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:

-
(/) Search and Rescue Region
(SRR)

(.. 211106)

, 2013


-
(/) Search and Rescue Region
(SRR)

(.. 211106)

:
.

, 2013
2


...................................................................................................................... 4
........................................................................................................ 10
.............................................................................................................. 11
.............................................................................................................. 12
Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 13
................................................................................................................................. 15
..................................................................................................................................... 17
........................................................................................................................... 17
1.

:
19

1.1. ...................................................... 19
1.1.1. - Tension Leg Platforms (TLP) ....................................... 19
1.1.2. - Compliant Towers (CT) .................................... 20
1.1.3. - Spar (SP) ................................... 21
1.1.4. - Jack Up........................................... 22
1.1.5. -Floating
Production storage and offloading (FPSO)............................................................................. 23
1.1.6. - Semi-Submersiles (Semi) ............................................. 24
1.1.7.
(SS)
25

Sub sea completions and tie back

1.1.8. - Drillships........................................................... 26
1.2. .................................................................................................... 28
1.2.1. (primary recovery) ............................................................... 28
1.2.2. (secondary recovery) ......................................................... 28
1.2.3. (tertiary or enhanced recovery) ................... 28
1.2.4. ..................................................................................................... 29
1.3. ................................................................................................. 30
4

1.3.1. ........................................................................................................ 30
1.3.2. .......................................................................... 31
1.3.3. ............................................................................................................ 33
1.3.4. .............................................................................. 33
1.3.5. Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) ..................................................... 35
1.3.6. LNG ............................................................................................... 35
1.3.7. Y Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG ) ............................................................ 37
1.3.8. LPG ................................................................................................. 37
1.3.9. (Condensate - Drip Gas) ................................................................. 38
1.3.10. ......................................................................... 38
1.4. - ........................................................................................................... 38
1.4.1. ........................................................................................................................ 38
1.4.2. .................................................................................................................. 39
1.4.3. (flash point) ........................................................................... 39
1.4.4. A............................................................................................................. 39
1.4.5. ...................................................................................................................... 39
1.4.6. () .............................................................................. 40
1.4.7. () ................................................................................ 40
1.4.8. .......................................................................................... 41
1.4.9. ................................................................................................... 41
1.5. ................................................................... 42
2. : Piper Alpha
........................................................................................................................ 45
2.1.

.......................................................................................... 45

2.2.

......................................................................................... 46

2.2.1.

................................................................................................. 46

2.2.2.

.................................................................................. 46

2.2.3.

................................................................................. 46
5

2.2.4.

.................................................... 47

2.2.5.

............. 47

2.2.6.

....................................................................... 47

2.2.7.

............................................................................... 48

2.2.8.

Tharos.................................................................... 49

2.2.9.

- (-) ..................................... 49
........................................................................................................................ 50

2.3.

: ................................................................................ 52

3.
3.1.

................................................................................... 52

3.2.

...................................................................................... 52

3.3.

................................................................................ 55

3.3.1.

............................................................... 56

3.3.2.

.................................................. 56

3.4.

............................................................................................................... 57

3.5.

.......................................................................................... 58

3.6.

.............................................................................. 59

3.7.

................................................................................................................ 60

3.8.

............................................................................................... 61

3.9.

..................................................................... 62

3.10.

............................................................................................................. 63

3.11.

...................................................................................................... 63

3.12.

.............................................................................................................. 64

3.13.

- (-) ....................................................................................... 66

3.14.

......................................................................................................... 67

3.15.

..................................................... 68

4.
4.1.

IV: ............................. 69
..................................................................................................... 69

4.1.1. .......................................................................................................................... 69
4.1.2. (-) .......................................................................................... 70
4.1.3. (/) .................................................................................................... 71
4.2.

....................................................................... 71

4.2.1.

................................................................................................... 71

4.2.2.

.................................................................................................... 71

4.2.2.1.

............................................................................................................ 71

4.2.2.2.

........................................................... 72

4.2.2.3.

................................................................................................. 72

4.2.2.4.

.................................................................................. 72

4.3. .......................................................................................... 72
4.3.1.

....................................................................................... 74

4.3.2.

................................................................................................................. 77

4.3.2.1.

..................................... 78

4.3.2.1.1.

.......................................................................................... 78

4.3.2.1.2.

............................................................................... 78

4.3.2.1.3.

...................................................................................... 78

4.3.2.1.4.

................................................................................ 78

4.3.2.1.5.

.................................................................................. 79

4.3.2.2.

.................................................................... 79

4.3.2.2.1.

................................................................................. 79

4.3.2.2.2.

......................................................................................... 79

4.3.2.2.3 .................................................................... 80
4.4.

......................................................................................................... 80

4.4.1.

