Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MODULE 4
Canal regulation works-design of head regulator and cross regulator- Canal falls necessity
and location of falls-types-design of vertical drop fall- Sarda type only and
siphon well drop . (Design emphasizing the hydraulic aspects only)
Introduction
A canal obtains its share of water from the pool behind a barrage through a structure called
the canal head regulator. Though this is also a regulation structure for controlling the amount
of water passing into the canal (with the help of adjustable gates), it shall be discussed under
diversion works (Module 4). In this lesson, attention is focussed on structures that regulate
the discharge and maintain the water levels within a canal network (Figure 1).
These structures may be described as follows:
1. Drops and falls to lower the water level of the canal
2. Cross regulators to head up water in the parent channel to divert some of it through an off
take channel, like a distributary.
3. Distributary head regulator to control the amount of water flowing in to off take channel.
4. Escapes, to allow release of excess water from the canal system.
These structures are described in detail in this lesson
.
Canal drops and falls
A canal has a designed longitudinal slope but has to pass through an undulating terrain. When
a canal crosses an area that has a larger natural surface slope, a canal drop, also called fall in
India, has to be provided suitably at certain intervals.
The location of a fall has to be judiciously worked out such that there should be a balance
between the quantities of excavation and filling. Further the height of the fall has to be
decided, since it is possible to provide larger falls at longer intervals or smaller falls at shorter
intervals. It may be observed that the portion of the canal which is running in filling (Figure2)
may be able to serve the surrounding area by releasing water by gravity. For the portion of the
canal that is running in excavation, if surrounding areas have to be irrigated, it has to be done
through pumping.
There are various types of fall structures, some of which are no more provided these days.
However, there are many irrigation projects in India which have these structures in the canal
network, as they were designed many years ago. Many of these structures used boulder
masonry as their construction material, whereas now brick masonry or, more commonly,
mass concrete is being used commonly in modern irrigation projects.
The Ogee type of fall has been one of the first to be tried in the Indian canal irrigation
system, probably since more than a century back (Figure 3a). However, according to the
earliest structures provided, the crest of the fall was in the same elevation as that of the
upstream section of the canal. This caused a sharp draw-down of the water surface on the
upstream side. On the downstream, the drop in elevation added energy to the falling water
which exited the falls as a shooting flow, causing erosion of the canal bed immediately
downstream. These difficulties were later removed by raising the crest level of the fall above
the upstream canal bed level and providing suitable stilling basin with end sill at the
downstream end of the fall which kills most of the excess energy of the leaving water by
helping to form a hydraulic jump (Figure 3b).
The rapid-fall was tried in some of the north-Indian canals which were constructed with
boulders cemented together by lime concrete (Figure 4). These were quite effective but, the
cost being prohibitive, was gradually phased out.
In the figure, the gates and gate hoisting arrangements have not been shown, for clarity.
Further, the floor of the regulators would be protected on the upstream and downstream with
concrete blocks and boulder apron. A typical sectional drawing through a regulator is shown
in Figure 19.
The angle at which a distributary canal off-takes from the parent canal has to be decided
carefully. The best angle is when the distributary takes off smoothly, as shown in Figure
20(a). Another alternative is to provide both channels (off-taking and parent) at an angle to
the original direction of the parent canal (Figure 20b). When it becomes necessary for the
parent canal to follow a straight alignment, the edge of the canal rather than the centre line
should be considered in deciding the angle of off-take (Figure 20c).
Figure 5 shows the relative position of canal (shown in cross-section) with respect to a
natural stream (shown in longitudinal section), when canal bed level is higher than stream
high flood level.
Figure 6 shows the relative position of a canal whose bed level is below but full supply level
is above the stream high flood level.
Figure 7 shows a canal with full supply level almost matching the high flood level of the
natural stream.
Figure 8 shows a canal full supply level and bed levels below the levels of high flood level
and bed level of stream, respectively.
Figure 9
shows the relative position of canal with respect to the natural stream where the canal full
supply level is below the stream bed level.
In general , the solution for all the illustrated conditions possible for conveying an irrigation
canal across a natural channel is by providing a water conveying structure which may:
(a) Carry the canal over the natural stream;
(b) Carry the canal beneath the natural stream; or
(c) Carry the canal at the same level of the natural stream.
These three broad types of structures are discussed further in this lesson . Structures to carry
canal water over a natural stream
Conveying a canal over a natural watercourse may be accomplished in two ways:
(a) Normal canal section is reduced to a rectangular section and carried across the natural
stream in the form of a bridge resting on piers and foundations (Figure 10) . This type of
structure is called a trough type aqueduct .
(b) Normal canal section is continued across the natural stream but the stream section is
flumed to pass through barrels or rectangular passages (Figure 11). This type is called
abarrel type aqueduct.
