Mapua Institute of Technology

Department of Civil and Environmental Sanitary Engineering

Building System Engineering /CE151P/A3

Written Report
Framing System

Members:
Baello,Isaiah
Belo, Johannes
Cabrera, John Eriz
De Vera, Roberto Dmitri
Reyes, Joshua
Sta. Ana, Wincy B.

ENGR. MF.PILONES
PROFESSOR

CONCRETE FRAMING SYSTEM

CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES

the most common- type of modern building

Consists of beams, columns and slab
Concrete- reinforced concrete
the structure is actually a connected frame of members, each of which are firmly
connected to each other. In engineering parlance, these connections are
called moment connections

Parts
The concrete frame rests on foundations

Column-support a beam or girder, floor or roof and also an arch

Classified into two

Clasified into two

Short column-when the unsupported height of the column is not greater than ten times the
shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.

Long column- is when the unsupported height of the column is more than ten times the
shortest dimension of the cross section

Classified further into types of reinforcement used

Tied column- reinforcements consist of vertical or longitudinal bars held

in position.

Failure of this column is by crushing and shearing outward along

an inclined plane where vertical bars fail by backing outward
between lateral ties.

Spiral column-term given to a circular concrete core with vertical or

longitudinal bars enclosed in spirals

Stronger than the tied column and is prefered for long column

Composite column-structural steel is embedded into the concrete core of a spiral column.

The sign of failure is advanced by the spaling off of the shell (protective
covering)due to excessive load. Ocurrs only when the spirals yield or burst.

Similar with spiral column

Combined column-column with structural steel encased inconcrete of at least 7 cm thick

reinforced with wire mess surrounding the column at a distance of 3 cm inside the outer
surface of the concrete covering.

Construction process calls for installation of the structural steel followed by

attachement of the wire mess covering.

Lally column-fabricated post made of steel pipe provided with a plain flat steel bar or
plate which hold a girder, beam or girt.

Cross section can be either

Square

Rectangle

Octagonal or any geometrical form

Circular

Elliptical

Beams and Spandrels

Perimeter and spine beams are designed to suit specific applications with a range of end
connection details. Section details vary widely depending on the requirements of each
structure.

Bearing shelves are normally incorporated for supporting floor units and projecting rebar
can be provided for continuity with in-situ slabs and toppings.

Edge beams can incorporate up-stand walls to act as spandrels

Reinforced concrete floor is called SLAB

Slab is generally constructed in two major types

Slab on Grade or Slab on Ground can construct only on ground floor that touch the
earth. It distribute load directly on the soil or compacted sand. The ground beam is only
tied the columns and to be building perimeter. The initial construction cost is cheaper
than the other type because formwork can be omitted at the slab underside. Disadvantage
of slab on grade is the differential settlement due to soil settlement. Cracking usually
occurs at the joint of slab and beam and at the slab surface. Then major maintenance is
often needed at high cost.

Slab on Beam can construct at all levels. It transfers load to beam and then on to the
columns. This can ensure differential settlement up to one point. The initial construction
cost is higher than slab on grade because formwork at the slab underside and the
reinforcement to join beam and slab is needed.

Slab can be classified by load transfer system and construction methods. The two
classifications are mainly concern on slab on beam

Concrete slab can be classified by load transfer system

1. One-way slab transfers load from slab to a pair of beam or bearing wall . One- way
slab is used with short span range from 1.80-3.60 m . Rectangular shaped slab ( w : L = 1:
3 ) also appropriate to use one-way slab system. Bottom reinforced bars resist tensile
stress. Top bars are used as temperature steel to prevent cracking

2. Two-way slab with beam transfers load to the four columns through two pairs of
beam. Bay should be nearly as square as possible. Two-way slab is used with longe span (
4.5-12 m. ) and heavy loads, or when high lateral force resistance is required.

One-way concrete joist system ( ribbed slab ) Ribbed slab is used for longer
spans ( 4.5-10.8 m. ) and heavier load than one-way slab. Broader joists at beam (joist
band) can resist greater shear.

Two-way concrete joist system ( waffle slab ) Waffle slab is used for long spans ( 6.014.4 m. ) heavy loads. Bays should be as square as possible.

Two-way flat slab Flat slab is supported by columns without beams for long span
building ( 4.5-12.0 m. ) . Drop panel , which min. width of 0.45 x span and min. depth is
span/85 , and column capital are for increase shear strength and moment resisting
capacity. Min. floor thickness equal to span/36 or 4 '' . But typical floor thickness
commonly used is 6 '' -12

Two-way flat plate Flat plate is flat slab without drop panel and column capital for long
span building ( 4.5-10.8 m. ) . Min. floor thickness equal tospan/33 or 5 '' . But typical
floor th ickness commonly used is 14 ''

Sheer walls

help take care of horizontal forces on buildings like wind and earthquake loads.

carry vertical loads

One-way joist construction

shows a partial framing plan and some details for a type of construction that utilize a
series of very closely spaced beams and a relatively thin solid slab. This system is
generally the lightest (in dead weight) of any type of flat-spanning, poured-in-place
concrete construction and is structurally well suited to the light loads and medium spans
of office buildings and commercial retail buildings.

Two way joist construction

It is also called as waffle construction. As the name tells us what is its appearance, it is a
waffle like beam or the two joist where intersecting each other that when the other joists
where formed and grouped together they look like waffles. It supports the roof frame
also.
Steel framing

Where steel framed constructions are used

High rise buildings because of its strength, low weight, and speed of construction

Industrial buildings because of its ability to create large span spaces at low cost

Warehouse buildings for the same reason

Residential buildings in a technique called light gauge steel construction

Temporary Structures as these are quick to set up and remove

Types of steel building construction

Conventional Steel Fabrication is when teams of steel fabricators cut members of steel to
the correct lengths, and then weld them together to make the final structure. This can be
done entirely at the construction site, which is labour-intensive, or partially in a
workshop, to provide better working conditions and reduce time.

