Professional Documents
Culture Documents
International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Vol:3, No:8, 2009
International Science Index, Chemical and Molecular Engineering Vol:3, No:8, 2009 waset.org/Publication/4342
KeywordsHydration-dehydration
transesterification, biodiesel.
method,
nano
MgO,
I. INTRODUCTION
408
scholar.waset.org/1999.2/4342
x 100
International Science Index, Chemical and Molecular Engineering Vol:3, No:8, 2009 waset.org/Publication/4342
II. EXPERIMENTAL
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
40 - 120
300 - 485
512 - 558
610 - 640
640 - 682
Temperature range(C)
MgO + H2O
409
scholar.waset.org/1999.2/4342
Intensity
Cubic MgO
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
MgO-600
MgO-500
Fig. 4 XRD diffractogram for (a) Mg(OH)2 (b) MgO-400, (c) MgO500 and (d) MgO-600
MgO-400
%T
Mg(OH)2
4000.0
3600
3200
2800
2400
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
399.2
cm-1
D. Biodiesel Yield
The heterogeneous base catalysis transesterification
reaction using various temperatures of calcinations of nano
MgO is shown by Fig. 5. The production of biodiesel or also
known as FAME from palm oil was successfully plotted. In
this experiment no saponification was observed and proved
that the catalyst is free from any absorbed water. Fig. 5 also
depicts the percentage conversion of palm oil to biodiesel for
all catalysts.
60
P e rc e n ta g e o f C o n v e rs i o n (% )
International Science Index, Chemical and Molecular Engineering Vol:3, No:8, 2009 waset.org/Publication/4342
B. FTIR Spectra
Fig. 3 shows the FTIR spectra for Mg(OH)2 and the
prepared MgO which was heated at temperature 400 to 600C
in vacuum. There are two types of OH bonding exist in these
spectra. First, is the O-H stretching and bending bonded with
Mg and secondly, O-H stretching and bending attached at the
surface of the samples. The O-H stretching bonded with Mg
will be appeared as a sharp peak at 3702.62cm-1, bending
bond at 1490.38cm-1. For the second, O-H stretching appears
as a broad band at 3600 - 3200cm-1 while the bending at
1639.70cm-1. These bands had been previously characterized
by several researchers [17]. As the temperature was raised, the
peak intensity of O-H stretching bonded with Mg become
smaller at temperature 400C and finally disappears when the
temperature reaches 600C.
51.3
50
40
39.5
35.9
Series1
30
20
10
3.5
0
Commercial MgO
MgO-400
MgO-500
MgO-600
Samples
410
scholar.waset.org/1999.2/4342
(1)
O Mg
H O CH3
O Mg
CH3
H+
O Mg
-
O
O C
CH3
H+
O-
R1
OH
-
O
O C
O
R2
International Science Index, Chemical and Molecular Engineering Vol:3, No:8, 2009 waset.org/Publication/4342
O C
R2
O C
O
R3
O C
(2)
CH3
R2
O C
(3)
R3
O C
R3
IV. CONCLUSION
O
H3C
O C
R1
OH
OH
O Mg
H+
OH
-
(4)
O C
O-
CH3
R3
O C
R3
O
[1]
OH
H3C
O C
R2
OH
[2]
-
O Mg
O
[3]
H+
[4]
OH
O
H3C
O C
[5]
OH
R2
O Mg
O
[6]
OH
(5)
Fig. 6 Proposed mechanism reaction for transesterification of palm
oil to biodiesel using the prepared nano MgO
[7]
[8]
[9]
411
REFERENCES
A. Ishizaki, K. Sonomoto, G. Kobayashi, C. Nolasco-Hipolito and E.
Crabbe. Biodiesel production from crude palm oil and evaluation of
butanol extraction and fuel properties. Process Biochemistry, vol 37
(1). pg 65 71.2001.
Y.C. Sharma, B. Singh and S.N. Upadhyay. Advancements in
Development and Characterization of Biodiesel: A review. Fuel, vol
87. pg 2355 2373.2008.
E.G. Shay. Diesel Fuel from Vegetable Oils: Status and Opportunities.
Biomass and Bioenergy, vol 4.pg 227 242. 1993.
T. Krawczyk. Biodiesel Alternative Fuel Makes Inroads but Hurdles
Remain. INFORM, vol 7. pg 801 829. 1996
T.F. Dossin, M.F. Reyniers and G.B. Marin. Kinetics of
Heterogeneously
MgO-Catalyzed
Transesterification.
Applied
Chemistry B: Environmental, vol 61. 35 45. 2006
T.F. Dossin, M.F. Reyniers, R.J. Berger and G.B. Marin. Simulation of
Heterogeneously MgO-Catalyzed Transesterification for Fine-chemical
and Biodiesel Industrial Production. Applied Chemistry B:
Environmental, vol 67. pg 136 148. 2006.
L.C. Meher, D. Vidya Sagar and S.N. Naik. Technical Aspects of
Biodiesel Production by Transesterification A Review. Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol 10. pg 248 268. 2006.
A. Srivastava and R. Prasad. Triglyceride-based Diesel Fuels.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol 4. pg 111 133. 2000.
S. Zheng, M. Kates, M.A. Dube and D.D. McLean. Acid-Catalyzed
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Frying Oil. Biomass and
Bioenergy, vol 30. pg 267 272. 2006.
scholar.waset.org/1999.2/4342
International Science Index, Chemical and Molecular Engineering Vol:3, No:8, 2009 waset.org/Publication/4342
412
scholar.waset.org/1999.2/4342