PRODUCTION OF ACETONE FROM ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

Project Supervisor:
Mr.Waqas Ahmed

Group Members:
Muhammad Umar Mushtaq
Muhammad Shafique
Zamir Khan
Hammad Hussain Shah

Abstract:
The main objective of this project is production of acetone by dehydrogenation of isopropyl
alcohol. This report includes properties of Acetone, manufacturing processes and applications of
acetone. It covers the detailed description of production processes with material and energy
balances. The designs of the equipment along with their specification sheets are presented.
Instrumentation & control, HAZOP study, EIA and cost estimation for this plant are also
included in this report.

PRODUCTION OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE FROM OXIDATION OF

NAPHTHALENE
Project Supervisors
Mr.Waqas Ahmed
Mr.Usman Asghar

Group Members
Muhammad Raza
Faraz Khurshid
Rehan Sher Butt
Muhammad Ramzan
Muhammad Aqeel

Abstract:
Phthalic anhydride is the intermediate in the manufacture of plastics. It is also used to produce
unsaturated poly ester resins and alkyd resins. Alkyd resins made with phthalic anhydride are
widely used in the paints and coating industry. Phthalic anhydride is also used in pharmaceuticals
and manufacture of dyes, pigments, detergents, herbicides and insecticides, fire retardants and
poly ester resins cross linking agents.
This project report deals with design calculation of 80000 tons/year of the phthalic anhydride
production, along with the relevant aspects such as instrumentation control, economic viability
and environmental issues.

PRODUCTION OF BENZENE VIA HYDRODEALKYLATION OF

TOLUENE
Project Supervisor:
Mr. Hafiz Tariq Mahmood
Mr. Usman Asghar

Group Members:
M. Amin Shoukat
Shahzad Khalil
Saad Ullah Shoaib
Sibghat Ullah
Roman Siddique

Abstract:
Two hundred tons per day benzene is produce by catalytic hydrodealkylation process .This
process is most efficient (yield 99%) as compared to other processes. Toluene and hydrogen are
converted in a reactor to produce benzene and methane. The reaction does not go to completion,
and excess toluene is required. The non-condensable gases are separated and discharged. The
product benzene and the un-reacted toluene are then separated by distillation. The toluene is then
recycled back to the reactor and the benzene removed in the product stream. This is a design
project in which detailed process design of reactor, furnace, separator, distillation column, and
heat exchangers are carried out. Instrumentation and control is also done for plant. HAZOP study
is done in order to maintain the stability of the plant. Benzene is produced at the rate of Rs.10 per
Kg. The investment required for the plant is 9.24 million $. Rate of return of the benzene project
is 23% and payback period is 4 years.

PRODUCTION OF DI DI-METHYL ETHER BY CATALYTIC

DEHYDRATION OF METHANOL
Supervisors
Mr. Muhammad Ali Javed
Mr. Hafiz Muhammad Imran

Group Members
Salman Sikander
Muhammad Zakria
Nishat Ali Hassan
Jamal Naeem Nizami

Abstract:
Di-methyl Ether has found commercial use as a refrigerant. It is easy to liquefy and possesses
good refrigerant effect. 99.5 % Di-methyl ether is used as aerosol propellant, foaming agent,
solvent, as an extraction agent etc. Readily form complexes with inorganic compounds, e.g.,
boron trifluoride. It is an excellent methylation agent in the dye industry. Recently, the use of
DME as a fuel additive for diesel engines has been investigated due to its high volatility
(desirable for cold starting) and high cetane number. Di-methyl ether has much lower saturated
vapor pressure than LPG under identical temperatures. It has good combustion property,
featuring high thermal efficiency, low COx/NOx emission and free of residue and black smoke.
It can be mixed with LPG, LNG and water gas to facilitate combustion. Di-methyl ether =95%
can be used as fuel directly, and the CO, NO and hydrocarbon exhausted are 55%, 83%, 4%
lower than that of gasoline respectively. On the other hand its cetane value is 27% high than that
of diesel fuel, indicating higher burst power over diesel fuel.

