Chap 13

Chapter 13
Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease
Multiple Choice Questions

1. The term infection refers to
A. microorganisms colonizing the body.
B. contact with microorganisms.
C. contact with pathogens.
D. pathogens penetrating host defenses.
ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 13.01 Differentiate among the terms colonization, infection, and disease.
Section Number: 13.01
Topic: Development of an Infection
2. Which is not terminology used for resident biota?

A. pathogenic biota
B. normal biota
C. indigenous biota
D. normal microbiota
E. commensals
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 13.02 Enumerate the sites where normal biota is found in humans.
Topic: Resident Microbiota
3. Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are

A. in food.
B. the patient's own normal biota.
C. on fomites.
D. in the air.
E. transmitted from one person to another.
detrimental ways.
4. Based upon new information from the Human Microbiome Project, the human body
typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota
A. before birth, in utero.
B. during and immediately after birth.
C. when a child first goes to school.
D. when an infant gets its first infectious disease.
E. during puberty.
detrimental ways.
5. Resident biota are found in/on the

A. skin.
B. mouth.
C. nasal passages.
D. large intestine.
E. All of the choices are correct.
detrimental ways.
6. Normal biota includes each of the following except

A. bacteria.
B. fungi.
C. protozoans.
D. viruses.
detrimental ways.
7. Each of the following is inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except

A. the birth process through the birth canal.
B. bottle feeding.
C. breast feeding.
D. contact with hospital staff.
detrimental ways.
8. Which of the following is not true of endogenous retroviruses?

A. ERVs are part of the normal biota.
B. ERVs are vital for placental development in sheep.
C. ERVs cause disease.
D. ERVs fight off pathogenic viruses.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.05 Define opportunism, and list examples of common opportunistic pathogens.
9. The effect of beneficial microbes of normal biota against invading microbes is called
A. microbial antagonism.
B. endogenous infection.
C. infectious disease.
D. axenic.
E. gnotobiotism.
detrimental ways.
10. All of the following genera are considered resident biota of skin sites except
A. Escherichia.
B. Staphylococcus.
C. Corynebacterium.
D. Micrococcus.
E. Candida.
detrimental ways.
11. Resident biota of the gastrointestinal tract include

A. Streptococcus.
B. Bacteroides.
C. Lactobacillus.
D. Haemophilus.
detrimental ways.
12. Which genus is resident biota of the mouth, large intestine, and within the vagina from
puberty to menopause?
A. Lactobacillus
B. Treponema
C. Haemophilus
D. Escherichia
E. Clostridium
detrimental ways.
13. Opportunistic pathogens

A. cause disease in every individual.
B. cause disease in compromised individuals.
C. are always pathogens.
D. have well-developed virulence factors.
detrimental ways.
14. Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called
A. opportunistic pathogens.
B. normal biota.
C. indigenous biota.
D. true pathogens.
E. micropathogens.
detrimental ways.
15. Which of the following is not a factor that weakens host defenses against infections?
A. genetic defects in immunity
B. physical and mental stress
C. strong, healthy body
D. chemotherapy
E. old age
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.06 List the steps a microbe has to take to get to the point where it can cause disease.
Topic: Virulence/Host Damage
16. Which genus is the most common resident biota of mouth surfaces?
A. Lactobacillus
B. Streptococcus
C. Haemophilus
D. Escherichia
E. Mycobacterium
detrimental ways.
17. TORCH is an acronym that represents the most common

A. genera of resident biota.
B. sexually transmitted infections.
C. portals of entry.
D. vectors.
E. infections of the fetus and neonate.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.14 List six different modes of horizontal transmission, providing an infectious disease spread by each.
Topic: Transmission of Infections
18. The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the
A. respiratory system.
B. gastrointestinal system.
C. urinary system.
D. genital system.
E. skin.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.07 List several portals of entry and exit.
Learning Outcome: 13.08 Define infectious dose and explain its role in establishing infection.
19. An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called
A. exogenous.
B. an exotoxin.
C. an enterotoxin.
D. endogenous.
E. axenic.
detrimental ways.
20. An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called

A. exogenous.
B. an exotoxin.
C. an enterotoxin.
D. endogenous.
E. axenic.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.15 Define healthcare-associated infection, listing common types and their causative agents.
21. The minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed is termed
A. virulence factor.
B. indigenous biota.
C. infectious dose.
D. endotoxin.
E. minimal dose.
detrimental ways.
22. Which of the following is not a method of bacterial adhesion?

