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Earl Jude Paul L. Cleope, Ph.D.
Jose Edwin C. Cubelo, Ph.D.
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Betsy Joy B. Tan, Ph.D.
Wilma M. Tejero, MBA
Lorna T. Yso, MLS
OVERSEAS EDITORIAL BOARD
Dennis Patrick McCann, Ph.D.
Decatur, Georgia, USA
Ceres E. Pioquinto, Ph.D.
English Lecturer, HMZ Academy/Dialogica Zug,
Laurie H. Raymundo, Ph.D.
Director, University of Guam Marine Laboratory,
Lester Edwin J. Ruiz, Ph.D.
Director, Accreditation and Institutional Evaluation,
Abner Bucol
Jon Hornbuckle
BOARD
OF
REVIEWERS
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
Volume 50 Number 2 2009
The SILLIMAN JOURNAL is published twice a year under the auspices of Silliman
University, Dumaguete City, Philippines. Entered as second class mail matter at
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are the sole responsibility of the individual authors and not of the Editors, the Editorial
Board, SILLIMAN JOURNAL, or Silliman University.
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300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor
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Editorial Notes
Margaret Helen F. Udarbe | 13
CONTENTS
NOTES
Platos Republic and its Relevance to Public
Administration
187 | Jojema D. Indab
BOOK REVIEWS
PhilippineU.S. Jurisprudence Compared:
A Book Review of Marcelino C. Maxinos Cases
and Issues for Philippine Comparative Study
205 | David Padilla
Displacement, Gay Identity, and Filipinoness
in Lawrence Lacambra Ypils The Highest
Hiding Place
208 | Oscar Tantoco Serquia Jr.
NOTICE TO AUTHORS
PUBLICATION GUIDELINES
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
12
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VOL. 50 NO. 2
13
EDITORIAL
NOTES
Silliman Journal
Times
Lonely Planet Magazine
VOL. 50 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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EDITORIAL NOTES
The 365 Project: Incipient Ideas.
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 50 NO. 2
MARGARET UDARBE-ALVAREZ
15
i.e.
Readers Forum
SJ
SJ
Theological ForumSJ
SJ
Notes Section
The Republic
Review Section
SJ
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EDITORIAL NOTES
The
Highest Hiding Place: Poems
Filipinoness
Acknowledgments
SJ
Silliman Journal.
Your thoughts dont have words every day
They come a single time
Like signal esoteric sips
Of the communion Wine
Which while you taste so native seems
So easy so to be
You cannot comprehend its price
Nor its infrequency
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19
Procurement of
Foreign-Funded Projects
Through Executive Agreements as
Potential Sources of
Corruption in Government:
Going Beyond the
Case of Abaya vs. Ebdane
Myrish T. Cadapan-Antonio1
Ramon Antonio de Asis Ruperto2
Silliman University College of Law
5IFFOBDUNFOUPGUIFmSTUDPNQSFIFOTJWFMBXPOQVCMJDQSPDVSFNFOU
in the Philippines, Republic Act No. 9184, was regarded as a
TJHOJmDBOUGFBUUPUIFmHIUBHBJOTUDPSSVQUJPO0OMZmWFZFBSTBGUFS
its enactment and while the Implementing Rules on foreign-assisted
projects is still being formulated, a public procurement scandal
FSVQUFEJOWPMWJOHLFZHPWFSONFOUPGmDJBMTJODMVEJOHUIF1SFTJEFOU
herself and the First Gentleman. This infamous NBN-ZTE scandal
was exposed shortly after the Philippine Supreme Court decided
the case entitled Abaya vs. Ebdane which exempted procurement
contracts made through executive agreement from the realm of RA
9184. During the Senate investigation of the controversy, reference
to Abaya vs. Ebdane was numerously made. This jurisprudence
and the said usage in this scandal creates legal and moral issues
UIBUUIFBVUIPSTXJTIUPEJTTFDUJOUIFIPQFPGBXBLFOJOHTJHOJmDBOU
policy initiatives related thereto.
KEYWORDS: transparency, public procurement, contracts
governed by executive agreements, potential sources of corruption,
policy initiatives, Senate inquiry, exempt from Senate concurrence,
overprice
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INTRODUCTION
Bess Myerson
3
7
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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Since the bid of private
pacta sunt servanda.
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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23
6XSUHPH&RXUWV5XOLQJLQ$ED\D
1. RA 9184 cannot be given retroactive application.
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25
ANALYSIS
Abaya
Abaya
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Abaya
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27
RECOMMENDATIONS
Limit the scope of executive agreements
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28
Adolfo
VOL. 50 NO. 2
29
Abaya
Abaya
Scope and Application.
or foreign
of this Act to which the Philippine government is signatory shall be observed.
Abaya
33
pacta sunt servanda
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Abaya
37
CONCLUSION
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31
END NOTES
See
available at
3
Studies from the Philippinesciting
Managing the Politics of Reform: Overhauling the
Legal Infrastructure of Public Procurement in the Philippines
and context
available at
VOL. 50 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
32
Seeavailable at
available at
Supra
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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33
available at
33
See
as cited Abaya
VOL. 50 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
34
37
available at
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 50 NO. 2
35
Rogie Bacosa
La Consolacion College, Bacolod
Renee B. Paalan
Department of Biology, Silliman University
INTRODUCTION
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Ardea purpurea
METHODS
Site description
Avicennia marina, Prosopis
vidaliana Nypa fruticans
Field techniques
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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RESULTS
Little Grebe (7DFK\EDSWXVUXFROORV)
Javan Pond Heron ($UGHRODVSHFLRVD)
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Ardeola
A. bacchus
Yellow bittern (,[REU\FKXVVLQHQVLV)
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39
DISCUSSION
Anas luzonica
D. arcuataA. luzonica.
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A.
speciosa
Ardeola bacchus
Gallicrex cinnneriasFulica atra
Rostratula benghalensis Tringa ochropus.
CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
$87+256127(
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REFERENCES
Bibby, C., Jones, M., & Marsden, S. (1998). ([SHGLWLRQHOGWHFKQLTXHV%LUGVXUYH\V.
London:Royal Geographic Society.
BirdLife International (2008). 7KUHDWHQHGELUGVRIWKHZRUOG. CD-ROM. (Also available
at www.birdlife.org).
Custodio, C. (2004). Asian waterbird census 2004 Philippines. Retrieved November
13, 2007, http://www.birdwatch.ph/html/awc/awccensus2004.html
Ebreo, M.F. (1993). Biology of purple heron (Ardea purpurea-manillensis) and
the preservation of Samponong Bolo (Sara, Iloilo Province, Philippines) as its
sanctuary. $VLD/LIH6FLHQFHV (2), 149-162.