PENEX/DIH PROCESS TO INCREASE OCTANE RATING OF LIGHT

NAPHTHA
Project Supervisors:
Mr. H. Tariq Mahmood
Mr. H. Muhammad Imran

Group Members:
Muhammad Imran
Ahmad Yar
Arslan Ahmed
Hafiz M.Yasir

Abstract:
PENEX /DIH is a new process for increasing octane number of light naphtha from 62 to 89. The
capacity of the plant is 50000 Barrel per day. The isomerization process is gaining importance in
the present refining context due to limitations on gasoline benzene, aromatics, and olefin
contents. The isomerization process upgrades the octane number of light naphtha fractions and
also simultaneously reduces benzene content by saturation of the benzene fraction. Isomerization
complements catalytic reforming process in upgrading the octane number of refinery naphtha
streams. Isomerization is a simple and cost-effective process for octane enhancement compared
with other octane-improving processes. Isomerized product contains very low sulfur and
benzene, making it ideal blending component in refinery gasoline pool. Due to the significance
of isomerization to the modern refining industry, it becomes essential to review the process with
respect to catalysts, catalyst poisons, reactions, thermodynamics, and process developments. The
isomerization process is compared with another well-known refinery process called the catalytic
reforming process.
Process designing of PENEX reactor, stabilizer, heat exchangers and scrubber are also included.
Process control and dynamics has made the PENEX process so economical and modern to meet
the need of hour. PENEX process is very much risky business because there are poisoning gases
like H2S and benzene which can cause acute injuries. To meet the requirement of Environmental
Protection Agency refiners have to afford the cost of PENEX process for increasing octane
number of light naphtha.

PRODUCTION OF ACETIC ACID BY METHANOL CARBONYLATION

Project Supervisors
Ms. Adila Anbreen
Ms. Aasia Farukh

Group Members
Hafiza Komal Javaid
Tehreem Zulfiqar
Asfa Tariq
Rubab Asmat

Abstract:
It covers the design aspects of Production of Acetic Acid by Methanol Cabonylation. Acetic
acid is used in the manufacture of a number of chemical compounds, plastics, pharmaceuticals,
dyes, insecticides, photographic chemicals, vitamins, antibiotics, cosmetics and hormones.
Acetic acid is used in a number of topical medical preparations, including the destruction of
warts, in eardrops, as an expectorant, liniment and astringent. It is used as an antimicrobial agent,
latex coagulant and oil well acidifier. It is used in textile printing, as a preservative in foods and
as a solvent for gums, resins and volatile oils. This project report deals with design calculations
for production of 1000kg/hr of the acetic acid along with the relevant aspects such as material
balance, energy balance, material of construction, instrumentation and control, economic
viability and environmental concerns.

PRODUCTION OF METHANOL BY TWO STEP REFORMING OF

NATURAL GAS
Project Supervisors:
Ms. Adila Anbreen
Ms. Aasia Farrukh

Group Members:
Hafiz Ali Hassan
Hamza Nawaz
Tauseef Hayat
M. Zaid Amin
Afzal Ahmad

Abstract:
In todays world, fuel prices and its supply define the economy of a country. Methanol is one of
the alternatives to conventional fossil fuels. Moreover, its blends in various percentages can be
used in Otto engines. It is building block for several petrochemicals like, formaldehyde, ketones,
etc.
This project report deals with design calculations for production of 1580 tons/day of Methanol
by using ICI low pressure technology incorporating Auto-thermal reforming of natural gas, along
with their relevant aspects such as material & energy balances, materials of construction,
HAZOP study, instrumentation and control, economic viability and environmental issues. By
implying ICI quench bed reactor technology, synthesis gas from ATR is converted into Methanol
in a very cost efficient manner. Production cost of Methanol is Rs. 3.45 per liter. Auto-thermal
reforming is a standalone process which integrates the advantages of both Steam reforming and
Partial oxidation of Methane. Using this technology of reforming, fixed cost and equipment size
can be reduced as compared with the conventional Steam Methane Reforming.

PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM VEGETABLE OIL

Project Supervisors:
Mr.Ali Javed
Mr. Muhammad Imran

Group Members:
Adeel Abbass
Nawab Asad ullah
Fida Hussain
Umer Daraz

Abstract:
It covers the design aspects of Recent development in the manufacture of Biodiesel. Today in
the modern age, with increase in demand of fossil fuels, the reservoirs of fossil fuels are
decreasing day by day because of its increasing demand in this era. Mostly today Biodiesel is
being produced by batch mode of operation, as the reaction takes too much time for its
completion. As we have to fulfill the exponentially increasing demand of the Biodiesel so we
have to look for some continuous techniques of Biodiesel production

PRODUCTION OF SALICYLIC ACID BY KOLB SCHMITT PROCESS

Project Supervisor:
Mr. Kashif Iqbal
Mr.AhmeD Salam Farooqi

Group Members:
Suleman Nasrullah
Khesro Dawood
Iftikhar Ali
Ikram Ullah

Abstract:
O-Hydroxy Benzoic acid is mainly used in the manufacturing of aspirin. Other uses are in the
manufacture of phenolic resins, rubber retarders, dyestuffs and also its salts and esters for a
variety of applications. This project report deals with design calculations of 35 tons/day of the OHydroxy Benzoic Acid production along with the relevant aspects such as material of
construction, instrumentation and control, economic viability and environmental concerns. First
of all the introduction of Salicylic Acid is given, which highlights its importance. Next is detailed
description of Production of Salicylic Acid by Kolbe Schmitt process. Then material and energy
balance is presented.
In succeeding chapters introduction to different equipment of plant along with their designing
procedure and specification sheets is presented. Instrumentation & Control, HAZOP Study and
Cost Estimation for this plant are also included in this report.