A. fimbriae
B. surface proteins
C. specialized receptors
D. adhesive slime or capsules
E. cilia
ASM Objective: 02.03 Bacteria and Archaea have specialized structures (e.g., flagella, endospores, and pili) that often confer critical
capabilities.
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function
Learning Outcome: 13.11 List several virulence factors, and summarize their actions within a host.
23. Once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells
will attempt to destroy the microbes?
A. phagocytosis
B. adhesion
C. encapsulation
D. margination
E. exocytosis
detrimental ways.
24. Which of the following is not an antiphagocytic factor?

A. secretion of slime
B. production of leukocidins
C. adhering to the host
D. secretion of a capsule
E. ability to survive intracellularly
detrimental ways.
25. Virulence factors include all of the following except

A. capsules.
B. ribosomes.
C. exoenzymes.
D. endotoxin.
E. exotoxin.
capabilities.
detrimental ways.
26. Microbial hyaluronidase, coagulase, and streptokinase are examples of

A. adhesive factors.
B. exotoxins.
C. hemolysins.
D. antiphagocytic factors.
E. exoenzymes.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.10 Compare and contrast major characteristics of exotoxins and endotoxin.
27. Exotoxins are

A. proteins secreted by living bacterial cells.
B. only released after a cell is damaged or lysed.
C. antiphagocytic factors.
D. secretions that always target nervous tissue.
E. lipopolysaccharides.
detrimental ways.
28. Enterotoxins are

A. virulence factors.
B. toxins that target the intestines.
C. proteins.
D. exotoxins.
detrimental ways.
29. Which term-definition pair is mismatched?

A. fimbriae - adherence to substrate
B. capsules - antiphagocytic factor
C. coagulase - dissolve fibrin clots
D. leukocidins - damage white blood cells
E. hemolysins - damage red blood cells
capabilities.
detrimental ways.
30. Keratinase has the greatest effect on the

C. urinary system.
D. genital system.
E. skin.
detrimental ways.
31. Mucinase has the greatest effect on the

C. urinary system.
D. genital system.
E. skin.
detrimental ways.
32. Exotoxins
A. are secreted by pathogenic organisms.
B. are bound to the membrane of pathogenic organisms.
C. are bound to the cell wall of pathogenic organisms.
D. cause more damage than endotoxins.
E. are host specific
detrimental ways.
33. An endotoxin is
A. secreted by pathogenic organisms.
B. indicative of gram-negative bacterial infection.
C. secreted by gram-positive organisms.
D. indicative of fungal infections.
E. indicative of viral infections.
detrimental ways.
34. _____ is the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.
A. Exotoxin
B. Endotoxin
C. Enterotoxin
D. Leukocidin
E. Hemolysin
detrimental ways.
35. _____ are various bacterial enzymes that dissolve fibrin clots.
A. Coagulases
B. Mucinases
C. Keratinases
D. Kinases
E. Hyaluronidases
detrimental ways.
36. Which of the following is the endotoxin?