Typical sections and plans of a trough type and a barrel type aqueducts are shown in Figures
12 and 13 respectively.
For the aqueducts, it may be observed from Figures 12 and 13 that the HFL of the natural
stream is lower than the bottom of the trough (or the roof of the barrel). In this case, the flow
is not under pressure, that is, it has a free surface exposed to atmospheric pressure.
In case the HFL of the natural stream goes above the trough bottom level (TBL) or the barrel
roof level (BRL), then the flow in the natural watercourse would be pressured and the
sections are modified to form which is known as syphon aqueducts (Figures 14 and 15).
It may be observed that the trough type aqueduct or syphon aqueduct would be suitable for
the canal crossing a larger stream or river, whereas the barrel type is suitable if the natural
stream is rather small. The relative economics of the two types has to be established on case
to case basis.
Further, the following points maybe noted for the two types of aqueducts or siphon
aqueducts:
SNGCE/ CIVIL DEPT. /AMJ
Instead of a trough, the canal flow may be conveyed below the natural stream using small
pre-cast RCC pipes (for small discharges) and rectangular or circular barrels, either in single
or multiple cells, may be used (for large discharges), as shown in Figure
This type of structure is provided when a canal approaches a large sized drainage with high
flood discharges at almost the same level. The flow control is usually provided on either side
of the canal and on the outlet side of the drain. As such, this type of arrangement is very
similar to canal head-works with a barrage. Advantage may be taken of the flow of the
natural drainage to augment the flow of the outgoing canal. The barrage type regulator is kept
closed during low flows to head up the water and allows the lean season drainage flow to
enter the outgoing canal. During flood seasons, the barrage gates may be opened to allow
much of the silt-laden drainage discharge to flow down.
Another structure, called an inlet, is sometimes provided which allows the entry of the stream
water into the canal through an opening in the canal bank, suitably protected by pitching the
bed and sides for a certain distance upstream and downstream of the inlet. If the natural
stream water is not utilized in the canal then an outlet, which is an opening on the opposite
bank of the canal is provided. The canal bed and sides suitably pitched for protection.
Transitions at changes in canal cross-sections
A canal cross section may change gradually, in which case suitable flaring of the walls may
be made to match the two sections (Figure 19).
to
the
horizontal
direction.
In case the d.s. bed level is lower than cistern level, the cistern level should be provided at
bed level. Where the d.s. bed level is higher than cistern level, the cistern level is joined at a
slope 5H:1V.
Sufficient length of cistern is provided so that turbulence dies out and subcritical flows takes
place before the water leaves the floor. Length of cistern of 5Ef2 is provided for normal soils
and 6Ef2 for sandy soils.
For submerged flow conditions (above 33% submergence) discharge passing over
crest is:
where,
Lt = Length of crest
Bt = Width of crest
HL = Drop in water surface
h2 = Depth of d.s. water level over top of crest
ha = Head due to velocity of approach
2. U.S. Approaches
For discharges larger than 15 cumec, the wing walls are kept segmental with radius equal to
5 6 times D making an angle 60 at center, and carried tangentially into the berm. The
foundations of wing walls are laid on impervious floor itself.
For falls of discharges less than 15 cumec, the approach wings may be splayed straight at an
angle of 45.
i. U.S. protection
Brick pitching in a length equal to u.s. water depth should be laid on u.s. bed towards
the crest at a slope 10H:1V.
ii. U.S. curtain wall (cutoff)
The thickness of curtain wall equal to 1 brick and depth equal to 1/3 u.s. water
depth + 0.6 m, be provided with min. 0.8 m also considering Laceys criteria (Table 6.1).
3. Impervious concrete floor
i. Total floor length and its disposition:
Khoslas method is used for large works. Blighs theory is used for small works.
SNGCE/ CIVIL DEPT. /AMJ
5. D.S. Protection
i. Bed protection
Brick pitching about 20 cm thick resting on 10 cm ballast in a length equal 3 times
d.s. water depth.
Toe wall 1 brick thick and of depth = (d.s. water depth) with minimum 0.6 m
provided at the end of pitching.
ii. Side protection
After wing walls, the side slopes of the channel are pitched with 1 brick on edge in a
length equal to 3 times d.s. water depth. The pitching should rest on a toe wall 1
brick thick and of depth equal to d.s. water depth.
iii. Curtain wall
The thickness of curtain wall may be 1 brick thick and depth = (d.s. water depth)
with minimum 1 m, also consider Laceys criteria.
iv. D.S. wings
For Q > 15 cumec, d.s. wings are kept vertical for a length
and may
then be gradually warped. They should be taken up to the end of pucca floor.