Bolted Steel Construction occurs when steel fabricators produce finished and painted
steel components, which are then shipped to the site and simply bolted in place. This is
the preferred method of steel construction, as the bulk of the fabrication can be done in
workshops, with the right machinery, lighting, and work conditions. The size of the
components are governed by the size of the truck or trailer they are shipped in, usually
with a max length of 6m (20ft) for normal trucks or 12m (40ft) for long trailers. Since the
only work to be done at site is lifting the steel members into place (with cranes) and
bolting, the work at site is tremendously fast. Pre-engineered buildings are an example of
bolted steel construction that is designed, fabricated, shipped and erected by one
company to the owner.

Light Gauge Steel Construction is a type of construction that is common for residential
and small buildings in North America and parts of Europe. This is similar to wood framed
construction, except that light gauge steel members are used in place of wood two-byfours. Light gauge steel is steel that is in the form of thin (1-3mm) sheets of steel that
have been bent into shape to form C-sections or Z-sections.

Common structural steel shapes

Connections of steel elements

Welded Connections

Welding is the most widely used connection way at present

Advantages:
1. Strong adaptability of geometric solid;
2. Save materials without weakening the section;
3. Automated operation, easy manufacturing and processing;
4. Good connection closure and high stiffness

Disadvantages:
1. High coupling stiffness is inclined to cause residual stress and deformation of the structure
2. Welding joint is easily sensitive to low temperature

Riveting Connections

Advantages:
1. Reliable power transmission
2. Good toughness and plasticity
3. Convenient quality inspection
4. Good dynamic load resistance, especially suitable for structure that is heavy and that directly
bears dynamic loading.
Disadvantages:
1. Complicated structure, large quantity use of steel
2. Inconvenient construction
3. Loud noise

Ordinary Bolt Connections

Advantage: convenient loading and unloading, simple equipment

Disadvantage:
1. Bolt with low accuracy is unfavorable to bear shear
2. There is more difficulty to process and install bolt with high accuracy

High Strength Bolt Connections

Advantages:
1. Good connection toughness and plasticity,
2. Convenient quality inspection,

3. Uniform force transmission;

4. For structure bearing dynamic load and working under low temperature, it features good
connection reliability, dismountable and fatigue resistance
Disadvantages:
1. Processing and installation technology on rubbing surface is a little complex,
2. High cost,
3. Easy to loose under condition of dynamic function

Pin Connections

Advantages:
1. Reliable power transmission
2. Good toughness and plasticity
3. Easy quality inspection
4. High dynamic load resistance, not become loose
Disadvantage: High demand on fabrication and processing

Advantages of steel structures

They are super-quick to build at site, as a lot of work can be pre-fabbed at the factory.

They are flexible, which makes them very good at resisting dynamic (changing) forces
such as wind or earthquake forces.

A wide range of ready-made structural sections are available, such as I, C, and angle
sections

They can be made to take any kind of shape, and clad with any type of material

A wide range of joining methods is available, such as bolting, welding, and riveting

Disadvantages of steel structures

They lose strength at high temperatures, and are susceptible to fire.

They are prone to corrosion in humid or marine environments.

Timber Framing

The Box Frame

Made of straight vertical and horizontal pieces with a common rafter roof
without purlins.
Used for any kind of framing other than cruck framing.
the roof load is carried by the exterior walls. Purlins are also in a simple timber
frame.

Balloon Framing
An older style of framing
The studs in the bearing walls are run uninterrupted from the sole plate up to the
roof plate.
The floor supports are nailed to the studs.
Quality of longer materials not as available
1 x 4 let into the framing for diagonal bracing.

Platform Framing
Frame of the building is raised one story at a time with studs that are a single
story high.
The walls for each story are set over the underlying joists and subfloor
Floors are complete and independent of the walls
Subfloor extends to the outside edges of the building.

Each level of the house is constructed separately.

Build walls on floor and tilt up into place.

The Cruck Frame

Curved timber
One of a pair, which supports the roof of a building.
Consists of long, generally naturally curved, timber members that lean inwards
and form the ridge of the roof.
Posts are secured by a horizontal beam which then forms an "A" shape.
They are then joined together by either solid walls or cross beams which aid in
preventing racking.

Light-steel Framing
A structural system that uses steel galvanized main structural element
Structures are not using brick or concrete
Concrete is only used in the foundations and cellars

Aisled Frame
Have one or more rows of interior posts
Posts carry more structural load than the posts in the exterior walls.

Buildings are wider than the simpler box framed or cruck framed buildings, and
typically have purlins supporting the rafters.

Half-timbered
Structure with a frame of load-bearing timber
Creating spaces between the timbers
Filled-in with some kind of non-structural material known as infill.
The frame is often left exposed on the exterior of the building.

Infill Materials
Wattle and daub was the most common infill in ancient times.
The sticks were not always technically wattlework (woven) but also individual
sticks installed vertically, horizontally or at an angle into holes or grooves in the
framing.
The coating of daub has many recipes but generally was a mixture of clay and
chalk with a binder such as grass or straw and water or urine
Brick infill replaced the less durable infills and became more common.
Stone laid in mortar as an infill was used in areas where stone rubble and mortar
were available.
The infill may be covered by other materials, including weatherboarding or tiles
or left exposed. When left exposed both the framing and infill were sometimes
done in a decorative manner.