Boundary value problems for bi-polyanalytic functions in the unit disc

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Boundary value problems for bipolyanalytic functions

a
Heinrich Begehr & Ajay Kumar

a
I. Math. Inst., FU Berlin , Arnimallee 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
Dept. Math. , Rajdhani College, Univ. of Delhi , Raja Garden,

New Delhi 110015, India
Published online: 07 Oct 2011.
To cite this article: Heinrich Begehr & Ajay Kumar (2006) Boundary value problems for bipolyanalytic functions, Applicable Analysis: An International Journal, 85:9, 1045-1077, DOI:
10.1080/00036810600835110
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036810600835110
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Applicable Analysis
Vol. 85, No. 9, September 2006, 10451077
Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 23:32 10 December 2014
Boundary value problems for bi-polyanalytic

functionsx
HEINRICH BEGEHR*y and AJAY KUMARz
yI. Math. Inst., FU Berlin, Arnimallee 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
zDept. Math., Rajdhani College, Univ. of Delhi, Raja Garden,
New Delhi 110015, India
Communicated by R. P. Gilbert
(Received in final form 17 July 2004)
The theory of bi-analytic functions introduced by Hua, Lin and Wu in the 1980s in order to
solve some second-order systems of two partial differential equations in two variables is
the theory of the second-order complex partial differential equation fzz fzz 0 for some
f @nz @m
constant real . Here the equation @zmn
z f 0 is investigated for 1 m, n. In the case

m 1 the solutions are called bi-polyanalytic. Different kinds of boundary conditions are
introduced for these equations. They are originating from the well-known Schwarz, Dirichlet
and Neumann problems from complex analysis, see e.g. in [2,9]. Some are well-posed, others
are only solvable under certain solvability conditions. Basic tools are higher-order Cauchy
Pompeiu representations and the respective boundary value problems for analytic functions.
In order to be explicit, the problems are investigated in the unit disc.
Keywords: Bi-polyanalytic functions; CauchyPompeiu representation; boundary value
problems for analytic; polyanalytic and bi-polyanalytic functions; Schwarz kernel; Poisson
kernel; Green and Neumann function
AMS Classifications: 30G20; 30E25; 35J55; 35J30; 35J40
1. Introduction
The theory of bi-analytic functions occurs in treating certain elliptic systems of two
second-order equations in plane domains with constant coefficients [6,10]. In complex
notation the system can be reduced to the complex first-order system
k1
k1
k
k
fz
fz

,
2
2
4
4
z 0
with real constants k, 0<k 1, and 6 0, 1, k2.

*Corresponding author. Email: begehr@math.fu-berlin.de
xDedicated to Professor Wei Lin on the occasion of his 70th birthday
Applicable Analysis ISSN 0003-6811 print/ISSN 1563-504X online 2006 Taylor & Francis
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
DOI: 10.1080/00036810600835110
1046
H. Begehr and A. Kumar
On the left-hand side of the first equation there is a Beltrami operator. This system
is equivalent with the second-order equation
kk 1fzz kk 1fzz kk 1fzz kk 1fzz 0:
As a particular case for k 1, the system
fz
1
1

, z 0
4
4
with constant 6 1, 0, 1 occurs being equivalent with

1 fzz 1 fzz 0:
The leading term is either fzz for fzz depending on the sign of the real constant .
Therefore the bi-analytic functions f, as the solutions to (1) are called, differ from the
bianalytic functions in the sense of Bitsadze [8] as those are satisfying the simpler
second-order elliptic but not strongly elliptic equation
wzz 0:
This Bitsadze equation is attained from (2) by taking 1. In general, a polyanalytic
function is a solution to the equation
@nz 0
for n a natural number [1]. As the general solution to (3) is representable as

z
n1
X
ak zzk
k0
with analytic coefficients ak it is called a polyanalytic function of order n. Instead of (1)

the system
fz
1
1

, @nz 0
4
4
will be considered and f will be called a bi-polyanalytic function. The constant coefficients are kept in their present form for historical reasons although their special form
and their being real never will matter in the sequal. The system (5) can be rewritten as
n
1 @n1
z f 1 @z @z f 0:
On the other hand, if f satisfies (6) then

1 @z f 1@z f
satisfies @nz 0 and the preceding equation is the first one in (5).
1047
Boundary value problems for bi-polyanalytic functions
Besides (5), the system
@m
z f
1
1

,
4
4
@nz 0
leading to
1 @mn
f 1 @nz @m
z
z f 0
will also be treated.

n
Cauchy-Pompeiu operators for the differential operators @m
z @z and domains D in the
complex plane C are, see [2,5],
Z
Km,n z f d d
Tm,n fz
D
where for 0 m n, 0<m2 n2,

8
1m m! m1 n1
>
>
z z , if m 0,
>
>
n 1!
>
>
>
>
>
>
< 1n n! m1 n1
z z , if n 0,
Km,n z
m 1!
>
>
>
>
"
#
>
>
m
1
n1
X
>
zm1 zn1
1 X
1
>
2
>
>

,
: m 1!n 1! log jzj
1
1
if
1 m, n:
n
They provide via w Tm,n f particular solutions to @m
z @z w f. In particular,
T0,n fz
1n
n 1!
zn1
f d d
z
D
and
1m
Tm,0 fz
m 1!
zm1
f d d:
z
D
Moreover, T0,0 is understood as the identity operator, T0,0f f.

It is sometimes convenient to alter these integral operators by modifying the kernel
in introducing another fundamental solution to the differential operator involved.
1048
This new kernel can be attained from some higher-order Green function. In case when
the domain D is the unit disc, this is given in explicit form, see [3], as
2
n 1! Gn z, j zj
2n1
n1
X
1

1 z2

log
z
j zj2n1 1 jj2 1 jzj2 :
Besides T0,n for the unit disc D the operator

1n
T~ 0,n fz
n 1!

n
zn1 1 jj2
f d d
z
1 z
jj<1
gives a particular solution to @nz w f.

