccvi wbfi KvRwj
Kg hvQ BZvw` BZvw`|

5.6 t B-weRbm gWj

GLb B-weRbm Gi wKQz iZ c~Y weRbm gWj wbq AvjvPbv Kiev| mjv
njv:

5.6.1 t vidU gWj (Storefront model)

vidU ejZ evSvbv nq hLvb gvPUiv cvWv mj Ki Iqe Gi gvag
Gi mv_ Rwoq AvQ UvbRKmb cmwms, wmwKDwiwU, AbjvBb cgU,
Bbdigkb viR BZvw`| G aibi B-Kgvm mvBUjv 24*7 w`bB Lvjv
_vK wekevwc|
vidU B-Kgvm mvBUjvZ h wRwbm jv _vKZ ne Zv njv:
AbjvBb cvWv KvUvjM
AWvi g_W
wmwKDi cgU Ges
mgq gZv AWvi mieivn Kiv

5.6.2 t kwcs KvU UKbvjwR

GUv vidU Gi ga ci| GUv AWvi cmwms UKbvjvwR hUv Kvgvi`iK
BQvgZ cvWv KvUvjM _K cvWv wKbZ myhvM `vb Ki| kwcs KvU KqKUv
wRwbmK mvcvU Ki _vK hgb:

GQvov

cvWv KvUvjM
gvPU mvfvi
WvUveR UKbvjvwR
wewfb purchasing g_W K mvcvU Ki _vK|

71

B-Kgvm

wP (5.6) :kwcs KvU

5.6.3 t AbjvBb kwcs gj
AbjvBb kwcs gj Kvgvi`i cvWv wmjKkb Gi Rb AbK eo RvqMv w`q
_K| Kvgviiv GLvb AviI ekx myhvM myweav mn mvaxbfve kwcs KiZ
cvi| Kvgviiv GLvb ay cvWvB bq cvkvcvwk wewfb kcI (Shop) mvP w`q
cq _vK| Gi ci Kbv KvUv Kivi mgq Zviv kwcs KvU UKbvwR eenvi KiZ
cvi| hgb: http://mall.com

wP (5.7): kwcs gj.Kg

72

B-Kgvm
GQvovI AviI AbK kwcs gj AvQ bU G mvP w`jB Avcwb cq hveb| GLvb
_K mfveB Avcwb kwcs KiZ cvieb hfve Avcwb eve kwcs gj jv
_K kwcs Ki _vKb|

5.6.4 t AKkb gWj (Auction Model)

GLvb BUvibU BDRviiv jMBb Ki Ges mjvi A_ev weWvi wnme ivj c
Ki| GKRb mjvi Zvi Kvb AvBUg wewi Rb AvBUgwU wgwbgvg gyj Zzj
ai Ges GKUv WWjvBb w`q `q AgyK w`bi ga AvBUg wU wew ne|
cvkvcvwk m AvBUgwUi mKj wdPvi Ges QweI msh Ki `q| GLb GKRb
weWvi hw` IB aibi AvBUg LyR Ges m hw` cvq Zvnj m GKUv weW H
AvBUg Gi Rb Ki| GiKg AbK weWvi GKB KvR KiZ cvi | Gi ci
mjvi h weWvii `vg cQ` Ki Zvi KvQ AvBUgwU wew KiZ cvi| GLvb
DjL, h mvBU G KvR wU ne Zviv Kvb `vq`vwqZ bq bv| Zviv ay GKUv
Kwgkb H AvUgi Rb wbq _vK| G aibi GKUv mvBU njv Be hUv AvR
wek AKkb mvBU wnme LyeB Rbwcq|