.................................................................................... 80

4.4.2.

...................................................................................... 80

4.4.3. ................................................................................................... 82

4.4.4.

............................................................................................................ 82

4.4.5.

...................................................................................................... 83

4.4.5.1. ................................................................................................................. 83
4.4.5.2.

.......................................................................................... 85

4.4.6.

............................................................................................. 86

4.4.7.

......................................................................... 88

4.4.7.1.

............................................................................................................. 88

4.4.7.2.

() ........................................................................... 89

4.4.7.3.

....................................................................................... 89

4.4.8.

......................................................................................... 90

4.4.9.

- ....................................................... 90

. V : - .............................................................................. 91

5.
5.1.

- ........................................................................................ 91

5.1.1.

...................................................................... 91

5.1.2.

............................................................................ 91

5.1.3.

/ - ............................... 91

5.1.4.

/ ....................................................................................... 92

5.1.5.

- - ..................................................................... 94

5.2.

- SRR................................................................................. 96
- ............................................................................................ 96

5.2.1.
5.2.1.1.

............................................................................................................... 96

5.2.1.2.

............................................................................................................. 96

5.2.2.

-................................................................................. 96

5.3.

............................. 96

5.4.

() ........................................................................................ 99

5.5.

.............................................................................................................. 99

5.6.

................................................................................................. 101

5.7.

...................................................................................... 101

5.8.

................................................................................................................. 102

5.9.

............................................................................................................ 105

5.10.

- On Scene Coordinator (OSC) ................ 105

5.11. ........................................................................... 106


. VI: ................................................................. 107

6.
6.1.

- Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC)......................................... 107

6.2.

PIW .............................................................................. 107

6.3.

................................................................................................. 109

6.4.

- ............................................................ 109

6.4.1. ................................................................................................................ 110


6.5.

............................................................................................ 112

6.6.

........................................................................................... 112

6.7.

....................................................................... 112

6.8.

....................................................................................... 113

6.9.

- .................................................... 113

6.10. - ..................................................................................................... 113


7.

. VII: ............................................................................................. 116

................................................................................................................................ 122
......................................................................................................................... 123
..................................................................................................................... 129


1: TPL .......................................................................................................... 20
2: CT ............................................................................................................. 21
3: SPAR ....................................................................................................... 22
4: Jack .............................................................................................................. 23
5: FPSO .................................................................................................. 24
6: Semi ........................................................................................................ 25
7: Sub sea completion and tie back ................................................ 26
8: .......................................... 27
9: drillship ...................................................................................... 27
11: .................. 29
12: ............................... 30
13: ...................................................................................... 31
14:
....................................................................................................... 32
15:
............................................................... 40
16: .................................. 41
18:
................................................................................................................................. 44
19: ...................................................... 48
20: Tharos .............. 50
21: Alexander D. ................................................. 53
22: Haas et al. ................................................... 54
23: .................................................................................................. 75
24: , , . ................................................. 76
25:
................................................................................................................................. 77
10

26: Thunder Horse 86


27: Kulluk
............................................................................................................................................ 88
28: / ................................................................................................................ 94
29: Pride of Rio de Janeiro ................................. 95
30: NOBLE ENERGY ..................................................... 97
31: NOBLE ENERGY......................... 98
32: EPIRB, ELT, PLB. ...................................................................................... 101
33: ALOHA.................................................................. 104
34: : CBRN analysis..................................................... 104
35: chute based ................................................................... 111


1: Event Tree - PIW ............................................................................................. 81
2: Tree event - .................................................................... 82
3: Tree event - , , . ....................................... 84
4: Tree event - ........................................................... 85
5: Tree event - ................................................................. 87
6:
................................................................................................................. 115
7: ............................................................ 121

11



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12

Abstract
The present thesis attempts an approach to the issue of Search and Rescue in
offshore hydrocarbons drilling platforms. It is intended for the non-informed reader
with the hope to be an aid in creating plans and memoranda relating to Search and
Rescue in these platforms. To this end, some general information on technical issues
relating to the industry pumping of hydrocarbons are initially presented together with
some data on the nature and risks of hydrocarbons in general. The most common types
of offshore hydrocarbons drilling platforms are described along with general
information about the formation of hydrocarbons, their pumping, their combustion and
ignition and finally information on possible areas of finding hydrocarbons in Greece.
Special emphasis is given on the risk and vulnerability of these elements through the
analysis of a major accident in the history of industrial hydrocarbons drilling, that of
Piper Alpha platform in the North Sea in 1988. This accident was a milestone for the
offshore industry of hydrocarbons pumping and was the impetus for radical changes to
the law of Britain. The chain of events that took place in that accident can give a very
vivid picture of how one can develop a major catastrophic event sequence in a drilling
platform. The general theoretical framework relating to disaster management is also
presented. The study focuses more on the theoretical framework that is applicable to
incidents involving offshore platforms using the example of Piper Alpha to show how
this framework can be applied in practice. The thesis deals also with the presentation of
all the agencies involved directly or indirectly in a Rescue operation and is followed by
the presentation of the national and international legal framework on the same issue.
The identification of risk in similar installations plays a vital role and this is done
through the description of the operation of the unique offshore platforms in Greece,
these of the Kavala Oil Company. The work also examines the offshore platforms
together with their manpower with respect to their vulnerability. This is followed by a
list of possible scenarios, which were selected and grouped from a larger set available in
the literature. The fifth chapter presents nodal points in the management of the Rescue
operation in offshore platforms. These points are the conditions and assumptions of
operations design, the resources of the platform itself, the resources of competent
authorities outside the platform, the overall logistics, the communication management,
the security, the coordination, the On Scene Coordinator and finally the planning