Another operator related to T0,n is
Sn fz
1n
2n 1!
2Re zn1
jj<1

z f 1 z f
d d:
z
1 z
Besides providing a particular solution to the equation @nz w f in D it also satisfies the
higher-order homogeneous Schwarz conditions
Re@z Sn f 0 on @D, Im@z Sn 0 0, 0 n 1,
see [2,5].
The main subject in this investigation is boundary value problems for system (5).
The polyanalytic function can be determined by prescribing Schwarz boundary
conditions
Re@z g ,
Im@z 0 c , 0 n 1,
and afterward f can be found also by such a Schwarz condition. Instead, if the analytic
part a0 of , see (4), is left undetermined by not demanding the above Schwarz
condition for 0 then for the function f the Dirichlet condition
f
may be prescribed on the boundary. This condition then fixes f and a0 at once. Also
the Neumann condition
@ f
may be posed on the boundary where @ denotes the directional derivative with respect
to the outward normal vector.
1049
In order to receive explicit formulas for the solutions all problems are studied in the
unit disc D. Here the Schwarz kernel
2

1, jzj < 1 jj,
z
leads to an analytic function
wz
1
2i

d
1
2

z

jj1
10
for a given real continuous function on the unit circle @D, the real part of which has
the boundary values on @D. This result from H. A. Schwarz is a property of the
Poisson kernel

1 jzj2
Re 2
1
, jzj < 1 jj:

1
z
z z
j zj2
11
For the Neumann problem the so-called Neumann function

2
N1 z, log j z1 zj
12
is important. In fact, this is a slight modification of the Neumann function

Nz, log j z1 zj,
introduced just for convenience. It is a fundamental solution to the Laplacian 4@z @z
up to some constant factor. Moreover, its normal derivative on @D is constant
z N1 z, 2, jj < jzj 1:
@ z N1 z, z@z z@
As is known, the Neumann problem
wzz f, f 2 L1 D; C, in D,
@ w
,
2 C@D; C, on @D,
Z
1
d
w c, c 2 C
2i jj1
13
satisfying
1
2i

jj1
d 2

Z
f d d
14
jj<1
is uniquely solvable [7] by

1
wz c
4i
d 1
N1 z,

jj1
Z
N1 z,f d d:
jj<1
15
1050
Even applicable for complex functions, this representation formula as well as the
Neumann problem (13) itself is real in nature. N1, its normal derivative on @D and
the Laplacian are real-valued or real operators written in complex form. The formulas
and conditions (1315) may all be decomposed in the ones for the real and the
imaginary parts.
An analytic function w, for example, is obviously harmonic. If its normal derivative
on @D is known, say
, then from (15)
1
wz c
4i
Z
N1 z,

jj1
d
16
if and only if
1
2i

jj1
d
0
17
by the above result. Unfortunately the right-hand side of (16) is not analytic in general.
By differentiation
1
wz z
2i
d
1

1

z

2i
jj1

@D
1 d
z
follows. As this has to vanish in order that w is analytic this condition together with
(17) means
1
2i

jj1
d
0:
z
18
This condition includes (17). By integrating

1
2i
Z
log1 z
jj1
d
0
2
19
follows. Hence,
wz c
1
2i
log1 z
jj1
d
:
20
The use of the Neumann function for analytic functions seems not to be proper. As the
solution to the Neumann problem for analytic functions will be used later, only a proof
using complex methods is given.
LEMMA 1: The Neumann problem for analytic functions in D
@ w
on @D, w0 c
1051
for
2 C@D; C, c 2 C is uniquely solvable if and only if (18) is satisfied for any |z|<1.
The solution then is given by (20).
Proof
The boundary condition means

zw0 z
z
for
jzj 1:
From the Plemelj-Sokhotzki formulas [2, 9] it is known that the Cauchy integral
1
2i

jj1
d
, jzj 6 1,
z
21
provides an analytic function in D assuming the boundary values

if and only if
1
2i
d
0
z
for
1 < jzj,

zd
0

1 z
for
jzj < 1:

jj1
i.e.
1
2i

jj1
On the other hand, (21) can coincide with zw0 (z) only if it vanishes at the origin z 0.
Thus
w0 z
1
2i

jj1
1 d
z
and by integration
wz c
1

log
jj1
z d

which is (20) and holds if and only if (18) is valid.

To verify that this, in fact, solves the Neumann problem by differentiation and
adding (18)
zw0 z
1
2i

z
d

z z
jj1
follows where the Poisson kernel is appearing.

The Neumann problem for the inhomogeneous Cauchy-Riemann system can be
solved likewise.
LEMMA 2: For given f 2 L1 D; C, 2 C@D; C, c 2 C the problem
wz f in D,
@ w on @D, w0 c
1052
is uniquely solvable if and only if

1
2i
Z

jj1
d
1

1 z
2i
Z
f
jj1
d
1

1 z

Z
f
jj<1
z
d d:
2
1 z
The solution then is

Z
Z
1
d
1

wz c
log1 z
f log1 zd
2i jj1

2i jj1
Z
1
z
d d:
f

jj<1
z
Proof
The function ! w T0,1 f satisfies

!z 0 in D,
on @D, !0 c T0,1 f0:

@ ! zT1,1 f zf
The solution to this Neumann problem is on the basis of Lemma 1

!z c T0,1 f0
1
2i

jj1

d

T1,1 f f
log1 z
if and only if
1
2i

T1,1 f f
d
0:

1 z
jj1
From
1
2i

T1,1 f log1 z
jj1
Z
Z

d
1
1
log1 z
~

f
d d~ d~
2

jj<1
2i jj1 ~
~
Z
Z

1
1
log1 z
~
f
d d~ d~ 0
2
~
jj<1
2i jj1 1
~
and
1
2i
d
1

T1,1 f

1

z

jj1
1

1

~
f
~
jj<1
Z
~
jj<1
~ @
f
Z
f
jj<1
1
2i
1
d
d~ d~
2 1 z
~

jj1
1
j ~ d~ d~

1 z
z
d d
2
1 z
1053
then
wz c
1
2i
jj1

d 1

f
log1 z

Z
f
jj<1

1
1

d d
z
if and only if
1
2i

f
jj1
d
1

1 z

Z
f
jj<1
z
d d
2
1 z
follows.
2. Integral representations and boundary value problems

Let D be a regular domain, i.e. a bounded domain in the complex plane with a smooth
boundary. Often D will be chosen to be the unit disc D in order to receive explicit
formulas.
THEOREM 1: Any bi-polyanalytic function of order n, i.e. a solution to (5), in D being
continuous on the closure D can be represented as
fz
1
2i
f
d
@D z

Z
n
X
1
1 n
1 n
1
1

~
@ !@ d
@ !@
d

4
2i @D 4
1
where ! T0,nw, !~ T~ n,0 w with w 1= z for fixed z 2 D.