5.6.5 t Ebaytm KBm vwW

1995 mvj IgwWqvim bvg GK ew AKkb Iqe bvg GKwU Kvvwb Pvjy
Kib hUv cieZxZ Ebay bvg cyb:bvgKib Kiv nq Ges GUv AbjvBb AKkb
nvDR wnme cwiwPwZ jvf Ki| AvR cvq 4 wgwjqb BDwbK AKkb GLvb nq
_vK Ges `wbK 450,000 bZzb AvBUg GLvb mshy nq| AvR GLvb gvbyl
hKvb AvBUg mj Ges evB KiZ cvi| Be AvBUg Gi mvewgmb wd Ges
mjm Gi _K cvmUR wbq _vK| mvewgmb wd Uv wbaviY Ki cvWvwU Kvb
KvUvMixZ mvewgmb Kieb Zvi Dci| GUvK ejv nq _vK wdPvi AKkb| Be
GKUv WvUveR eenvi Ki hLvb wgwjqb AKkb Advi Gi Rb ivL| GB
WvUveR mjvi Ges evqvi Gi me Bbdigkb iL `q| GLvb AKkb cmm
ZLbB i nq hLb GKRb mjvi h AvBUgwU wew Kie Zvi eYbv Ges
iwRmb KwwjU Ki| GLvb mjviK AekB GKUv wgwbgvg `vg AvBUgwUi
DjL Ki w`Z nq| AvBUgwUi `vg hw` ekx nq Zvnj `Lv hvq h Kvb weW
msMwVZ nq bv| AbK mgq `Lv MQ h GKUv wiRvf cvBmI mU Ki ivLv
hvq| Ze GLvb mjviK Icwbs weW K wiRvf cvBm _K Kg ivLZ nq|
hLb GKwU weW mvKmm nh ZLb mjvi Ges evqvi K wkwcs wWUBj, IqviwU
Ges Abvb welqG wbR`i ga AvjvPbv Ki wbZ nq| Be GLvb Rv GKUv
wgwWqv wnme KvR Ki| Be KLbI kwcs, IqviwU ev Kvbv aibi mvwfm Gi
`vq `vwqZ bq bv|

73

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wP (5.8): Ebay
AvR B-weRbm G Ebay Gi GKUv eo cfve iqQ| Iqv IqvBW Iqe G
GKwU AZ jvfRbK B-weRbm cwZvb wnme Mnb hvMZv cqQ| ZvBZv
AvR AbK AbjvBb AKkb cwZvb Mo DVQ| Gi ga DjLvM njv:
auctions.yahoo.com www.fairmarket.com www.outhebys.com
ww.ibidlive.com

5.6.6 t cvUvj gWj (Portal Model)

cvUvj mvBU wfwRUi`i Ggb myhvM `q h Zviv hUv Luy R mUv hb GK
RvqMvZB cvIqv hvq| Zviv mvaviYZ wbDR, vUm, AvenvIqv _K i Ki
Iqe G mvP `qv ch cvUvj mvBU jv w`q _vK| hLb gvbyq Iqv cvUvj
Gi bvg bQ ZLb Zviv mvP BwbKB gb KiQb| mvP Bwb njv nwiRbUvj
cvUvj hUv Kvb wbw` UwcK wbq MwVZ nq bv GLvb meaibi UwcKB (welq)
cvIqv hvq| Avi Abvb cvUvj jv wbw` Kvb welq Gi Dci MwVZ ej
G`iK fvwUKvj cvUvj ej|
AvR AbjvBb kwcsjv bZzb GwWmb njv gRi cvUvjjvi| hgb:
hotbot.com, about.com, altavista.com Ges yahoo.com
GB cvUvjv Avjv`v kwcs cBR w`Q wfwRUi`iK| cvUvjjv AbjvBb
gvPU, AbjvBb kwcs Ges AKkb Gi Rb wjsK Zix Ki w`Q KbRygvi`iK|
G w`K _K eo D`vniY njv yahoo! G cvUvj Zvi BDRvi`iK mvnvh
Ki hv Zviv LyuR KiQ wbR`i cqvRb gUvbvi Rb| yahoo!
Zvi
eenviKvix`iK wewfb mvBU eenvi Kivi myhvM w`Q Zv`i GKvDU _KB G
_K GKUv cgUI Zviv wbq _vK|
about.com Zvi BDRvi`iK Advi Ki GKUv wbw` MvBW mvBW wnme|
Zv`i weRbm aib njv Zviv BDRvi`i mv_ GKRb MvBW wnme KvR Kie |