13

review. The last part of the present thesis proposes the recommended actions to be taken
in each scenario separately and the work ends with the conclusions of the whole study.

14



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ISO 17776:2000 3 ,
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, 2007
2
NORSOK STANDARD Z-013, Risk and emergency preparedness analysis, Rev. 2, 2001-09-01
3

ISO 17776:2000, Petroleum and natural gas industries -- Offshore production installations -Guidelines on tools and techniques for hazard identification and risk assessment
4

/ 1/ 5,
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1.1.1. - Tension Leg Platforms (TLP)


(). TLP
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TLP, 500 1500 .
TLP
.

19

5 . TLP

. 450 2200 .6

1: TPL
: Da gang et al 2000

1.1.2. - Compliant Towers


(CT)
CT
, .
TLP, .
, CT,
,
5



.
.
6

Zhang Da-gang, Deng Zhong-chao, and Yan Fa-suo (2000). An introduction to hull design practices for
deepwater floating structures pp.8: 123-131

20

. To

,

450 900 7.

2: CT
: Finn et al 2003

1.1.3. - Spar
(SP)
.
Spar
220 80 100
.
90% ,
. TLP

Seon Mi Han, Haym Benaroya (2002). Comparison of linear and nonlinear responses of a compliant
tower to random wave forces. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State
University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA. pp 22: 269-291

21

.
600 3000 8.

3: SPAR
: Agarwal A.K , Jain A.K 2003

1.1.4. - Jack Up
,

.
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. jack up,

( , , , , ).

Da gang et al 2000, . .

22

, ,

. To 100 9.

4: Jack
: Day, Howard W. F. 2003

1.1.5.
-Floating Production storage and offloading
(FPSO)
. T
FPSO
,

.

Frieze P., (2009). Offshore structure, design and construction. Ships and offshore structures.
ncyclopedia of Life support Systems (EOLSS) pp. 10

23

. 450
1800 10.

5: FPSO
: Fischer III, Ferdinand J. 2005

1.1.6. - Semi-Submersiles (Semi)

Semisubmersiles TLP
, , ,
, ,
,
.
. Semi
1500 2500 11.

10

Ilmars Kerbers , Graham Hartnell (2009). A breakthrough for floating LNGs. pp.8

11

Da gang et al 2000, . .

24

6: Semi
: Key et al 2004

1.1.7.
completions and tie back (SS)

Sub sea


. T SS


FPSO SPAR. To
12.

12

Mack Shippen & Stuart Scott, (2002). Multiphase pumping as an alternative to conventional separation,

pumping and compression. Annual PSIG meeting. Portland, Oregon. pp.16 Richard Livingston,
David Tong, Eric Wensel, and Michael Whitworth, (2003). Topsides Lessons Learned from Subsea TieBack Projects. OTC 15112 pp. 88

25

7: Sub sea completion and tie back


: Headworth & Colin Stuart 2004

1.1.8. - Drillships
. drillships

200 30 .
FPSO drillships ,
FPSO

. semi-submersiles,
,
. ,

. , ,

semi-submersiles.

26

8:
: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform

9: drillship
: Robert P. Herrmann 2008

27

1.2.

1.2.1. (primary recovery)



.

. 15-20%
,
5%.

1.2.2. (secondary recovery)



, 5-20%
.
. 30%
15- 40%.

1.2.3. (tertiary or
enhanced recovery)


.
,
40 80%,
. 10
13.

13

Chang S. Hsu, Paul R. Robinson (2006). Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing Volume 1.
U.S.A. Springer Editions

28

1.2.4.

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10:
: Hsu C. and Robinson P. 2006
14

Gabriele Martinelli (2010) Basin and Petroleum System Modeling. Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, Trondheim, Norway


.
'
.
.
15

16

Demaison, G., and B.J. Huizinga, 1994, Genetic classification of petroleum systems using three
factors: charge, migration, and entrapment, in L.B. Magoon and W.G. Dow, eds., The Petroleum
SystemFrom Source to Trap: AAPG Memoir 60, p. 7389.