Proof
Applying the Cauchy-Pompeiu formula [2,11]
fz
1
2i
2i
Z
Z
f
1
d

@D z
Z
f
D
f
11
d

z

4
@D
d d
z

11
d d

z

4
D

d d:

D z
Let now z 2 D be fixed and consider for w 1= z
! T0,n w
1n
n 1!
~ ~
~ n1 dd
:
~
~
z
D
22
1054
Then the Gau theorem shows

Z
n
X
1
2i
@D
Z
n
o
X
1 n n 1

n
@
!@ 1
@
!@

d d

D
1
Z
Z
1
1n
n
@ !d d
!@n d d

D
D
Z
1
d d:

Dz
1
@n
!@ d
This also follows from integrating the representation [4]

Z
n1
X
1
z
z
@ d:
2i @D ! z
0
In a similar way, the second term
1

d d

D z
can be treated. Instead

~ T~ n,0 !
!
1n
n 1!

~
~ 2 n dd
~ n1 1 jj
~
1 ~ ~ z
D
~
is used.
Remark For n 1 the representation (22) coincides with the Cauchy integral formula
for bi-analytic functions, see [10]. This follows from
z
1
z 2i
~ z d~
T0,1 w
@D ~ z ~ z
and by applying the Gau theorem to

Z

~
d:
!
@D
In case of the unit disc D for 0<

T0, w
1 z
! z
which follows from

1
2i
Z
@D
d
0
z

1055
for z 2 D and any 2 N. Moreover,

~
!
1
n 1!2
~
@n Gn ,
d~ d~
@n !0
~ z
where
!0
1
n 1!2
~
Gn ,
D
d~ d~
1
T0,1 Gn ,z
~ z n 1!2
and
~
~
T ,0 g
@n
!
with
~
g
~2
1 jj
1 ~
n
1
:
~ z
The representation (22) is a kind of Cauchy formula for bi-polyanalytic functions.

Besides the boundary values of the function f itself, the boundary values of the related

polyanalytic function and its z-derivatives
also occur. In order to express f via given
boundary data, some boundary conditions are prescribed. At first the Schwarz and the
Neuman boundary value problem are investigated for the bi-polyanalytic functions.
Here the unit disc is treated.
In order to determine a polyanalytic function
n1
X
a zz
of order n, 1 n, the analytic coefficients have to be found from boundary conditions.

LEMMA 3: Let gk 2 C@D; R for 1 k n 1 be given. Then there exist analytic
functions uk in D satisfying
Re
k1
X
1
0
un k zz gnk z,
z 2 @D,
and
Im unk 0 0
for 1 k n 1 given as
unk z
1
2i
k1
X
1
jj1 0

gn k z
z d
:
z
23
1056
Proof It is enough just to verify that the analytic functions satisfy the above
conditions. Obviously unk is real-valued at the origin. Moreover, on @D
Z
k1
k1 k1
X
X
X 1
1
1
z d
gnk
unk zz
z z
!
2i jj1 0 0 ! !
z
0
Z
k1 X
k1
X
1
1
z d
gnk
z z
2i jj1 0 ! !
z
Z
k1
X
1
1
z d
gnk
z z
:
2i jj1 0 !
z
Thus on @D
Re
k1
X
1
gn k zz gnk z:
!
0
COROLLARY 1: Let the uk for 1 k n 1 be as in Lemma 3, then for z 2 D

n1
X
1
uk zzk
k!
k1
Z
n1
X

1
1
z d
z
g
z z
:
2i jj1 1 !
z
1 z
Proof
From (23)
Z
n1 n1
X
X 1
z d
g
z z
z
jj1 1 0 ! !

Z
n1 X
n1
X
1
1
z d
g
z z
2i jj1 1
z

Z
n1

X
X

1
1
z d

g
z z
2i jj1 1 !
z

1
Z
n1
X

1
1
z d
z
g
z z
:
2i jj1 1 !
z
1 z
1
2i
THEOREM 2: Let for 1 n 1, g 2 C@D; R and 2 C@D; C. Then for

2 Rnf1, 0, 1g the problem
@z f
1
1

, @nz 0 in D
4
4
1057
with
f , Re@z g on @D, Im@z 0
for 1 n 1 is uniquely solvable. The solution is given as
1
fz
2i
1

1 jzj2 d 1 1 jzj2

1 2i
j zj2
jj1

1
1
d

2
z z

jj1

1
1
1 jzj2
1
d d
1

4
4
z1 z
jj<1
1 1 jzj2
1
24

1
1

1
1
d d
2
4
4
1 z 1 z
jj<1
where
z u0 z 1 z
n1
X
1
uk zzk
k!
k0
with

Z
Z
Z
1 1
1
1
d
d
1 d d
u0 z
1 2i jj1
2i jj1
jj<1

Z
Z
4
1
d
1
1
1
d d
1

1
2
1 2i jj1
4
z2 jj<1 4
1 z
240
and
1 z
Z
n1
X

1
1
z d
z
g
z z
:
2i
!
z
jj1
1
2400
Proof Let 1 be as in Corollary 1 and u0 be an analytic function in D. Then for

u0 1 the function f is representable as
1
fz z

with an analytic function

1
1
d d

4
4
z
jj<1
in D.
1058
For the analytic function u0 the Cauchy-Pompeiu representation yields

Z
0
u
1
dd
d
u0

z

z
jj1
jj<1

Z
Z
1
1 1
1
1
d d
u0 d
u0
2i jj1 z z
jj<1
z
Z
1
1
d d
:
u0 z u0 0
u0
z
jj<1
z
0 z
zu
1
2i
Let u^ 0 be a primitive of u0, i.e. u^ 00 u0 , then as it is analytic from the Cauchy-Pompeiu

formula
Z
d
1
d d

u0
u^ 0
z jj<1
z
jj1
Z
1
dd
:
u^ 0 0
u0
jj<1
z
u^ 0 z
1
2i
Thus

Z
1
1
1
d d
1
1
jj<1 4
4
z

1
1
1
0 z u0 z u0 0
zu
u^ 0 z u^ 0 0 :
4
z
4
fz z
Denoting
^ fz 1
fz

the analytic function

1
1
d d
1
,
1
4
4
z
jj<1
is determined by

d
^ 1 u0 0 1 1 u^ 0 u^ 0 0
f
4

4
z
jj1
Z
Z
1
d
1 u0 0
d
^

f
2i jj1
z
4 2i jj1 z
1
2i
Z
1 1
d

u^ 0 u^ 0 0

4 2i jj1
1 z
Z
1
d
^
f
2i jj1
z
1059
if and only if for |z| > 1

1
2i
Z
jj1

d
^ 1 u0 0 1 1 u^ 0 u^ 0 0
0:
f
4

4
z
This last condition is equivalent to

1
2i
!