Fisher, T., & Hicks, N. (2001). $SKRWRJUDSKLFJXLGHWRWKHELUGVRIWKH3KLOLSSLQHV. UK:
New Holland.
Glick, B. (2005, April 9). Trip report: Olango island wildlife sanctuary (April 9, 2005). In
UG3KLOLSSLQHELUGIHVWLYDO-XVWZDWFK'RQWFDWFK. Philippines: Wild Bird Club of
the Philippines.
Kennedy, R.S., Gonzales, P.C., Dickinson, E.C., Miranda, Jr., H.C., & Fisher, T.H.
(2000). $JXLGHWRWKHELUGVRIWKH3KLOLSSLQHV. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Magsalay, P.M., & Kennedy, R.S. (2000). First record of Eurasian Oystercatcher
Haematopus ostralegus from the Philippines. )RUNWDLO, 175-176.
0DSDOR$1RWHVRQWKHFRDVWDORUDDQGIDXQDRI6LTXLMRU,VODQG(FRV\VWHPV
5HVHDUFK'LJHVW.
Mapalo, A. (2001) Birds of Tres Marias Islets, Palompon Leyte, Philippines. (FRV\VWHPV
5HVHDUFK'LJHVW(1), 41-45.
Mapalo, A. (2002) The Birds of Cordova Wetlands, Mactan, Cebu. (FRV\VWHPV
5HVHDUFK'LJHVW(2), 55-67.
Van Weerd, M., & Der Ploeg, J.V. (2004) Surveys of wetlands and waterbirds in
Cagayan Valley, Luzon, Philippines. )RUNWDLO, 33-39.
VOL. 50 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
42
7DEOH
Status
August
September
Anas luzonica
Bubulcus ibis
Nycticorax nycticorax
Nycticorax caledonicus
Butorides striatus
Ardeola speciosa
Ardeola bacchus
Ardea purpurea
Ixobrychus sinensis
Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
Gallirallus torquatus
Porzana cinerea
Amaurornis phoenicurus
Gallinula chloropus
Limicola falcinellus
Tringa totanus
Tringa nebularia
Tringa glareola
Actitis hypoleucos
Xenus cinerea
Glareola maldivarum
Heteroscelus brevipes
Arenaria interpres
Gallinago megala
Pluvialis squatarola
Pluvialis fulva
Numenius phaeopus
Limosa limosa
Himantopus himantopus
Gelochelidon nilotica
Sterna bergii
Sterna hirundo
Halcyon chloris
Latin Name
Note:
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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Erlene S. Castro
Vincent Lainard Flores
Maria Angelee V. Romero
Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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OBJECTIVES
METHODOLOGY
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47
)LJXUH7KHVDPSOLQJVLWHVLQ1XHYD(FLMD
/HJHQG 1Pantabangan Dam, Pantabangan / 2Paitan Lake, Cuyapo / 3Pampanga River,
Palayan City / 4Talavera River, Talavera / 5Tabuating River, San Leonardo.
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7DEOH
6SHFLHV ,PSRUWDQFH 9DOXH 6,9 RI WKH HQGHPLF DQG LQGLJHQRXV VSHFLHV LQ WKH
IUHVKZDWHUHFRV\VWHPVLQ1XHYD(FLMD
Species
Paitan
Lake
Pantabangan
Dam
Tabuating
River
Fish
Leiopotherapon plumbeus
Glossogobius giuris
Mollusk
FRQWLQXHGQH[WSDJH
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49
7DEOH&RQWLQXHG
6SHFLHV ,PSRUWDQFH 9DOXH 6,9 RI WKH HQGHPLF DQG LQGLJHQRXV VSHFLHV LQ WKH
IUHVKZDWHUHFRV\VWHPVLQ1XHYD(FLMD
Species
Paitan
Lake
Pantabangan
Dam
Tabuating
River
Crustacean
Metapenaeus ensis
Macrobrachium idella
Ipomoea aquatica
Ludwigia hyssopifolia
Polygonum barbatum
Hydrilla verticillata
7DEOH
6SHFLHVGLYHUVLW\YDOXHVRIWKHLQGLJHQRXVVSHFLHVDQGLQWURGXFHGIRUHLJQVSHFLHVLQ
WKHIUHVKZDWHUHFRV\VWHPVRI1XHYD(FLMD
Total Number of Organisms
Freshwater
Ecosystems
Indigenous
Species
Foreign
Species
Foreign
Species
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trichopterus
Melanoides granifera
Viviparus intertextus Viviparus mweruensis
Pomacea canaliculataLigumia latissima
Eichornia crassipes
Sesbania sesban
Nymphaea pubesceus
Oreochromis niloticus
Pomacea canaliculata,
Eichornia crassipes
7DEOH
6SHFLHV ,PSRUWDQFH 9DOXH 6,9 RI WKH LQWURGXFHG VSHFLHV LQ WKH IUHVKZDWHU
HFRV\VWHPVLQ1XHYD(FLMD
Species
Paitan
Lake
Pantabangan
Dam
Tabuating
River
Talavera
River
Fish
Oreochromis niloticus
Pterygoplichthys
disjunctivus
Megalops cyprinoides
Labeo rohita
Micropterus salmoides
Trichopodus trichopterus
FRQWLQXHGQH[WSDJH
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VOL. 50 NO. 2
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7DEOH &RQWLQXHG
6SHFLHV ,PSRUWDQFH 9DOXH 6,9 RI WKH LQWURGXFHG VSHFLHV LQ WKH IUHVKZDWHU
HFRV\VWHPVLQ1XHYD(FLMD
Species
Paitan
Lake
Pantabangan
Dam
Tabuating
River
Talavera
River
Mollusk
Pomacea canaliculata
Melanoides granifera
Ligumia latissima
Viviparus mweruensis
Viviparus intertextus
Eichornia crassipes
Sesbania sesban
Nymphaea pubesceus
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7DEOH
SIV (%)
Fishes
Dermogenys pusilla
Glossogobius aureus
Hexanematichthys sagor
Leiopotherapon plumbeus
Scatophagus argus
Mollusk
Pila conica
Crustacean
Macrobrachium idella
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Ipomea aquatica
Oreochromis niloticus Labeo rohita
Hypopthalmichthys molitrix
Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus
Trichogaster pectoralis Trichopodus trichopterus
Pomacaea canaliculata
plicata
Eichornia crassipes
P. canaliculata
O. niloticus
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7DEOH
6SHFLHV,PSRUWDQFH9DOXH6,9RIWKHLQWURGXFHGVSHFLHVLQ&DQGDED6ZDPSDQG
3DPSDQJD5LYHULQ3DPSDQJD
Species
SIV (%)
Fish
Oreochromis niloticus
Trichogaster pectoralis
Labeo rohita
Hypostomus plecostomus
Trichopodus trichopterus
Hypopthalmichthys molitrix
Mollusk
Pomacea canaliculata
Eichornia crassipes
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DISCUSSION
Melanoides granifera
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Viviparus intertextus
Palaemonetes paludosus, Palaemonetes sp. Paratelphusa sp. were
Paratelphus sp.