A. hemolysin
B. hyaluronidase
C. streptokinase
D. collagenase
E. lipopolysaccharide
detrimental ways.
37. Hyaluronidase is a virulence factor in

A. amoebic dysentery.
B. ringworm.
C. clostridia.
D. cold virus.
E. diphtheria.
detrimental ways.
38. The suffix itis means

A. blood.
B. a disease or morbid process.
C. an inflammation.
D. tumor.
E. pertaining to.
detrimental ways.
Topic: Infectious Disease Terminology
39. The suffix osis means

A. blood.
C. an inflammation.
D. tumor.
E. pertaining to.
detrimental ways.
40. The suffix emia means

A. blood.
C. an inflammation.
D. tumor.
E. pertaining to.
detrimental ways.
41. The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the
pathogen is at peak activity is the
A. prodromal stage.
B. convalescent stage.
C. incubation period.
D. period of invasion.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.12 Draw and label a curve representing the course of clinical infection.
42. The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply, until symptoms
first appear is the
A. prodromal stage.
detrimental ways.
43. The initial, brief period of early, general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is
the
A. prodromal stage.
detrimental ways.
44. Which of the following is a mismatched term and description?

A. secondary infection - infection spreads to several tissue sites
B. mixed infection - several agents established at infection site
C. acute infection - rapid onset of severe, short-lived symptoms
D. local infection - pathogen remains at or near entry site
E. toxemia - pathogen's toxins carried by the blood to target tissues
detrimental ways.
45. The subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient is termed a/an
A. syndrome.
B. symptom.
C. sign.
D. pathology.
E. inflammation.
detrimental ways.
46. The objective, measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a/an
A. syndrome.
B. symptom.
C. sign.
D. pathology.
E. inflammation.
detrimental ways.
47. Local edema, swollen lymph nodes, fever, soreness, and abscesses are indications of
A. toxemia.
B. inflammation.
C. sequelae.
D. a syndrome.
E. latency.
detrimental ways.
48. A symptom is
A. an objective indication of disease.
B. a subjective indication of disease.
C. measurable by health care personnel.
D. a temperature.
detrimental ways.
49. A sign is
A. an objective indication of disease.
B. a subjective indication of disease.
C. measurable by health care personnel.
D. malaise and body aches.
E. An objective indication of disease that is measurable by health care personnel.
detrimental ways.
50. Leukopenia is the _____ in the level of white blood cells in a patient.
A. elevation
B. stabilization
C. decrease
D. abnormal production
detrimental ways.
51. The term _____ refers to the presence of small numbers of bacteria in the blood.
A. bacteremia
B. septicemia
C. viremia
D. toxemia
detrimental ways.
52. Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called
A. syndromes.
B. malaise.
C. inflammation.
D. asymptomatic.
E. secondary infections.
detrimental ways.
53. Which of the following is not a normal portal of exit of an infectious disease?
A. removal of blood
B. urogenital tract and feces
C. coughing and sneezing
D. skin
E. All of these are normal exit portals.
detrimental ways.
54. Which of the following is an example of sequelae?

A. headache from meningitis
B. difficulty swallowing from streptococcal infection
C. arthritis from Lyme disease
D. diarrhea from Salmonella enteritidis infection
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.09 Describe three ways microbes cause tissue damage.
55. Some diseases can cause long-term or permanent damage in the patient termed
A. edema.
B. sequelae.
C. granulomas.
D. abcesses.
E. swollen lymph nodes.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.09 Describe three ways microbes cause tissue damage.
56. The primary, natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the
A. fomite.
B. carrier.
C. vector.
D. reservoir.
E. source.
ASM Objective: 05.01 Microorganisms are ubiquitous and live in diverse and dynamic ecosystems.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.13 Differentiate among the various types of reservoirs, providing examples of each.
57. Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a

A. fomite.
B. carrier.
C. vector.
D. reservoir.
E. source.
detrimental ways.
58. An animal, such as an arthropod, that transmits a pathogen from one host to another is a
A. fomite.
B. carrier.
C. vector.
D. reservoir.
E. source.
detrimental ways.
59. The intermediary object or individual from which the infectious agent is actually acquired
is termed the
A. fomite.
B. carrier.
C. vector.
D. reservoir.
E. source.
detrimental ways.
60. Reservoirs include