^f d 1 u0 0 1 1 u^ 0 1 u^ 0 0 :
z
4
z
4
z
jj1
Thus for |z|<1

1
2i
^
f
jj1

1
1
z
u0 0z
d
u^ 0 z u^ 0 0 :

4
4
1 z
25
Differentiating the last equation with respect to z gives

1
2i
^
f
jj1
d
1
1
u0 0
u0 z:
2
4
4

1 z
26
In particular,
1
1
1
u0 0
u0 0
4
4
2i
^ d:
f
27
jj1
Thus
u0 0 1
1
2i
1
^
fd
1
2i
jj1
^ d:
f
28
jj1
Moreover, from (26) and (27)

1
1
1
1
u0 0
u0 z u0 0
u0 0
4
4
4
2i
1
2i
Having thus defined u0 and
1
fz
2i
^
f
jj1
d
2
1 z
1
^
f
1 d:
2
1 z
jj1
, the function f is determined as
d
1
^

f

z

jj1
Z
jj<1

1
1
dd
1
0 z
1
4
4
z
29
1060
with
0 z

1
1
1
0 z u0 z u0 0
zu
u^ 0 z u^ 0 0 :
4
z
4
Using (25) and (29) then

Z
1
1
1
z
^
0 z u0 0 u0 z u0 0
d
f
0 z
zu

4
z
2i jj1
1 z
1 1 jzj2 1
1
2i
z
^
f
jj1

Z
1
1
z
^
d
f
1 d
2

2i
1

z

1 z
jj1
follows. Hence

Z
z
1
1 1 jzj2 1
1
^
f 1
d
d

z 1 z
1
2i jj1
z
2
1 z
jj1

Z
1
1
1
d d
1

1
jj<1 4
4
z
1
fz
2i
^
f

Z
1 jzj2 d 1 1 jzj2

f
f
d

1 2i
1 z
2
1 z
z2
jj1
jj1

Z
1
1
1
dd
1

1
jj<1 4
4
z

Z
Z
z
1
1
1
1
1
1
~
~
1
1
d d~ d~

jj<1
4
4
2i jj1 ~ z 1 z
~

Z
1 1 jzj2
1
1
~
~
1
1

1
4
4
~
jj<1
2i
1
2i

1

d d~ d~

2
1 z
jj1 ~ 1 z

Z
1 jzj2 d 1 1 jzj2

d

1 2i
1 z
j zj2
2
1 z
jj1
jj1

Z
1
1
1
1
z
1

1
d d

jj<1 4
4
z 1 z
2i
1 1 jzj2
1

1
1

1
1
d d:

4
4
1 z
2
1 z
jj<1
1061
In order to verify that this is a solution it is easily seen that for |z| 1 then f .
By differentiating with respect to z
fz z

Z
d
1 1
z
z

d

1 z
2 1 2i jj1
2
1 z
1 z
jj1

Z
1
1
1
1
1
d d
1 z
1
1 z
1
4
4
jj<1 4
4
2
1 z
1
2i

1
1
z
z
1
1
d d

4
4
1 z
2
1 z
jj<1
Z
1
1
1
d
1 z
1 z

4
4
2i jj1
2
1 z

Z
1
1
1
d d
1

1
jj<1 4
4
2
1 z

Z
1 1
1

1
d
1 2i jj1
2
1 z

Z
11
1
1
1
1

1
1 d d:
2
1 jj<1 4
4
1 z
11

1
Rearranging the last two terms

fz z
1
1
1
1
1 z
u0 0
1 z
u0 z
4
4
4
4

1 1
1
1
1
u0 z
u0 0
u0 0
u0 0
1 4
4
4
4
1
1
z
z:
4
4
That is polyanalytic of order n satisfying the Schwarz boundary condition for |z| 1
and the side conditions follow from Lemma 2 and the fact that u0 can be rewritten as

Z
Z
1
1 1
^ d 1
^ d
u0 z
f
f
4
4
2i jj1
2i jj1
1
2i
^
f
jj1
d
:
2
1 z
This can be seen from (28) and (29). Inserting the definition of f^ and rearranging
the terms the required expression for u0 is attained.
Next a Neumann boundary value problem is considered for bi-polyanalytic
functions.
1062
LEMMA 4: Let gk 2 C@D; C, 1 k n 1, be given. Then the Neumann conditions

for differentiable functions uk in D
k1
X
1
unk zz gnk z on @D
!
0
30
are equivalent to
nk1
@ unk zu
k1
X
1
0
!
gnk z
31
for k n 1, where un 0.
Proof
For k 1 condition (30) is just the first condition in (31). For k 2 from (30)
n1 @ un2 z@
un1 zu
n1 gn2 ,
@ un2 zu
i.e.
n1 gn2 zg
n1 :
@ un2 zu
Assuming (31) to hold for some 2 k<n 1 then from (30)
gnk1 @
k
k1
X
X
1
1
z unk1 @ unk1 @
z1 unk
!
1!
0
0
follows. Thus
gnk1 @ unk1
k1
X
0
1
1
z1 @ unk z1 unk
1!
!
k2
X
1
z1
1!
0
"
k1
X
0
#
1
1
nk1 zk gn1
z gnk zu
k!
!
k1
X
1 1
z unk
!
0

X
1
z1
1!
0
0
k1
X
k
X
11
1
!
1
1
nk :
z gnk zu
nk
11 gnk zu
1063
Thus
@ unk1 gnk1
k
X
1
1
k
X
1
0
!
!
nk
z gnk zu
nk :
z gnk zu
This is (31) for (k 1) rather than for k.