Melanoides granifera, Melanoides tuberculata,
Ampullaria sp., Indoplanorbis exustus were
Melanoides granifera
Indoplanorbis exustus.
Metapenaeus ensis
Paratelphusa sp.
Macrobrachium
larPalaemonetes paludosus
Leiopotherapon plumbeus
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56
Ipomea aquatica
Dermogenys pusilla
Oreochromis niloticus
P. canaliculata
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Eichornia crassipes
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CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Alberto, A. M. P. (2005). %LRGLYHUVLW\0XxR]1XHYD(FLMD(QYLURQPHQWDO0DQDJHPHQW
Institute, Central Luzon State University.
%DOX\RW ($ 6WRFNLQJ DQG LQWURGXFWLRQ RI VK LQ ODNHV DQG UHVHUYRLUV LQ
ASEAN countries. Makati, Metro Manila: Bioresources International.
%DUWRG]LHM: :H\PRXWK*:DWHUELUGDEXQGDQFHDQGDFWLYLW\RQ:DWHU
Hyacinth and Egeria in the St. Marks River, Florida. -RXUQDO RI $TXDWLF 3ODQW
0DQDJHPHQW, 19-22.
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 50 NO. 2
59
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
60
IUCN & WWF (1994). Centres of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for their
Conservation. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge.
Joshi, R. C. (2005). Managing invasive alien mollusk species in rice. ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
5LFH5HVHDUFK1RWHV, 2, 5-13.
-XOLDQR52*XHUHUR5',,,5RQTXLOOR,,Q'H6LOYD66(G([RWLF
DTXDWLFRUJDQLVPVLQ$VLD3URFHHGLQJVRID:RUNVKRSRQ,QWURGXFWLRQRI([RWLF
$TXDWLF2UJDQLVPVLQ$VLD0DQLOD3KLOLSSLQHV$VLDQ)LVKHULHV6RFLHW\0DQLOD
83-90.
Korniushin, A. & Glaubrecth, A. M. (2002). Phylogenetic analysis based on the
morphology of viviparous freshwater clam of the family Sphaeriidae (Mollusca,
Bivalvia, Veneroida). =RRO6FQ, 415-459.
Lu, J. B., Wu, J. G., Fu, Z. H., & Zhu, L. (2007). Water Hyacinth in China: A sustainability
science based management framework. (QYLURQPHQWDO0DQDJHPHQW, 823830.
MacKinnon, J. R. (2002, October-December). Invasive alien species in Southeast
Asia. ASEAN Biodiversity, 2, 4, 9-11.
Martinez Jimenez M and Gomez Balandra MA (2007): Integrated control of Eichornia
crassipes by using insects and plant pathogens in Mexico. &URS3URWHFWLRQ,
1234-1238.
Mathews, S. (2004). 7URSLFDO$VLD LQYDGHG 7KH JURZLQJ GDQJHU RI LQYDVLYH DOLHQ
VSHFLHV. The Global Invasive Species Program (GISP).
Mendoza, D. C., Bautista, J. M., & Alberto, A. M. P. (2005). Systematics and diversity of
faunal organisms in the freshwater ecosystem of CLSU reservation area, Digdig,
&DUUDQJODQ 1XHYD(FLMD,Q$03$OEHUWR(G %LRGLYHUVLW\. Muoz, Nueva
(FLMD(QYLURQPHQWDO0DQDJHPHQW,QVWLWXWH&HQWUDO/X]RQ6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\
Pullin, R. S. V. & Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1982). 7KHELRORJ\DQGFXOWXUHRI7LODSLD.
ICLARM Conference Proceedings. Manila, Philippines: International Center for
/LYLQJ$TXDWLF5HVRXUFHV0DQDJHPHQW
Salvador, E. R. P. and Alberto, A. M. P. (2000, January-June). Systematics and
GLYHUVLW\RIIUHVKZDWHUFUXVWDFHDQVLQIRXUULYHUVRI1XHYD(FLMD&/686FLHQWLF
-RXUQDO, 1.
Smith, R. L. & Smith, T. M. (2000). (OHPHQWV RI HFRORJ\. CA: Addison Wesley
/RQJPDQ%HQMDPLQ&XPPLQJV
Vera Cruz, E. M. (1997). Biology and reproduction of Tilapia in the Philippines. In G.
C. Mair & T. A. Abella (Eds), 7HFKQRJXLGHRQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIJHQHWLFDOO\PDOH
7LODSLD*071XHYD(FLMD3KLOLSSLQHV)UHVKZDWHU$TXDFXOWXUH&HQWHU&HQWUDO
Luzon State University.
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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Millard R. Mamhot
Alice A. Mamhot
Department of Mathematics, Silliman University,
Dumaguete City
5IJT TUVEZ XBT DPOEVDUFE UP QSJNBSJMZ mOE PVU UIF QSFGFSSFE
learning style and dominant intelligence of mathematically
under-prepared students or those taking the Math 1 (Pre-College
Algebra) subject. In order to have a frame of reference, a parallel
survey was conducted with the regular College Algebra (or Math
11) students using the same instrument. Seven sections of both
Pre-College Algebra and College Algebra students were taken as
respondents for the study.
Results reveal that among the four general learning styles,
both Math 1 and Math 11 students preferred sensual thinking
NBTUFSZTUZMF
)PXFWFS
UIFZEJGGFSTJHOJmDBOUMZPOUIFJOUVJUJWF
thinking (understanding style) as Math 11 students are more
inclined to this style than the Math 1 students. For the dominant
type of intelligence, Math 1 students were more into Interpersonal
Intelligence alone, while for Math 11 students, Musical as well as
Interpersonal Intelligences.
It is recommended that teachers apply excitement factor in
their activities such that interaction occurs among students, use
is made of their senses, and practical application is realized in
what they are doing. At the same time, these activities should not
only allow physical participation but also entail mental stimulation.