PRODUCTION OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE FROM N-BUTANE BY USING

ALMA PROCESS
Project Supervisors:
Mr. Kareem Baksh

Group Members:
Waqas Ahmed Jameel
Bilal Hussain
Shahroz Shahid
Mohammad Salman Ahmad

Abstract:
Maleic Anhydride (MAN) is a highly versatile chemical indispensable to the production of a
multitude of products. Maleic anhydride was first amalgamated in the 1830s, but was not
manufactured commercially until about 1930. Today, nearly three billion pounds of MAN are
made each year throughout the world using variations of this process due to its world ample
applications. In Pakistan, it is most widely using in the production of unsaturated polyester resin
that further has many advantages e.g. in automobiles, building material, aerospace, shipping etc...
First of all the introduction of MAN is given which highlights its importance. Different
manufacturing processes for MAN are also described. Meticulous portrayal of Production of
Maleic Anhydride is also presented. Afterwards material and energy balance is presented. In
preceding chapters, preamble to different equipments of plant along with their designing
procedure and specification sheets are presented. Instrumentation & Control, Hazop Study and
Cost Estimation for this plant are also incorporated in this report.

PRODUCTION OF FUEL GRADED ETHANOL FROM FERMENTATION

OF MOLASSES
Project Supervisor
Mr. Kashif Iqbal
Mr. Ahmad Salam Farooqi

Group Members
Umair Iqbal
Saad Rasool
Afaq Ahmad
Muhammad Umair Farooq

Abstract:
This plant design project deals with the calculation for Production of Fuel Graded Ethanol by
Fermentation starting from Molasses along with other relevant aspects such as material of
construction, instrumentation and process control, cost estimation and plant feasibility.
Pakistan is basically as agricultural country. Among other corps Sugar Cane is one of the most
important crop used for the manufacture of sugar. Molasses is the main product of all sugar
industries. It is estimated that over 2 million tons of molasses are produced every year.
Molasses contains 50% of fermentable sugar consisting mainly of sucrose & invert sugar. Due to
concentration of sugar molasses do not support direct yeast fermentation. Dilute molasses
undergoes various reactions. Tower fermentation is an attractive means of ethanol production
using flocculent cells and has been tried for large-scale beverage production. Ammonium salts
are used as nutrients and pH is maintained between 4.5-5 to facilitate the activity of selected
yeast. As a result of exothermic nature of the fermentation reaction, the temperature tends to rise
which is controlled between 32-35 oC. Alcohol is formed by yeast, only from monosaccharide; it
is necessary to split the sucrose into glucose and fructose. The yeast produces important enzyme,
Zymase, which changes monosaccharide into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The process equipment
design presented in this thesis is the modest effort of the beginning in the field. It is possible that
some aspects of the design problem may occur. As such, the project was instruction for us, so as
to realize the challenging tasks that lay ahead for us in the professional life we will be beginning
soon.

PRODUCTION OF DIETHYL ETHER BY VAPOR PHASE

DEHYDRATION OF ETHANOL
Project Supervisors:
Engr. Kareem Bakhsh
Mrs. Aasia Farrukh

Group Members:
Qasim Ali
Javed Abbas
Kashan Haider
Irfan Hyder

Abstract:
Future energy demand especially in the Pacific & Asian regions is to be huge. Therefore limited
energy supply as well as environment issue caused by consumption of fuel would be substantial
obstacles to realize constant economic growth in these regions. Di-ethyl ether will be a solution
of secure energy supply and environmental conservation. Keeping these points in mind we urged
to work & we are feeling great to present our work on Production of Di-ethyl Ether (DEE) by
Dehydration of Ethanol. First of all the introduction of DEE is given, which highlights its
importance. Different manufacturing processes for DEE are also described in chapter 2. Detailed
description of Production of DEE by dehydration of ethanol is also presented in chapter 2.
Afterwards material and energy balance is presented. In succeeding chapters introduction to
different equipment of plant along with their designing procedure and specification sheets are
presented.