LEMMA 5: Let gk 2 C@D; C and ck 2 C be given for 1 k n 1. Then there exist
analytic functions uk in D satisfying
@
k1
X
1
unk zz gnk z on @D
!
0
unk 0 cnk
if and only if for any |z|<1
1
2i
Z
gn1
jj1
d
0,

1 z
Z
k1
X
1 1
d
cnk1 , 2 k n 1:
gn k

1 z
! 2i jj1
0
32
They are uniquely given as
unk z cnk
1
2i
k1
X
2
jj1 0

gn k log1 z
d
"
#
Z
k1
k1

X 2
X
X
1
1
z d

:
gnk log1 z

2i jj1 0 !
!z

1
1
33
Proof 1. For k 1 it follows from Lemma 1 that
un1 z un1 0
1
2i

gn1 log1 z
jj1
if and only if
1
2i
Z
gn1
jj1
d
0:

1 z
d
1064
2. Assuming that (33) holds for some 1 k<n 1 then observing the boundary
conditions in the form (31) for the index n k 1 and applying again Lemma 1
unk1 z unk1 0
2i
1
2i
k
X
1
jj1 0

gn k1 log1 z
d

34
d
nk log1 z

u

jj1
if and only if
1
2i
k
X
1
gnk1
!
jj1 0
d
1
2i
z
Z
unk
jj1
d
:

1 z
The last term on the right-hand side of (34) is

1
2i
nk log1 z

u
jj1
Z
1
X
d
z
d

unk 2

2i
jj1
1
1
X
1
z u1
nk 0:

1!
1
Using (33) this is

"
Z
k1
X
z
1
2
d
! 1 gn k

2i

1!
!
jj1 0
1
1
X
Z
k1
k1
X
X 2 1!
1
d
1 gn k
2i

1

!!
jj1
1
0
1
2i
k1
X
z1

1
d
z
gn k log1 z
log1 z
z

!
k1
X
2
jj1 0
1
1
1!
2i
1
1
k1
X
jj1

log1 z
"
2

gn k 1 log1 z
!
1
X
z
1
!#
d
:
35
1065
Hence
unk1 z unk1 0
(
Z
k1
X
1
1 1 1
gn k
gnk1

2i jj1
1!
0
k1
X
2
1
2i
1

2i
1

2i
1
)
k1 k1
X 2
X
d
1

gn k
gn k log1 z

1! !
1 0
k1
X
2
jj1 0
gn k
d
1
z
log1 z
z
"
#
k1 k1
1
X
X 2
X
1
z d

gn k 1 log1 z
z

jj1 1 0 1! !
1
gnk1
jj1
k1
X
1 1
1!
0
1 2 1 1 gn k
)
2
d
1

gn k log1 z

1! !
1
k1 X

X
1
1

2i
1

2i
nk
gnk1 2g
jj1
1

2i
1

2i
"
#
k1 k1
1
X
X 2
X
1
z d

gn k 1 log1 z
z

jj1 0 0 1! !
1
k1
X
2 1
1
k X
k
X
2
jj1 1 0
k
X
2
jj1 0
1!
gn k1
)

1 gn k log1 z
d
"
#

X
1
z d

log1 z
!z

1

gn k1 log1 z
d
"
#
Z
k
k

X
X
X
1
2
1
z d

:
gn k1 log1 z

2i jj1 0 !
!z

1
1
This is (33) with k 1 instead of k.
For evaluating the right-hand side of (35) with k 1 instead of k the analyticity of
unk1 is used to see
1
2i
Z
jj1
nk1
u
d
1
2i
z
Z
unk1
jj1
1 d
nk1 0:
u0nk1 0 zu
2
1 z
1066
From (33)
u0nk1 0
2i
k2
X
2
jj1 0
1 gnvk1
d
Z
k2
X 2
1 d
1
gn k1
2i jj1 0 !
1!
1
Z
k2
X
1
2 1
d
gn k1
2i jj1 0 !

Z
k2 X

X
1
2
d
1 gn k1
2i jj1 1 1 1! !

(
Z
k2
X
1
gnk1
12 1 1 2 1
2i jj1
1

1

d

gn k1
12

1!
Z
k2
1
X
1
1
d
1 2 1 1 gn k1
2i jj1 0 1!
k2
X
is seen. Thus (35) with k replaced by k 1 becomes
nk1 0
zu
1
2i
k1
X
1
jj1 0
1

2i
gnvk
k1
X
1
jj1 1
1 d

1 z
1 2 gn k
d
:
Inserting z 0 shows
1
2i
k1
d X
1
gnk

2i
jj1
1
2
d
gn k 0,

!
jj1
i.e.
1
2i
k1
X
2
jj1 0
gn k
d
0:
Hence, the preceding condition becomes
nk1 0
zu
1
2i
k1
X
1
jj1 0
gn k

d
1

z
1067
or
1
unk1 0
2i
k1
X
1
jj1 0
gn k
d

1 z
for any |z|<1 and 2 k n 1. This is condition (32).
THEOREM 3: Let g 2 C@D; C, c 2 C

2 Rnf1, 0, 1g be given. Then the problem
@z f
for
1 n 1,
2 C@D; C
and
1
1

, @nz 0 in D,
4
4
f , @ @z g ,
1 n 1, on @D,
@z 0 c , 1 n 1,
is solvable if and only if the conditions (32) are satisfied. The solution is uniquely given as
in (24) where u0 is the same as in (240 ) but instead of (2400 ) 1 is determined as
1 z
n1
X
1
unk zznk
n

k!
k1
with the unk given in (33).

This result is a consequence of Theorem 2 and Lemma 5.
THEOREM 4: Let g 2 C@D; C, c 2 C for 0 n 1, 2 C@D; C, c 2 C and
2 Rnf1, 0, 1g be given. Then the Neumann problem
@z f
1
1

,
4
4
@nz 0 in D,
@ f , @ @z g , 0 n 1, on @D,
f0 c, @z 0 c ,
0 n 1,
is solvable if and only if for |z|<1 besides (32) for 2 k n rather than for 2 k
n 1 also
1
2i
d
1

1 z

jj1

1
1
d d

4
4
1 z
jj<1
holds. The solution is given via
z
n1
X
1
u zz
!
0
36
1068
where the u are given according to (33) and

Z
Z
1
d
1
1
1

d

fz c
log1 z
log1 z
2i jj1

2i jj1 4
4

Z
1
1
1
z

d d:
37

jj<1 4
4
z
Remark The integrals in (36) and (37) involving the polyanalytic can be expressed
through the g. This is visible from the formulas
Z

n1 X
dd X
1
u1
0z ,

1

z
!
1!
jj<1
0 0
"
#
Z
1
n1
X
1
dd X
1
1 1

u 0 z z ,
u^ z u^ 0

jj<1 1 z

1!
!
1
1
(
"
#
)
Z
1
n
1
X 1
X
1
z
1
1

1
dd
u zz
u 0z z

u z
,
jj<1
z
1!
!
0
0
(
)
Z
2
n1
X
X
1
z
1
1
1
dd
u^ z u^ 0 z

u
,
0 z
jj<1
z
!
1!
0
0
1

1
2i
1
2i

log1 zd
jj1

log1 zd
jj1
n1 X
1
X
1
u1
0z ,

!
1!
0 1
1
n1 X
X
1
1
u
,
0z
!!