KEYWORDS: learning styles, multiple intelligences, mathematics
teaching, mathematically under-prepared students, pre-college
algebra, entrance examination, connected knower, problem-posing
method, cooperative learning
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INTRODUCTION
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3.
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
)LJXUH7KHRU\RI/HDUQLQJ%DVHGRQ&DUO-XQJV)RXU'LPHQVLRQVRI3HUVRQDOLW\
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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)LJXUH/RFDWLRQRI*DUGQHUV,QWHOOLJHQFHVLQWKH+XPDQ%UDLQ
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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Respondents
Instrument
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Procedure
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7DEOH
'LIIHUHQFHRI/HDUQLQJ6W\OHVEHWZHHQ0DWKDQG0DWK6WXGHQWV
11
1
of Means
test)
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7DEOH
6LJQLFDQWO\'LIIHUHQW0HDQVRI0DWK6WXGHQWV
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7DEOH
'LIIHUHQFHRI/HDUQLQJ6W\OHVEHWZHHQ0DWKDQG0DWK6WXGHQWV
1
11
of Means
test)
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION,
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Arem, C.A. (1993).&RQTXHULQJPDWKDQ[LHW\$VHOIKHOSZRUNERRN. CA: Brooks/Cole.
Eastmead, D. (2004, July). What is a slow learner? Retrieved October 2009, http://
www.memphisneurology.com/pdfs/handout_slow_learner.pdf
Esmeralda, G.G. (1989). 7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQUHDGLQJDELOLW\DQGDFKLHYHPHQW
LQ PDWKHPDWLFV DPRQJ JUDGHV ,,, WR 9, SXSLOV 8QSXEOLVKHG PDVWHUV WKHVLV
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City.
Freire, P. (1990). 3HGDJRJ\RIWKHRSSUHVVHG. New York: Continuum.
Gardner, H. (2006). 0XOWLSOHLQWHOOLJHQFHV1HZKRUL]RQV. New York: Basic Books.
Hoerr, T. (2002, July). $SSO\LQJ 0, LQ VFKRROV. Retrieved February 8, 2010, http://
www.newhorizons.org/strategies/mi/hoerr2.htm.
Kilat , K.(2006, March). $ YH\HDU SUROH RI FROOHJH DOJHEUD VWXGHQWV RI 6LOOLPDQ
8QLYHUVLW\ $ EDVLV IRU RIIHULQJ GHYHORSPHQWDO DOJHEUD FRXUVH. Unpublished
PDVWHUVWKHVLV6LOOLPDQ8QLYHUVLW\'XPDJXHWH&LW\3KLOLSSLQHV
Keast, S. (2008, July). /HDUQLQJVW\OHVLQPDWKHPDWLFVFODVVURRPV. Retrieved October
15, 2009, http://.math.unipa.it/!grim/EKeast6.pdf.
/HH&KXD 4 1 6DYLQJ WKH ZRUOG RQH VWXGHQW DW D WLPH 3LQR\ &HQWULF.
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chua-saving-the-world-one-student-at-a-time .
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Nochefranca, L. R. (1980). 6FKRODVWLF DSWLWXGH DQG VRPH QRQLQWHOOHFWLYH IDFWRUV
DV SUHGLFWRUV RI DFKLHYHPHQW LQ PDWKHPDWLFV RI FROOHJH IUHVKPHQ LQ WKH (DVW
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79
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INTRODUCTION
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82
Forum on Higher Education, Research and Knowledge
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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83
.
Silliman JournalSilliman Journal
Silliman Journal
chair of the SJ
1
Centers of Excellence (COEs) and Centers of Development (CODs) are either public
or private higher education institutions (HEIs) which have demonstrated the highest
degree or level of standard along the areas of instruction, research, and extension.
7KH\SURYLGHLQVWLWXWLRQDOOHDGHUVKLSLQDOODVSHFWVRIGHYHORSPHQWLQVSHFLFDUHDV
of discipline in the various regions by providing networking arrangements to help
ensure the accelerated development of HEIs in their respective service areas (www.
ched.gov.ph).
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i.e.
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G.A. FONTEJON-BONIOR
85
VOL. 50 NO. 2
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86
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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G.A. FONTEJON-BONIOR
87
VOL. 50 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
88
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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89
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Republica Awards
Top Ten International Publications
Report
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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G.A. FONTEJON-BONIOR
91
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3.
METHOD
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Academic
Units
TOTAL
Total
Full Time
Faculty
Retrieved
Questionnaires
(%)
Respondents
with Research
(%)
Respondents
with Publication
(%)
137
107 (78%)
47 (44%)
29 (27%)
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 50 NO. 2
G.A. FONTEJON-BONIOR
95
7DEOH
Reasons for Engagement in Research
Reasons
CAS
(n=63)
COEd
(n=14)
CON
(n=12)
CCS
(n=9)
CBA
(n=9)
TOTAL
(N=107)
33 (31%)
29 (27 %)
24 (22%)
21 (20%)
19 (18%)
17 (16%)
21 (20%)
7DEOHFRQWLQXHGLQWKHQH[WSDJH
VOL. 50 NO. 2
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96
7DEOH&RQWLQXHG
Reasons for Engagement in Research
Reasons
CAS
(n=63)
COEd
(n=14)
CON
(n=12)
CCS
(n=9)
CBA
(n=9)
TOTAL
(N=107)
14 (13%)
13 (12%)
12 (11%)
8 (8%)
I started as a graduate
research assistant at the Marine Laboratory. Initially, I wanted research
only. I did not know that whatever research you have done and presented or
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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G.A. FONTEJON-BONIOR
97
Barriers to faculty engagement in research and publication
VOL. 50 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
98
7DEOH
Reasons for Non-engagement in Research
Reasons
CAS
(n=63)
COEd
(n=14)
CON
(n=12)
CCS
(n=9)
CBA
(n=9)
TOTAL
(N=107)
25 (23%)
28 (26%)
15 (14%)
15 (14%)
11 (10%)
11 (10%)
9 (8%)
6 (6%)
5 (5%)
7 (7%)
3 (3%)
VOL. 50 NO. 2
G.A. FONTEJON-BONIOR
99
i.e.,
7DEOH
Reasons for Non-engagement in Publication
Reasons
CAS
(n=63)
COEd
(n=14)
12 (11%)
8 (8%)
7 (7%)
6 (6%)
7 (7%)
CON
(n=12)
CCS
(n=9)
CBA
(n=9)
TOTAL
(N=107)
3 (3%)
7DEOHFRQWLQXHGLQWKHQH[WSDJH
VOL. 50 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
100
7DEOH&RQWLQXHG
Reasons for Non-engagement in Publication
Reasons
CAS
(n=63)
COEd
(n=14)
CON
(n=12)
CCS
(n=9)
10 (9%)
3 (3%)
5 (5%)
3 (3%)
Silliman
Journal
1 (1%)
CBA
(n=9)
TOTAL
(N=107)
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 50 NO. 2
G.A. FONTEJON-BONIOR
101
Silliman Journal
VOL. 50 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
102
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
VOL. 50 NO. 2
G.A. FONTEJON-BONIOR
103
7DEOH
Suggested strategies and infrastructure
Strategies and
Infrastructure
CAS
(n=63)
COEd
(n=14)
CON
(n=12)
CCS
(n=9)
CBA
(n=9)
TOTAL
(N=107)
7DEOHFRQWLQXHGLQWKHQH[WSDJH
VOL. 50 NO. 2
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
104
7DEOH&RQWLQXHG
Suggested strategies and infrastructure
Strategies and
Infrastructure
CAS
(n=63)
COEd
(n=14)
CON
(n=12)
CCS
(n=9)
CBA
(n=9)
TOTAL
(N=107)
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G.A. FONTEJON-BONIOR
105
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION,
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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not
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107
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
salamat kaayo
REFERENCES
Alcala, A.C., Padua, R.N., & Lachica, O.D. (2009). (YDOXDWLRQ RI WKH 1DWLRQDO
+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ5HVHDUFK$JHQGD,DQG1+(5$5HVSRQVHV.