A. humans.
B. animals.
C. soil.
D. water.
detrimental ways.
61. Animals that participate in the life cycles of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host
to host are
A. fomites.
B. aerosols.
C. mechanical vectors.
D. droplet nuclei.
E. biological vectors.
detrimental ways.
62. An infection spread between animals and humans is a:

A. secondary infection.
B. sequela.
C. healthcare-associated infection.
D. zoonosis.
detrimental ways.
63. _____ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens while they are recovering from an
infectious disease.
A. Asymptomatic
B. Passive
C. Incubation
D. Chronic
E. Convalescent
detrimental ways.
64. ______ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens a long time after they have
recovered from an infectious disease.
A. Asymptomatic
B. Passive
C. Incubation
D. Chronic
E. Convalescent
detrimental ways.
65. All communicable diseases

A. are contagious.
B. only occur in animals.
C. are caused by microorganisms or their products.
D. are caused by vectors.
E. involve viruses as the pathogen.
detrimental ways.
66. An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a

A. fomite.
B. carrier.
C. vector.
D. reservoir.
E. source.
detrimental ways.
67. A laboratory technologist splashed a blood specimen onto his face, eyes, nose, and mouth.
This specimen was from an HIV positive patient. If this blood exposure leads to HIV infection
in the technologist, the transmission route is
A. direct.
B. fomite.
C. vehicle.
D. droplet nuclei.
E. aerosol.
detrimental ways.
Blooms Level: 3. Apply
68. The dried residues of fine droplets from mucus or saliva that harbor and transmit pathogen
are
A. fomites.
B. aerosols.
C. mechanical vectors.
D. droplet nuclei.
E. biological vectors.
detrimental ways.
69. Which of the following is a direct contact method of microbe transmission?

A. fomites
B. water
C. droplet nuclei
D. aerosols
E. droplets
detrimental ways.
70. Which of the following is transmission of disease from mother to fetus?

A. vertical
B. direct
C. vector
D. droplets
E. fomites
detrimental ways.
71. Healthcare-associated infections are characterized by all of the following except

A. are only transmitted by medical personnel.
B. often involve the patient's urinary tract and surgical incisions.
C. the patient's resident biota can be the infectious agent.
D. Escherichia coli and staphylococci are common infectious agents.
E. medical and surgical asepsis help lower their occurrence.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.16 List Koch's postulates, and explain alternative methods for identifying an etiological agent.
72. Which of the following does not illustrate the use of universal precaution methods in the
handling of patients and body substances?
A. mask and gloves
B. proper disposal of needles
C. healthcare worker with active, open lesions handling patients
D. hand washing
E. sterilizing or disinfection of dental hand pieces
detrimental ways.
73. When would Koch's postulates be utilized?

A. to determine the cause of a patient's illness in a hospital microbiology lab
B. to develop a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab
C. to determine the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab
D. to formulate a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab
E. whenever the scientific method can not be used to investigate a microbiological problem
detrimental ways.
74. The study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is
A. pathology.
B. clinical microbiology.
C. medicine.
D. immunology.
E. epidemiology.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.17 Summarize the goals of epidemiology and the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Topic: Epidemiology
75. The principal government agency responsible for tracking infectious diseases in the
United States is the
A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
B. World Health Organization.
C. National Institutes of Health.
D. United States Department of Agriculture.
E. Infection Control Committee.
detrimental ways.
Topic: Epidemiology
76. The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time
compared with the healthy population is the
A. mortality rate.
B. morbidity rate.
C. incidence rate.
D. prevalence rate.
E. epidemic rate.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.19 Differentiate between the terms incidence and prevalence.
Topic: Epidemiology
77. A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is
referred to as
A. epidemic.
B. endemic.
C. pandemic.
D. sporadic.
E. chronic.
detrimental ways.
Topic: Epidemiology
78. The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the _____ rate.
A. morbidity
B. mortality
C. incidence
D. endemic
E. pandemic
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.20 Discuss the three major types of epidemics, and identify the epidemic curves associated with each.
Topic: Epidemiology
79. The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the _____ rate.
A. morbidity
B. mortality
C. incidence
D. endemic
E. pandemic
detrimental ways.
Topic: Epidemiology
80. What is one goal of the Human Microbiome Project?