1
1 0
and from
u
0
1
2i
n1
X
jj1
n1
X
1
1
2i
2
d
g 1!

!
n1
X
jj1
2 %
!
d

g%
!

%!
which follows from (33). Moreover, also from (33)

u^ z u^ 0 c z
1
2i
n1
X
1
can be seen.
n1
1
X X
jj1
1
2i
2
z1 d
g
!
1
1
n1
X
jj1
%0
1
2% %
1 X
z1 d
g%
! 1 1
%!
Proof
Let be given in the form

z
1069
n1
X
1
u zz
!
0
with the analytic functions u in D defined as in Lemma 5 where now gk 2 C@D; C,

ck 2 C for 1 k n rather than for 1 k n 1 and the second condition in (32) is
valid for 2 k n and (33) holds for 1 k n. From Lemma 2

Z
Z
1
d
1
1
1

d

fz c
log1 z
log1 z
2i jj1

2i @D 4
4

Z
1
1
1
z

d d

jj<1 4
4
z
follows if and only if

Z
d
1
1
1
d

1 z
2i jj1 4
4
1 z
jj1

Z
1
1
1
z

d d 0:
jj<1 4
4
2
1 z
1
2i
From
Z
1
2i
d
1

1

z

jj1

Z
jj<1

1
z

dd 0

1 z
2
1 z
and
1
2i
Z

jj1
d
1

1 z

Z
jj<1

1
z

d d 0

1 z
2
1 z
this condition is
1
2i
Z

jj1
d
1

1 z

1
1
1

d d:

4
4
1

z
jj<1
THEOREM 5: Let m, n 2 N, 2 m, 1 n and h, g 2 C@D; R for 0 m 2,

1 n 1, 2 C@D; C, 2 Rnf1,0,1g be given. Then the problem
@m
z f
1
1

, @nz 0 in D,
4
4
Re@z f h
for
0 m 2, @m1
f on @D,
z
Re@ z g
for
1 n 1 on @D,
Im@z f0 0
for
0 m 2,
Im@ z 0
for
1 n 1,
1070
is uniquely solvable. The solution is given by
"
#
Z
~
~

f
f
1m1
z
1
z
fz
d d
2Re zm2
z
2m 2! jj<1
1 z
Z
m
2
X
1
1
z d

h z z
2i jj1 0 !
z
38
where

Z
1 jzj2 d 1 1 jzj2
1
1
d

2
2
1 2i
z z
j zj
jj1
jj1

Z
2
1
1
1
1 jzj
1
d d

1

jj<1 4
4
z1 z

Z

1 1 jzj2
1
1
1
1
d d,
2
1
4
4
1 z 1 z
jj<1
~ 1
fz
2i
39
z u0 z 1 z,

Z
Z
Z
1 1
1
1
u0 z
d
d
1 d d
1 2i jj1
2i jj1
jj<1

Z
Z
4
1
d
1
1
1
d d

,
1
1
2
1 2i jj1
4
z2 jj1 4
1 z
Z
n1
X

1
1
z d
z
g
z z
:
1 z
2i jj1 !
z
1
Proof
Denoting
f~ @m1
f
z
the problem becomes

1
1

, @nz 0, @m1
f f~ in D,
@z f~
z
4
4
f~ , Re@ z g , 1 m 1, Re@z f h , 0 m 2 on @D,
Im@ z 0 0, 1 n 1, Imf 0 0, 0 m 2:
Thus f~ is given by the right-hand side of (24) with (240 ) and (2400 ). A particular solution
to @m1
f f~ is, see [2,5],
z
m1
~ 1
Sm1 fz
2m 2!
"
Z
2Re z
jj<1
m2
#
~
~
z f
1 z f
d d
z
1 z
1071
so that the general solution is

~
fz Sm1 fz
m
2
X
1
f zz
!
0
with analytic coefficients f in D. As
~ 0, 0 m 2,
Re@z Sm1 f~ 0 on @D, Im@z Sm1 f0
the f have to satisfy
Re
m2
X
0
1
f zz h on @D,
!
Imf 0 0, 0 m 2:
Hence, as in Lemma 3 for 0 m 2
f z
1
2i
m2
X
jj1
1
z d

h z
,
!
z
i.e.
m
2
X
1
1
f zz
!
2i
0
m
2
X
1
z d

h z z
:
!
z
jj1 0
3. Power series methods

In this section the Fourier method is used to solve the Dirichlet and the Neumann
problem for bi-polyanalytic functions.
THEOREM 6: Let g 2 C@D; R,
1 n 1,
and
2 C@D; C.
Then
for
1
1

, @nz 0 in D,
4
4
f , Re@z g on @D, Im@z 0 0, 1 n 1,
@z f
is solvable. The solution is given by

"
#
n1
znk1
1 X
u0 zz
fz
uk z
4 k1
n k 1!
"
#
n1
1 X
nk
z u~ k z u~ 0 z z
4 k1
40
1072
where u~ 0k z uk z. For 1 k n 1,
uk z
z
1
X
m0
1
X
ukm zm ,
u0 z
1
X
u0m zm ,
m0
bm zm ,
m0
where
ukm
i
nk1
X
jj1 0

m
X
1

mj j d:
g k
1 mj
mj
!
j0
41
For 0 k n 2,
u0nk1
n1 u
X
2nk1
1

2n k 1
1
1
2
um
n

m
1!
mk1,0,m1
#
42
2
eit eitnk dt,
"
u00
"
!
!
n1
u n
um
1 X

4 1 n 1
n m 1!
mn,,m1
"
!