Retrieved from http://ched-zrc.dlsu.edu.ph.
Bernardo, B.I. (2006). An analysis of the explicit and implicit policies on research
and higher education development in the Philippines. In 5HVHDUFKDQGKLJKHU
HGXFDWLRQGHYHORSPHQW$VLDSDFLFSHUVSHFWLYHV. Bernardo, A.B., Munoz, M.P.,
& Valencia, M.N. (Eds.) Manila: De La Salle University Press.
Bernardo, A.B., Munoz, M.P., & Valencia, M.N. (Eds.). (2006). 5HVHDUFK DQG
KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ GHYHORSPHQW$VLDSDFLF SHUVSHFWLYHV. Manila: De La Salle
University Press.
Bernardo, B.I. (2008). *HWWLQJSXEOLVKHGLQDQ,6,MRXUQDO. Retrieved from http://ched]UFGOVXHGXSKSGIVJHWWLQJSXEOLVKHGBLQBLVLBMRXUQDOSGI
%ODQG &- 5XIQ 07 -XQH &KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI D SURGXFWLYH UHVHDUFK
environment: Literature review. $FDGHPLF0HGLFLQH(6), pp. 385-397.
Burgoon, M. (1988). Extramural funding or extracurricular research: That is the
choice. :HVWHUQ-RXUQDORI6SHHFK&RPPXQLFDWLRQ, 252-258.
Bustamante, M. (n.d.) 5HVHDUFK $Q ,QWURGXFWLRQ. Handout. Retrieved from http://
www.scribd.com/doc/ 28139960/Research-Handout.
Commission of Higher Education (1988). 1DWLRQDO +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ 5HVHDUFK
$JHQGD. Pasig City: Author.
&RPPLVVLRQRQ+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ Retrieved August 2010 from http://www.ched.gov.
SKFKHGZZZLQGH[SKSHQJ3URMHFWVDQG3URJUDPV&HQWHUVRI([FHOOHQFH
Development-COE-COD.
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THEOLOGICAL
FORUM
PART 1
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INTRODUCTION
Theology of Struggle:
Next Generation
Karl James E. Villarmea
Religious Studies Program,
Silliman University
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The Making of a
Theology of Struggle:
A Testimony of Theological Praxis
in the Philippines
Erme R. Camba
Divinity School
Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines
Louie Hechanova
INTRODUCTION
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3
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7
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technologianssic
sic
technologizesic
sic
sic
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3.
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God with Us:
.
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the grassroots poor themselves.
provided their
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3HRSOHV7KHRORJ\
Out of the Valley
of Dry Bones: Faith in Struggle, Book IBook II
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The emerging theology of struggle takes the form of testimonies,
as martyrs speak to us after their death in their testaments of faith. We also
keep them alive through songs and poems in the midst of our tears and
struggle. Some future editors can compile these materials (I emphasized the
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We believe in God who is not in some far distant places
but here in our midst.
We see him in the struggles of the people:
in the demands of the students for their rights and welfare,
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.
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Kalinangan
Tugon
33
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Religion and Society: Towards a
Theology of Struggle Witness and Hope Amid Struggle:
Towards a Theology and Spirituality of Struggle
.
37
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3.
Towards a Theology of Struggle
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3.
of Struggle in the Philippines
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the Asia Journal of Theology
narrative of
testimony
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addressed
CONCLUSION
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ENDNOTES
El Filibusterismo
the Spanish
Doing Theology with Asian Resources: Theology
and Politics, 1
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And so the
struggle goes on.
Philippines
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Asiasstruggle for full humanity: Towards a relevant
theology
Philippine theology: Kalinangan Book Series II
Gospel in Solentiname
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With Raging Hope, 1
Toward a
Theology of Struggle
Witness and Hope Amid Struggle: Towards a Theology and
Spirituality of Struggle, Book II
Dare to Struggle, Be Not Afraid: The Theology of Struggle in the Philippines,
Religion and Society: Towards a Theology of Struggle Book I
Ibid
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to the Ministry of Jesus of Nazareth
Ecumenical and
33
We Dare to Dream
37
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E.R. CAMBA
141
5.
6.
Doing Theology With Asian Resources.
,
Doing Theology With Asian Eyes:
Theology and Politics
Towards a Theology of Struggle
Tugon
Towards a Theology of Struggle
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Assidillo, R. C., & Williams, B. D. (1989). 5LFHLQWKHVWRUP)DLWKLQVWUXJJOHLQWKH
3KLOLSSLQHV (no publication details?)
Aoanan, M.L. (1998). (FXPHQLFDODQGSURSKHWLF7KHZLWQHVVRIWKH8QLWHG&KXUFK
RI&KULVWLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV. Quezon, City, Philippines: Claretian Publications.
Battung, M. R., RGS, et al. (Eds.). (1988). 5HOLJLRQDQGVRFLHW\7RZDUGVDWKHRORJ\
RIVWUXJJOH. Book I. Manila: Forum for Interdisciplinary Endeavors and Studies.