29

11:
: http://www.planetseed.com

1.3.

1.3.1.

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Chang S. Hsu, Paul R. Robinson (2006). Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing Volume 1.
U.S.A. Springer Editions

30

12:
: Hsu C. and Robinson P. 2006

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Alam J.B., Ahmed A.A.M., Munna G.M., Ahmed A.A.M., (2010). Environmental impact assessment
of oil and gas sector: A case study of Magurchara gas field. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental

34

1.3.5. Liquid Natural Gas (LNG)


LNG
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5% 15% ( ' ).
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,
Management Vol. 1(5) Colborn T., Kwiarkowski C., Schultz K., Bachran M., (2011). Natural Gas
Operations from a Public Health View Perspective. NY State Library.
19

..., (2005). , .
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U.S Department of Energy (2008), Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology
21
U.S Department of Energy (2008), . .

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., ., ., (2007). , .
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23

The Energy Report, (2008). Liqueed Petroleum Gas, Chapter Six avard Devold, (2009). Oil

and Gas production handbook. An introduction to oil and gas production. ABB Oil and Gas. Oslo.

37

,

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1.3.9. (Condensate - Drip Gas)


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24

James Tobin, (2006), Natural Gas Processing: The Crucial Link Between Natural Gas Production and

Its Transportation to Market. Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, January 2006
25

James Tobin, (2006), . .

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,
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: Jost & Croft 1946

26

Della-Giustina D., (1999). The Fire Safety Management Handbook (Second Edition), American
Society of Safety Engineers, Illinois, 1987, 1999.

40

15:
: Coward, H.F. and Jones, G.W. 1952

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Coward, H.F. and Jones, G.W., (1952). Limits of Flammability of Gases and Vapours, Bulletin 503,

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines

42


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2. :
Piper Alpha
2.1.
1976 , 193km
Aberdeen, Occidental
Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd. Piper Alpha.
,
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, 167
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31

Drysdale D. D., Sylvester-Evans R., The explosion and _re on the Piper Alpha platform, 6 July 1988.
A case study, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (1998) 356, 2929-2951

45

2.2.
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M. Elisabeth PatC-Cornel,Learning from the Piper Alpha Accident: A Postmortem Analysis of


Technical and Organizational Factors ,Risk Analysis, 1993 Vol. 13, No. 2

46

. PTW
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17:
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2.2.8. Tharos
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34

Pat-Cornell ., Managing fire risk onboard offshore platforms: Lessons from Piper Alpha and
probabilistic assessment of risk reduction measures, Fire Technology Volume 31, Number 2, 99-119

49

18: Tharos
:www.energyindustryphotos.com

2.3.
Piper Alpha

.
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35

Brandsater A., (2002), Risk Assessment in the Offshore Industry, Safety Science 40, p 231-269

51

3. :
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37

38

. (.), (2007), , : Gutenberg, . 30.


. (.), (2007), . 30 Alexander D., (2002), Principles of Emergency Planning
and Management, Terra Puplishing, England
39

52

, (
)
.
Alexander D. 40
:

Mitigation () :
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Preparedness ()
.

Response ()
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19: Alexander D.
: Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM)

Haas et al. (1977)41



40
41

. Alexander D., (2002) , . .


.., , 2009, .

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: Cambridge: MIT Press

Augustine42
:
1. &
2.
3.
4. &
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6.
(.. ,
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42

. Augustine, Harvard Business Review, 73, 147, 1995

54

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Volume 13 Number 3, pp.116-128.
46
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Crichton ., Lauche ., Flin R., (2005), Incident Command Skills in the Management of an Oil
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63
UN/ISDR, (2004), Living with Risk: a Global Review of Disaster Redaction Initiatives, 2004 Version,
vol I, New York & Geneva.

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83


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128

/:

...:

-:

.:

/:

EPIRB: Emergency Position Indicating

/: /

...:

FIR : Flight information Region

LNG: Liquid Natural Gas


LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas

....:

IFR: Instrument Flight Rules


:

...../..:

International

Organization

NATECH: Natural Hazard Triggering


Technological Disasters

NOTAM: Notice to irmen

.:

OSC: On Scene Coordinator

Maritime

MEDEVAC: Medical Evacuation

.:
:

Radiobeacon

PIW: Person in Water


SMC: Search and Rescue Mission
Coordinator

/:
SOP: Standard Operating Procedure
.:
.....:

SRR: Search and Rescue Region


SRU: Search and Rescue Unite
VFR:

Visual

Flight

Rules

129

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