Z
m
X
1 2

1
u
eit eit dt 2iIm
2 0
4 mn,,m1 n m 1!
#
!
Z
n1
u n
1 X
1 2
it it

e e dt :
4 1 n 1
2 0
1
2Re
4
43
For k n
u0k
n1
X
ukn
4 1

1 2
n
1!
1
2
eit eik1t dt:
44
For k 1
"
#
Z
n1
1 X
1 2
0
bk
ukn1 uk1
eit eirt dt,
4 1
2 0
45
!
"
##
Z
n1
n1
un1
1 X
1 X
1 2 it
u n1
0
u1
fe dt:
b0
4
4 1 n
2 0
n 1!
1
46
"
k m
Proof Using Leibniz rule, it is clear from Lemma 3, that uk z 1
m0 um z ,
k
1 k n 1, where um are given as in (41). Moreover,
"
#
"
#
n1
n1
1 X
1 X
znk1
u0 zz
fz
uk z
znk u~ k z u~ 0 z z,
4 k1
4 k1
n k 1!
where
(z) is an analytic function.
u0 z
1
X
1073
and u0 are required to be determined. Let

u0m zm ,
m0
1
X
bm z m :
m0
On @D
"
#
1 X
n
1
itmnk1
X
1 X
k e
0 im1t
e
u
u e
4 m0 k1 m n k 1! m0 m
it
"
#
1 X
n1
1
1
X
1 X
ukm itm1nk X
eitm1
0
e
um
bm eitm
4 m0 k1 m 1
m
1
m0
m0
"
#
n1 X
nk
n1 X
1 u k
1
itmnk1
X
X
1 X
mnk1 imt
k e
0 it
0
imt
e u0 e
u
um1 e
4 k1 m0 m n k 1! k1 m0 n k 1!
m0
"
n1 nk1
n1 X
1 k
X uk
X
umnk1 imt
1 X
m
eitmnk1
e
4 k1 m0 m 1
mnk
k1 m1
#
1
itm
X
e
u0m1
bm eitm :
m
m1
m0
1
X
Multiplying both sides by eit(nr), 0 r n 2, eit, etc. and integrating, leads for
0 r n 2 to
1
4
"
"
#
#
n1
um
1 X
u k2nkr1
0
u nr1
4 k1 2n k r
n m 1!
mr1,0,m1
X
Z
1 2 it itnr
fe e
dt,
2 0
"
#
"
#
n1
n1 k
uknk1
1 X
1 X
u nk1
0
u1
b0
4 k1 n k 1!
4 k1 n k
1
2
2
feit dt:
For r > n
"
#
Z
n1
u krnk1
1 X
1 2 it irt
0
u r1
fe e dt,
4 k1 n k 1!
2 0
1074
and for r 1
"
#
Z
n1
1 X
urnk1
1 2 it irt
0
ur1 br
fe e dt
4 k1 n k 1!
2 0
Simplifying these equations, the expressions in (42)(46) are attained.

THEOREM 7: Let g 2 C@D; R,
@z f
1
1

,
4
4
@f
and
@
Re
1 n 1,
and
2 C@D; C.
Then
for
@nz 0 in D,
@
g on @D,
@z
Im@z 0 0, 1 n 1,
is solvable under the solvability condition

"
n1 uk
n1
X
1 X
2n k 1
2nk1
2
uknk1
4 k1 n k 1!
nk2
k1
1
2
1
"
#
#
Z
1 2
u m
2it
n m 1
eit e dt
n m 1!
0
mn1,0,m1
X
"
#
Z
n2
1 X
1 2
k
2
eit dt,
u nk1
4
2
0
k1
where uk , k > 0, are as in Theorem 6. The solution is given by
"
#
1 X
n1
1
m nk1
X
1 X
k z z
0 m
fz
u
u z z
4 m0 k1 m n k 1! m0 m
"
#
1 X
n1
1
1
m1
m1
X
X
1 X
z
z
ukm
u0m
bm z m ,
znk
4 m0 k1 m 1
m1
m0
0
47
where for k > 0, ukm is given as in Theorem 6 and for 0 r n 2

u0nr1
n1
X
uk2nkr1
k1
1
2
3n 2k r 1

2n k r
1
"
X
mr1,0,m1
u m
#
n m 1
n m 1!
2
eit eitnr dt,

0
48
1075

X
1
um
n m 1
u00 2Re
4 mn,,m1 n m 1!
Z
n1
1X
2n k 1
1
u k
4 k1 nk n k 1
2
2
it
it
e e dt
0
49
"
X
1
nm1
um
2iIm
4 mn,,m1 n m 1!
n1
1X
2n k 1
1

u k
4 k1 nk n k 1
2
2
it
it
e e dt :
0
For r n
u0r
n1
X
uknkr
k1
2n k r 1
4 1
nkr1
1 2
2
eit eir1t dt,
50
b0 is arbitrary and for r 1

"
#
n1
1 X
2n k r
k
0
ur1 r 2
u
br
4r k1 rnk1 n k 1!
1
2r
Proof
2
eit eirt dt:
Let ukm , k 1, be as in Theorem 6. Putting z |z|ei ,
u0 z
1
X
m0
u0m zm ,
1
X
bm zm
m0
in (47), shows
"
#
1 X
n1
1
mnk1
X
1 X
k jzj
imnk1
0
m1 im1
e
u
um jzj e
fz
4 m0 k1 m n k 1!
m0
"
#
1 X
n1
1
1 X
jzjm1nk im1nk X
jzjm1 im1
k
0
e
e
u
um
4 m0 k1 m m 1
m1
m0
1
X
m0
bm jzjm eim :
51
1076
Calculating @f=@ on @D and rearranging the terms, gives