Camba, E. R. (1985). 6XELU%LVZDV0HPRULDO/HFWXUHV. Madras, India: URM.
CCA-URM (1972). Theology in Action.
Clymer, K. J. (1986). 3URWHVWDQWPLVVLRQDULHVLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV$QLQTXLU\
LQWRWKH$PHULFDQFRORQLDOPHQWDOLW\. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois.
De la Torre, E. (1986). 7RXFKLQJJURXQGWDNLQJURRWV. Manila: SPI.
ECD (1984), )DLWKLQWKH6WUXJJOH. Book I.
ECD (1985). *RRG1HZVIRU)LOLSLQRV$*XLGHIRU%LEOH6WXGLHV.
Fabella, V.,& Torres, S. (Eds.). (1981, August 17-19). ,UUXSWLRQ RI WKH7KLUG :RUOG
&KDOOHQJH WR WKHRORJ\. Papers from the Fifth International Conference of the
Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians, New Delhi, India.
Fabella, V. (Ed.). (1980). $VLDV VWUXJJOH IRU IXOO KXPDQLW\ 7RZDUGV D UHOHYDQW
WKHRORJ\. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books.
Fabella, V. (1993). %H\RQG ERQGLQJ $ WKLUG ZRUOG ZRPHQV WKHRORJLFDO MRXUQH\.
Manila: EATWOT and Institute of Women Studies.
Fernandez, E. S. (1994). 7RZDUGDWKHRORJ\RIVWUXJJOH. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis
Books.
Harris, A. (2003). 'DUHWRVWUXJJOHEHQRWDIUDLG7KH7KHRORJ\RI6WUXJJOHLQWKH
3KLOLSSLQHV. Quezon City: Claretian Publications.
IRC (1991). 3KLOLSSLQH VRFLHW\ 5HHFWLRQV RQ FRQWHPSRUDU\ LVVXHV. Kalinangan
Book Series I.
IRC (1992). &XUUHQWVLQ3KLOLSSLQHWKHRORJ\. Kalinangan Book Series II. Quezon City,
Philppines: IRC.
Mendoza, E. (1999). 5DGLFDODQGHYDQJHOLFDO3RUWUDLWRID)LOLSLQR&KULVWLDQ. Manila:
New Day.
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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Soup in the
Oikos of God
Revelation Enriquez Velunta
Union Theological Seminary
Dasmarias, Cavite, Philippines
Mas emphatic sa Tagalog: Marami tayong kababayan na mumog
ang agahan, nilagang tubig ang tanghalian, at tulog ang hapunan.
Kailangan ng mundo ang sopas.
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145
WHAT ECUMENISM?
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146
Pax Americana
Semeia 75
3
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147
Poverty is our fault. Many of us, who take pride in being called
Christian, have either collaborated with empire or have pretended
it is not our responsibility or have simply stopped caring.
hungry
give them something to
eat
WHICH JESUS
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If the Jesus we imagine has no problem with poverty, does not care to
address its root causes and its eradication, and believes that being poor is
either Gods will or is a result of indolence or is a test of faith, then we are
following the wrong Jesus.
basileia
basileusbasileia
basileus
basileiabasileus.
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More importantly, the world does not need people like Jacob who used
soup to take advantage of his famished brother.
*2'62,.26
WE ARE FAMILYALL OF US
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Gods oikos includes family members who are in the
margins.
Gods oikos includes those we hate and
despise.
3.
Gods oikos includes those we think
do not deserve to be Gods people.
Gods oikos includes those
who do not expect to be part of it yet do exactly what brothers and sisters
should do for each other.
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oikos
oikos
oikos
The word is lestes in Greek. It is the same word used to
VOL. 50 NO. 2
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152
7
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R.E. VELUNTA
153
ENDNOTES
Rerouting
Ecumenism in Asia Project
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154
Pumipiglas
By Joan Baez
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155
Theology of Struggle:
Challenges and Prospects
in a Globalized World1
Eleazar S. Fernandez
United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities
New Brighton, Minnesota, USA
Toward a Theology of Struggle
America of Our Hearts
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156
3
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E.S. FERNANDEZ
157
kababayan
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158
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E.S. FERNANDEZ
159
7
haveare
your
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160
kapalaran
or gulong ng paladbahala na
kapalaran or gulong ng palad
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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E.S. FERNANDEZ
161
bahala na.
bahala na
ang Dios
Ba[t]hala
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E.S. FERNANDEZ
163
for the
of
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165
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E.S. FERNANDEZ
167
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168
END NOTES
Doing Local Theology: A Guide for Artisans of a New Humanity
A Theology of Liberation
An Introduction
to Liberation Theology
Ibid.
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169
Asian Journal
of Theology, 1
Asian Journal of Theology, 3
Frontiers of Hispanic Theology in the United States
Womens Studies 17
Postcolonial Theologies: Divinity and Empire
Gender in the United States
U.S.A. News
Introducing to Theologies of Religions
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170
The Body of God: An Ecological Theology
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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171
Pagsamba at Pakikibaka:
Toward a Resistance Liturgics Approach
to Christian Participation in the Struggle
pakikibaka
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
172
PAGSAMBA AT PAKIKIBAKA
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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F.A. ANNO
173
laos
pakikibaka
the pasyon.pasyon
saloobin
masa pasyon the
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174
PAGSAMBA AT PAKIKIBAKA
Indios
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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F.A. ANNO
175
Minjung
Dalit
masa
academia,
VOL. 50 NO. 2
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176
PAGSAMBA AT PAKIKIBAKA
sangandaan
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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F.A. ANNO
177
the sona
pakikibaka
academia
Deliteralisation
pakikibaka/pakigbisog/pannakidangadang
Pakikibaka
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PAGSAMBA AT PAKIKIBAKA
pakikibaka
pakikibaka/pakigbisog/
dangadang
Kangkong 1896
katipunero, Nandito
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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F.A. ANNO
179
cultus
cultusleitourgialeitourgia
cultus
cultus
cultus
cultus of pakikibaka
pakikibaka
cultus
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PAGSAMBA AT PAKIKIBAKA
180
laos
ergon
umipiglas:
masa,
SILLIMAN JOURNAL
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F.A. ANNO
181
Tumahimik na kayo at nandito na si Apo Padi/Pastor
misa
or kultopaluwalo
sona
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PAGSAMBA AT PAKIKIBAKA
END NOTES
pasyonsemana santa.
senakulo
pasyon
The
Eucharist and Human Liberation
REFERENCES
Alabado, C. S.C. (1983). .DQJNRQJ. Quezon City: New Day.