A. to sequence the DNA of all microorganisms
B. to study the prevalence of disease
C. to study microorganisms in an artificial habitat
D. to provide comprehensive characterization of microbiota relating to human health and
disease
E. to elucidate genetically linked diseases
ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other.
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.03 Discuss how the Human Microbiome Project has changed our understanding of normal biota.
81. Bacterial toxins are chemical products made by bacteria. A person ingests some honey
containing Clostridium botulinum. The C. botulinum is actively growing and releases toxin in
the honey. The person becomes ill from ingesting the toxin. This is an example of a/n
A. intoxication.
B. toxemia.
C. hemolysin.
D. pandemic.
E. infection.
detrimental ways.
True / False Questions

82. A pathologic state begins with contact with a microbe.
TRUE
detrimental ways.
83. Under certain circumstances, a person's resident biota can act as opportunistic pathogens.
TRUE
detrimental ways.
84. The skin's resident biota are localized to only the outermost superficial layer of the
epidermis.
FALSE
detrimental ways.
85. The virulence factors of a pathogen are determined by how strong or weak a patient's body
defenses are at the time of infection.
FALSE
detrimental ways.
86. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention assigns the most virulent microbes known
to cause human disease to biosafety level 4.
TRUE
detrimental ways.
Learning Outcome: 13.18 Identify why some diseases are "notifiable," and provide four examples of such reportable diseases.
Topic: Epidemiology
87. A fetus can get an infection when a pathogen in the mother's blood is capable of crossing
the placenta to the fetal circulation and tissues.
TRUE
detrimental ways.
88. When an infected person is in the incubation period, that person cannot transmit the
pathogen to others.
FALSE
detrimental ways.
89. Septicemia means that a pathogen is present and multiplying in the blood.
TRUE
detrimental ways.
90. Latency is a dormant state of an infectious agent.

TRUE
detrimental ways.
91. Fomites, food, and air serve as indirect transmission routes of pathogens.
TRUE
detrimental ways.
92. Koch's postulates are easily satisfied for viral diseases.