74

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Zviv Kvb cvwUKzjvi welq wbq KvR Ki bv| GZ Ki Zv`i KbRygviiv AbK
Lywk _vK AbjvBb kwcs Kivi | GB KvRjv h Zviv Ki GZ Zv`i jvf
wK? AekB jvf AvQ wfwRUi hLb GKwU gv GKvDU Lyj Zvi mg Pvwn`v
GKRvqMv _KB cyib KiZ cvie ZLb Zviv mLvbB hve| Avi GB myhvM
`Iqvi Rb GB cvUvj GKUv wbw` PvR wfwRUi`i KvQ _K wbq _vK|

5.6.7 t Yahoo! KBm vwW

Yahoo! GKwU nwiRUvj cvUvj, hUvZ AvQ Lye eo msLK mvBU wjsK Ges
KvUvMwi| ZvQvov GUv Zvi KbRygvi`iK kwcs KvUI mieivn Ki| Bqv! Gi
gvag KbRygviiv wewfb AbjvBb vii AvBUg, Bqv! Gi kwcs KvU hy
KiZ cvi| hLb Zviv PKAvDU KiZ Pvq Zviv, Bqv! Gi gvag cvPm KiZ
cvi| Bqv! Gi gvag GK vi _K Avi GK vi Nyi eovbv hvq| Avi
GRb KvDKB Avjv`v Avjv`v iwRkb ev wewjs dig c~ ib KiZ nq bv|
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idvi:

The Complete E-Commerce Book, Second Edition: Design, Build & Maintain
a Successful Web-based Business by Janice Reynolds
E-Commerce 2010 (6th Edition) by Kenneth C. Laudon
E-Commerce 2011 (7th Edition) (Pearson Custom Business Resources) by
Kenneth C. Laudon

Turban, Efraim et al Electronic Commerce, 2nd. Ed. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002.
Kleindl, Brad Alan Strategic Electronic Marketing: Managing E-Business.
Cincinnati, Ohio. South-Western College Publishing 2001.
Sawhney, Mohanbir (May 2000) Go Global Business2.0
http://www.business2.com/articles/mag/0,,13580,FF.html
Internet.com (May 15, 2001) Where in the World is the best e-commerce?
http://ecommerce.internet.com/news/insights/trends/article/0,,10417_766511,0
0.html
Mottl, Judy (March 2001) Global Net use up despite economic slowdown
Newsfactor.com http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/?id=8213
Plumley, Donald J.(January 2000) Global e-commerce: the market,
challenges and opportunities
http://www.bowneglobal.com/pdfs/Global_eCommerce.pdf.
The E-Commerce Book, Second Edition: Building the E-Empire
(Communications, Networking and Multimedia) by Steffano Korper
E-Commerce 2009 (5th Edition) by Kenneth C. Laudon
E-business & e-commerce-How to Program-Deitel.
eCommerce Best Practices- Thomas M McFadyen
Streetwise eCommerce: Establish Your Online Business, Expand Your Reach,
and Watch Your Profits Soar! by Aliza Sherman Risdahl
E-Commerce 2009 (5th Edition) by Kenneth C. Laudon
Managing Your E-Commerce Business, Second Edition (Cpg-Other) by
Brenda Kienan
e-Business & e-Commerce for Managers by H.M. Deitel
Deep Inside osCommerce: The Cookbook: Ready-to-use recipes to customize
and extend your e-commerce website by Monika Math
http://www.server101.com/ecommerce/
http://www.slideshare.net/andreyandoko/overview-of-electronic-commerce
www.cmcltd.com/miscellaneous/brochurePDFs/techecom-paper.pdf
http://managementhelp.org/computers/e-commerce.htm
www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/cmm/menu-eng.html
documentation.ektron.com/.../eCommerce/eCommerce_intro.htm
http://www.trinidadlaw.com/home/general/content.aspx?Categor
yID=29&SubCategoryID=48

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