Althaus-Reid, M. (2000). Gustavo Gutierrez goes to Disneyland: Theme park
theologies and the diaspora of the discourse of the popular theologian in
OLEHUDWLRQWKHRORJ\,Q)6HJRYLD(G,QWHUSUHWLQJEH\RQGERUGHUV6KHIHOG
8.6KHIHOG$FDGHPLF3UHVV
De la Torre, E. (1986). 7RXFKLQJ JURXQG WDNLQJ URRW 7KHRORJLFDO DQG SROLWLFDO
UHHFWLRQVRQWKH3KLOLSSLQHVWUXJJOH. Quezon City: Socio-Pastoral Institute.
Fernandez, E. (1994). 7RZDUGDWKHRORJ\RIVWUXJJOH. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.
Gaspar, K. (1988). Doing theology in a situation of struggle. In Battung, Bautista &
Bodegon (Eds.) 5HOLJLRQDQGVRFLHW\7RZDUGVDWKHRORJ\RIVWUXJJOH%RRN2QH
(pp.45-72. Quezon City: FIDES.
Gaspar, K. (1986). 3XPLSLJODV7HRORKL\D QJ ED\DQ$ SUHOLPLQDU\ VNHWFK RQ WKH
WKHRORJ\RIVWUXJJOHIURPDFXOWXUDOOLWXUJLFDOSHUVSHFWLYH. Quezon City: PCPR.
Ileto, R. (1979). 3DV\RQDQGUHYROXWLRQ3RSXODUPRYHPHQWVLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV
. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Kee, A. (1990). 0DU[DQGWKHIDLOXUHRIOLEHUDWLRQWKHRORJ\. London: SCM Press.
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NOTES
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Jojema D. Indab
Department of History and Political Science
Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines
INTRODUCTION
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7KH5HSXEOLF
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Theory of Government
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The Republic
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PROBLEMS OF GOVERNANCE
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Theory of Education
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Theory of Communism
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RELEVANCE TO
CONTEMPORARY PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
The Republic
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7DEOH
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Public Administration
Platos Ideas
Concepts in
Public Administration
The
Republic
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CONCLUSION
The Republic
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Adams, G. B. (l992, July/August). Enthralled with modernity: The historical context of
knowledge and theory development in public administration. 3XEOLF$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ
5HYLHZ, 4, 363-373.
Barker, E. (l946). 3ODWRDQGKLVSUHGHFHVVRUV. London: Oxford University Press.
Coston, J. (l998, December). Administrative avenues to democratic governance: The
balance of supply and demand. Public Administration Review, 18, 5, 479-493.
Cross, R.C. & Woozley, A.D. (l99l). 3ODWRV 5HSXEOLF$ SKLORVRSKLFDO FRPPHQWDU\.
London: Macmillan Educational.
Ebenstein, W. & Ebenstein, A. (2000). *UHHNSROLWLFDOWKLQNHUV3ODWRWRWKHSUHVHQW.
CA: Wadsworth.
Fay, B. (l989). 0DVWHULQJSXEOLFDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ. NJ: Chatham House.
*ULIWK.O(QGXULQJSROLWLFDOLGHDV. MD: University Press of America.
Hook, S. (l980). 3KLORVRSK\DQGSXEOLFSROLF\. IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
Hoy, T., Ed. (l968). 3ROLWLFVDQGSRZHU:KRVKRXOGUXOH. New York: Putmans Sons.
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BOOK
REVIEWS
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Marcelino C. Maxino
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ON MARCELINO C. MAXINO
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The Highest
Hiding Place: Poems
Quezon City, Philippines:
Ateneo de Manila University
Press, 2009, 79 pages.
ollected into what is now the book The Highest Hiding Place
(Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2009), the poems of
Lawrence Lacambra Ypil show a collective yearning for desire,
voice, and identity. They tackle the various topics that move us and
shake us in this sun-tanned country of ours, such as childhood, love,
alienation, gayness, and other discoveries that an individual enamored
and challenged by both the demands of art and memory confronts
day by day.
The beauty and pleasure that one meaningfully experiences in L.
/DFDPEUD<SLOVUVWSRHWU\FROOHFWLRQDUHKLQWHGDWWKHERRNWLWOHLWVHOI
Through the poets perspicacious and artistic eye, a reader is brought
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]RQHV RI WKH SDVW DQG SUHVHQW WR WKH FKDUDFWHUV RI D GLHUHQW WLPH
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linked to the now, and to the various events packed with sincerity and
frivolity that one may only witness, albeit in a stealthy distance, in the
highest hiding place. There is certitude in the vibe and rhythm of these
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SHUUHYHODWRU\SDJHLQLFWLQJKLPRUKHUIRUWXQDWHO\RUXQIRUWXQDWHO\
with a sense of stability and occasional surges at the heart. The Highest
Hiding Place is a collection of poems borne out of internal longings, of
wishful remembering, and of attempts to memorialize people, places,
DQG HYHQWV WKDW DUH RQFH FRQQHG LQ DQG QHHG WR OLEHUDWH IURP WKH
landscapes of memory.
In this collection, Ypil carries his readers back to what the poet Merlie
$OXQDQFDOOVWKHLQQLWHGLPHQVLRQRIWKHZRUOGZHH[SHULHQFHGDLO\
We see in this book a swarm of unnamed individuals (boys or girls
alike in their sheer playfulness and drama), the plain sensible events
(a picnic, a revisit to an old, alienating place), and many ruminations
on both reality and art. Amusingly, the pieces in this book seem to be
engaged in a dialogue with one another: talks between mother and son,
IDWKHUDQGVRQDPRQJPHQDPRQJPHQDQGWKHLUVLJQLFDQWRWKHUV
among other things. It is in the highest hiding place that the poetic eye
QGVDYDQWDJHSRLQWZKHUHLWFDQZDWFKDQGHDYHVGURSWRDOOWKHVH
movements, narratives, and conversations. Through his poems, Ypil
constructs a world that is able to evolve and come to life, disturbing
or placating the reader with the personal and the private, the spoken
and the unutterable.
(DIS)PLACE, (DIS)COVER:
GAY IDENTITY AND FILIPINONESS ON THE PAGE
Within the context of The Highest Hiding Place, the search for or the
assertion of ones identity is what is being contended with. Identity here
hinges upon several roles, responsibilities, and personages. Through
WKH YDULRXV SUROHV WKDW <SLO ZULWHV DERXW WKH UHDGHU YLFDULRXVO\
experiences or is constantly reminded of lifes complexities, secrets,
and discoveries. By writing about the private moments of a person as
a son, a friend, a poet, Ypil attempts to connect the private life to the
public sphere. The reader soon realizes that the poems, despite their
intimacy and isolation, are not really too personal at all, because what
they fully articulate are the same foibles that he or she has in reality.