"
n1 X
nk
n X
1 u k
1 X
m n k 1 imnk1t X
m2nk1 imt
e
e
e
ukm
4 k1 m0
n k 1!
n
k 1!
k1 m0
it
u00 eit
1
X
#
u0m1 m 2eimt
m0
"
n1 nk1
X
1 X
m 1 n k im1nkt
e
u k
4 k1 m0 m
m1
#
1
1
X
X
m
2n

k
eimt
bm meimt :
u km1nk
u 0m1 eimt
mnk
m1
m1
k1 m1
n1 X
1
X
Multiplying both sides by eit(nr), 0 r n 2, eit etc. and integrating leads, for
0 r n 2, to
1
4
"
u m
mr1,0,m1
"
#
#
n1
nm1
1 X
3n 2k r
k
0
u nr1
u
n m 1!
4 k1 2nkr1 2n k r
1
4
"
X
mn,,m1
um
1
2
2
eit eitnr dt,
#
"
#
n1
nm1
1 X
2n k 1
0
k
0
u0
u0
u
n m 1!
4 k1 nk n k 1
1
2
2
eit eit dt,
"
#
"
#
n1 uk
n1
1 X
1 X
2nk1
0
k
2u1
2u
4 k1 n k 1!
4 k1 nk1
1
2
2
eit dt:
For r > n
"
#
Z
n1
1 X
2n k r
1 2
k
0
u r1
eit eirt dt
u nkr1
4 k1
nkr
2 0
and for r 1
"
#
Z
n1
1 X
2n k r
1 2
k
0
ur1 r 2 rbr
urnk1
eit eirt dt:
4 k1
n k 1!
2 0
Solving these equations gives (48)(51) along with the solvability condition.
1077
Remark: Note that if z az b, a, b being arbitrary constants, then f and can
be determined if f are given on @D satisfying
@z f
1
1

:
4
4
In this case
Z 2
4
a
feit e2it dt,
1 0
Z 2
Z 2
1

b Re
feit eit dt i Im
feit eit dt,

0
0
Z
Z
1 2 it
1 1 2 it 2it
b0
fe dt
fe e dt
2 0
1 0
and for m 1
bm
1
2
2
feit eimt dt:
Acknowledgment
The second author was supported by DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service)
reinvitation programme in summer 2003.
References
[1] Balk, M.B., 1991, Polyanalytic Functions (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag).
[2] Begehr, H., 1994, Complex Analytic Methods for Partial Differential Equations. An Introductory Text
(Singapore: World Scientific).
C. Journal fur die Reine und
[3] Begehr, H., 2002, Orthogonal decompositions of the functions space L2 D;
Angewandte Mathematik, 549, 191219.
[4] Begehr, H., 2002, Integral representations in complex, hypercomplex and Clifford analysis. Integral
Transforms and Special Functions, 13, 223241.
[5] Begehr, H. Hile, G.N., 1997, A hierarchy of integral operators. Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics,
27, 669706.
[6] Begehr, H., Kumar, A., 1993, Bi-analytic functions of several variables. Complex Variables, Theory and
Applications, 24, 89106.
[7] Begehr, H., Vanegas, C.J., 2006, Iterated Neumann Problem for the Higher Order Poisson Equation,
Mathematische Nachrichten, 279, 3857.
[8] Bitsadze, A.V., 1948, About the uniqueness of the Dirichlet problem for elliptic partial differential
equations. Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 3, 6(28), 211212 (Russian).
[9] Gakhov, F.D., 1966, Boundary Value Problems (Oxford: Pergamon).
[10] Hua, L.K., Lin, W., Wu, C.-Q., 1985, Second Order Systems of Partial Differential Equations in the Plane
(London: Pitman).
[11] Vekua, I.N., 1962, Generalized Analytic Functions (Oxford: Pergamon).

Boundary value problems for bi-polyanalytic functions in the unit disc

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Boundary value problems for bi-polyanalytic functions in the unit disc

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This article was downloaded by: [The University of British Columbia]

On: 10 December 2014, At: 23:32

Applicable Analysis: An International

Boundary value problems for bipolyanalytic functions

Heinrich Begehr & Ajay Kumar

I. Math. Inst., FU Berlin , Arnimallee 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany

Dept. Math. , Rajdhani College, Univ. of Delhi , Raja Garden,

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 23:32 10 December 2014

Boundary value problems for bi-polyanalytic

with real constants k, 0<k 1, and 6 0, 1, k2.

H. Begehr and A. Kumar

Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 23:32 10 December 2014

with constant 6 1, 0, 1 occurs being equivalent with

for n a natural number [1]. As the general solution to (3) is representable as

with analytic coefficients ak it is called a polyanalytic function of order n. Instead of (1)

On the other hand, if f satisfies (6) then

Boundary value problems for bi-polyanalytic functions

Besides (5), the system

Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 23:32 10 December 2014

will also be treated.

where for 0 m n, 0<m2 n2,

Moreover, T0,0 is understood as the identity operator, T0,0f f.

H. Begehr and A. Kumar

Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 23:32 10 December 2014

Besides T0,n for the unit disc D the operator

gives a particular solution to @nz w f.

Boundary value problems for bi-polyanalytic functions

leads to an analytic function

Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 23:32 10 December 2014

, jzj < 1 jj:

For the Neumann problem the so-called Neumann function

is important. In fact, this is a slight modification of the Neumann function

is uniquely solvable [7] by

H. Begehr and A. Kumar

Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 23:32 10 December 2014

This condition includes (17). By integrating

Boundary value problems for bi-polyanalytic functions

The boundary condition means

Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 23:32 10 December 2014

provides an analytic function in D assuming the boundary values

which is (20) and holds if and only if (18) is valid.

follows where the Poisson kernel is appearing.

H. Begehr and A. Kumar

is uniquely solvable if and only if

Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 23:32 10 December 2014

The solution then is

The function ! w T0,1 f satisfies

on @D, !0 c T0,1 f0:

The solution to this Neumann problem is on the basis of Lemma 1

Boundary value problems for bi-polyanalytic functions

Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 23:32 10 December 2014

2. Integral representations and boundary value problems

where ! T0,nw, !~ T~ n,0 w with w 1= z for fixed z 2 D.

Applying the Cauchy-Pompeiu formula [2,11]

Let now z 2 D be fixed and consider for w 1= z

H. Begehr and A. Kumar

Then the Gau theorem shows

Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 23:32 10 December 2014

This also follows from integrating the representation [4]

can be treated. Instead

and by applying the Gau theorem to

for z 2 D and any 2 N. Moreover,

THEOREM 2: Let for 1 n 1, g 2 C@D; R and 2 C@D; C. Then for

THEOREM 3: Let g 2 C@D; C, c 2 C

where the u are given according to (33) and

with the analytic functions u in D defined as in Lemma 5 where now gk 2 C@D; C,

THEOREM 5: Let m, n 2 N, 2 m, 1 n and h, g 2 C@D; R for 0 m 2,