FALSE
detrimental ways.
Multiple Choice Questions

93. Which is not true about the Human Microbiome Project?
A. The HMP can only identify bacteria, not viruses.
B. The importance of the project is in analyzing the normal biota and correlating with human
health and disease.
C. The HMP is looking for pathogens as well as nonpathogens in and on the human body.
D. Molecular biological lab techniques will be used for identification rather than standard
biochemical lab techniques.
ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other.
Learning Outcome: 13.03 Discuss how the Human Microbiome Project has changed our understanding of normal biota.
94. Treponema pallidum is the bacterium that causes syphilis. The gram-negative spirochete
has never been cultured on bacteriological media. Select the statement that most accurately
describes this disease-causing microbe:
A. There is no way to perform an epidemiological study on this disease.
B. Koch's postulates cannot be fulfilled for this disease.
C. Because the bacterium cannot be grown, there is no way to characterize the organism as to
staining features, biochemical test reactions, molecular testing, etc.
D. There is no satisfactory way to identify the disease without being able to grow it.
detrimental ways.
Blooms Level: 4. Analyze
95. Your patient has a rash, a fever, and a very high white blood cell count. Blood specimens
are taken, put into culture bottles, and sent down to the microbiology lab for incubation and
analysis. Select the statement that best reflects why microbial analysis of blood is an
important step in patient diagnosis:
A. Microbial growth in blood samples may indicate sepsis.
B. A few bacterial cells in a blood sample are no big deal and should be ignored.
C. Blood specimen are often obtain through poor aseptic technique by the healthcare worker:
this is documentation of their failure to employ proper universal precautions.
D. A lack of microbes in the blood means that the patient's health is critical.
detrimental ways.
96. If you were a bacterial cell, which of the following would be the most beneficial for you
to have or be able to make for the survival of your species?
A. endospore
B. cilia
C. pilus
D. exotoxin
capabilities.
detrimental ways.
97. You are studying a newly identified infectious disease within a population. Think of the
typical graph of the course of infection--incubation period through to convalescent period.
The new disease reveals a course of infection characterized by fluctuating symptoms, with
intermittent periods of invasion (acute period) between prodromal periods. The whole course
of infection occurs over a period of months or even years. Based upon the information
presented, select the statement that most accurately reflects this new infectious disease:
A. This infectious disease exhibits latency.
B. This is not an infectious disease at all.
C. The host has immune problems and this is the typical course of a disease for that
population.
D. Viral infections always present with this type of disease course.
detrimental ways.
98. In the movie "Contagion", one person who has become infected with a recombinant
pathogenic virus spreads it to a large number of people who she comes in contact with. Those
people then spread it to others, and, before you know it, the disease has spread all over the
world. This is an example of a _______ epidemic.
A. point-source
B. common-source
C. propagated
D. endemic
detrimental ways.
Topic: Epidemiology
99. Assume that there are 335,104 new cases of gonorrhea reported among the U.S.
population. When calculated, this would be 115.2 per 100,000 or approximately 1 reported
case per 1,000 population. The value represents:
A. prevalence rate.
B. incidence rate.
C. morbidity rate.
D. mortality rate.
detrimental ways.
Topic: Epidemiology
100. The prevalence rate of tuberculosis in one particular county in Texas is 7/1000 people,
while the incidence rate for 2011 is 2/1000 people. Analyze this data and summarize the
situation.
A. The data were collected incorrectly because the two values should match.
B. Incidence rate should really be higher than prevalence rate because it includes all new
cases for the year.
C. Prevalence rate is higher than incidence rate because the number of people still alive with
tuberculosis is higher because of better treatments.
D. Prevalence rate and incidence rate cannot be determined for the same disease.
detrimental ways.
Topic: Epidemiology

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Chap 13

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Chapter 13

Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease

Multiple Choice Questions

2. Which is not terminology used for resident biota?

3. Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are

5. Resident biota are found in/on the

6. Normal biota includes each of the following except

7. Each of the following is inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except

8. Which of the following is not true of endogenous retroviruses?

11. Resident biota of the gastrointestinal tract include

13. Opportunistic pathogens

17. TORCH is an acronym that represents the most common

20. An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called

22. Which of the following is not a method of bacterial adhesion?

24. Which of the following is not an antiphagocytic factor?

25. Virulence factors include all of the following except

26. Microbial hyaluronidase, coagulase, and streptokinase are examples of

27. Exotoxins are

28. Enterotoxins are

29. Which term-definition pair is mismatched?

30. Keratinase has the greatest effect on the

31. Mucinase has the greatest effect on the

36. Which of the following is the endotoxin?

37. Hyaluronidase is a virulence factor in

38. The suffix itis means

39. The suffix osis means

40. The suffix emia means

44. Which of the following is a mismatched term and description?

54. Which of the following is an example of sequelae?

57. Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a

60. Reservoirs include

62. An infection spread between animals and humans is a:

65. All communicable diseases

66. An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a

69. Which of the following is a direct contact method of microbe transmission?

70. Which of the following is transmission of disease from mother to fetus?

71. Healthcare-associated infections are characterized by all of the following except

73. When would Koch's postulates be utilized?

80. What is one goal of the Human Microbiome Project?

True / False Questions

90. Latency is a dormant state of an infectious agent.

92. Koch's postulates are easily satisfied for viral diseases.

Multiple Choice Questions

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