Remarkably, in subtle hints and intimations, the book articulates
the Filipino peoples ways of life, which include our frustrations,
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ON L. LACAMBRA YPIL
WKH YDULRXV SRUWUDLWV DQG SUROHV ZH NQRZ DQG HQFRXQWHU DQG WKH
individual and collective triumphs and tribulations that we face and
battle with each day. This means to say that Ypils book is here and ours,
since it celebrates, through words and emotions, the Filipino memory.
It carves out a space that nurtures the identities that are often unspoken
by or unknown to many. These are the identities that deserve to be
uncovered from the hidden to the public spheres, to be problematized
and uttered on the page and in discussions, always never forgotten
and set aside, inasmuch as they are constitutive of what we call the
Filipino life.
However, in spite of this determined faith in Ypils work as truly
Filipino in terms of feel, sound, and experience, some questions
regarding FilipinonessVWLOOQHHGWREHDVNHGDQGFODULHG)RULQVWDQFH
what is Filipino? At a time when almost everything remains no
ORQJHUDXWKHQWLFJLYHQWKHHHFWVRIJOREDOL]DWLRQFRORQL]DWLRQQHR
colonialism, and post-colonialism, how is it even possible to identify
an identity that is purely Filipino, one that is left untainted by the years
of being in conversation with other countries, especially with those
who had colonized (and are still colonizing) us for a long span of time?
Is using native images enough in claiming that one literary piece is
Filipino? Does talking about our folklore, our myths, our legends, the
many themes and narratives of love, despair, and nationhood that
LQLFWDQGH[FLWHRXUSHRSOHFHUWLI\WKHFilipinoness of a text? Is it about
having the Filipino people as the audience in mind, the Philippines as
subject, the plight of our lives as theme? Does writing in our traditional
forms solidify the identity of a text as Filipino? How important is it to
label a piece of literature Filipino? So what if it is Filipino? These queries
are valid and pressing because they challenge our notions of here and
there, ours and theirs, and the various ambivalences and certainties
found in between these dichotomies.
In Ypils work, Filipinoness is not heralded but whispered, as each
SRHPFDUULHVDQHRUWWRGHVFULEHRXUODQGVFDSHDQGGUDPDWL]HWKH
Filipino experience. Reading Ypils poems evokes a sense of familiarity
and homeliness. What these pieces impress upon the Filipino reader
are a common individuality, a similar tone and manner in speech,
DQGDSDOSDEOHDQLW\IRUWKHVDPHWHUUDLQ7KH\FDUU\UHFRJQL]DEOH
images and instances of our childhoods, families, and homes. In the
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ZLWKH[SHFWDWLRQVIURPKLVIDWKHU7KHSRHPVWDUWVRZLWKDPHPRU\RI
the personas dads repetitive life of touching other peoples/ bodies,
opening, holding a stick/ into a womans mouth. Unfortunately,
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this life is also demanded from the persona. Following what he truly
wants, the persona however chooses to stand at the Edge of the bed./
Edge of the world as I knew it./And I could be anyone despite being
part of [his fathers] making, part of his wish. At the tail end of the
poem, the persona uncovers his personal preference for art over the
medical profession. He writes:
I could be anything, really.
Even if I knew I was part
of his making, part of his wish,
part of the bad dream he could not wake up from
when he was young, in an old afternoon,
sleeping, the well outside his house
opening its secret mouth, deep into the world
ZKHUHKHNQHZVKZHUHPRYLQJ
the earth shifting its feet, and his son
of many suns of many years
to come was making
his mind move the wind.
Ypil also presents the disparities between the past and the present,
youth and maturity, loss and life. Ypil tries to reclaim, recall, interpret,
reason out, and reveal a life that is always reconstructed in the poets
mind. As he walks down memory lane, he conjures up the places
and objects of remembrance. In Visiting Danao (37), Ypil tackles
alienation and detachment from a childhood province. He goes back
to a town whose language he does not know. In there he is confronted
by peoples bucolic manners and beliefs. Having no cable connection,
talking under the heat of the sun, drinking plant syrups as a cure for
an itch are some of the situations Ypil glosses over. With a tinge of
resignation and pity, he concludes: At the back of the knee was the
space/ for the breath of a word: Taga-diri./ At the back of the head
was the roof/ of a lonely, lonely mouth. Such dislocation occurs more
often than not during reunions and homecomings. This feeling recurs
in most Filipinos who have been away from their own provinces and
have stayed for a long time in the Metro or elsewhere. In the poem, the
SHUVRQDUHFRJQL]HVWKHGLHUHQFHEHWZHHQKLVSUHVHQWIUDPHRIPLQG
and the life that the province is currently showing him. Apart from the
physical disconnection from the place, the persona feels that it is at the
linguistic level where detachment is at its most poignant and painful:
There was a language/ and it was not ours.//
Ypil is fond of writing about recognizable spaces. In Esteban Abada
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the stealthy life and love of a gay man, arent those the same surges of
intensity that we, the desirer, feel towards the desired? Arent those
the same quandaries that we share as we stand on the crossroads of
our lives? Indeed, most of the poems in Ypils collection are rich in
identity. These poems carry recognizable voices that reverberate in
WKHVDPHHOGVRIH[SHULHQFHWKDWZHKDYH7KHVHOILQWKHVHSRHPV
partially becomes the selves that we contain in us.
Almost always, silence is what remains after reading Ypils poems;
an evident technique that the poet employs in order to leave a lasting
impression on his readers. Louis Simpson writes: I believe that all true
poets feel a sense of dedication, and that this comes to them in solitude
and silence. To apprehend the silence of the universe is to wish to
break it, to speak to those who are in the same boat with ourselves.
Ypils poetry feeds on silence and indulges in it; that when a word,
or phrase, or stanza, or even a whole poem crackles and extends its
playfulness on the page through its imagery and sound, one relishes
the occasion with equal or even greater satisfaction.
Ultimately, Ypils poems bring his voice to the fore and let it speak
the identity it bears. This ownership of voice and identity in the poems
of L. Lacambra Ypil is surely the start of its ascension into being one of
the better works published and read in our country today. And in the
light of the voices and identities being heard and seen in the Philippine
literary landscape, it is up to Ypil how to sustain his own work and
remain steadfast with whatever he has impressively started.
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