International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 3, No.

6, December 2011

PWM Speed Control of ACSingle Phase Induction Motor

Using MCUSeries Combined With TRIACTechnology
R.Khan and M.M.S. Riyadh

AbstractSingle phase induction motor has been used

widely in discipline industry and household where a simple
motor starter can't let vary speed in starting and also running
with mechanical load. This paper introduces a method for
controlling the speed of an AC single phase induction motor.
Combination of micro controller unit & TRIAC has been used.
A single phase induction motor adjustable speed control is
implemented with hardware setup and software program. The
main feature used in PIC17C756 microcontroller to control
speed is pulse width modulation technique. Voltage drop
across two terminals of TRIAC MT1 and MT2 is controlled
with its gate voltage. Gate is controlled by DIAC and its input
is controlled by an R-C triggering circuit. In triggering circuit
variable resistor is used to vary TRIAC gate voltage through
DIAC. DIAC gate voltage, TRIAC input voltage and output
voltage are also simulated by Electronic Workbench
software. One chip and re-programmable ROM avoids nonlinearity and it can replace mechanical speed variation. Output
voltage and capacity of the system can also be varied.
Index TermsPulse width modulation, micro controller unit,
triode for alternating current, diode for alternating current,
silicon controlled rectifier, metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistor.

switching elements e.g. thyristors, MOSFET, solid state

relays, or transistors [5].
PWM is a commonly used technique for controlling
power to inertial electrical devices, made practical by
modern electronic power switches [6]. The average value of
voltage and current fed to the load is controlled by turning
the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast pace.
The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the
higher the power supplied to the load is. Duty cycle
describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval
or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low
power, because the power is off for most of the time [7].
In this paper, the basic principles and operation of PWM
inverters for ACMC applications using Induction Motor
controller devices has been outlined [8]. PIC17C756
microcontroller, TRIAC and DIAC are used to control the
speed of the DC motor. The performance of the proposed
system in Electronic Workbench software has been
evaluated in terms of duty cycle, PWM and output voltage.

II. INDUCTION MOTORS

I. INTRODUCTION

In an induction motor, power is supplied to the rotor by

means of electromagnetic induction. If a single phase
voltage is applied to the stator, current will start flowing.
This current produces a magnetic field BS, which will rotate
in a counter clock wise direction. Speed of the magnetic
fields rotation is given by (1),

An induction or asynchronous motor is a type of AC

motor where power is supplied to the rotor by means of
electromagnetic induction, rather than by slip rings and
commutators as in slip-ring AC motors [1]. Single phase
induction motor is the most familiar of all electric motors &
they are similar to a 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor.
It has a squirrel-cage rotor identical to a 3-phase motor and
a single phase winding on the stator [2].
There are several methods for controlling the speed of
DC motors. One simple method is to varying frequency and
voltage of the motor. Another method is controlling SCR for
DC motors convert AC power to direct current, with
adjustable voltage [3]. In PWM method, pulse width
modulation is used to regulate the current sent to the motor.
Unlike SCR method which switch at line frequency,
PWM controls produce smoother current at higher
switching frequencies, typically between 1 and 20 kHz [4].
At 20 kHz, the switching frequency is inaudible to
humans, thereby eliminating the hum which switching at
lower frequency produces. However, some motor
controllers for radio controlled models make use of the
motor to produce audible sound, most commonly simple
beeps. A PWM controller typically contains a large
reservoir capacitor and an H-bridge arrangement of

nsync =

(1)

where f is the system frequency and P is the number of

poles. This rotating magnetic field BS passes over the rotor
bars and induces a voltage in them, which is given by (2)
eind = (v B). l

(2)

where, vis the velocity of the rotor relative to the magnetic

field and lis the length of conductor.There will be rotor
current flow which would be lagging due to the fact that the
rotor has an inductive element. The rotor current will
produce a magnetic field at the rotor, BR. The interaction
between both magnetic field would produce torque
according to (3),
ind = kBR BS

(3)

The resulting torque is counter clockwise. Since the rotor

induced torque is counter clockwise, the rotor accelerates in
that direction. In normal operation both the rotor and stator

Manuscript received October 3, 2011; revised December 12, 2011.

The authors are with with Islamic University of Technology,
Bangladesh
(e-mail:
riasatkhan87@hotmail.com;
e-mail:
mdriyadhsharif@gmail.com).

865

International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2011

Iff the load in ann induction inccreases, its sliip increases, and
a
r
speed fallls. Since the rotor speed iss slower, theree is
the rotor
no more
m
relative motion betw
ween the rotorr and the stator
mag
gnetic fields. Greater
G
relativve motion prod
duces a strongger
rotorr voltage ER which in tuurn produces a larger rotor
curreent IR. With a larger rotor current, rotorr magnetic fieeld
BR also
a
increasess. However thhe angle of th
he rotor curreent
and BR changes as
a well. Since rotor slip is larger, the rotor
uency rises, and rotor reaactance increeases. The rotor
frequ
curreent lags furthher behind thee rotor voltag
ge, and the rotor
mag
gnetic field shiifts the currennt. Fig. 2 show
ws the inductiion
operrating at a fairrly high load.. The increasee in BR tends to
increease the torqque, while inncrease in an
ngle tends to
decrrease the torquue. The overalll induced torrque increasess to
supp
ply the motors increased looad.

magnetic field BR and BS rotates at syynchronous sppeed,

m
w
while
the rotor itself turns at a slower speeed.
m
The voltage induced in a rotor of ann induction motor
deepends on the speed of rotoor relative to thhe magnetic fields.
fi
Sllip speed,nslipp is as the diifference betw
ween synchroonous
sppeed and rotorr speed.
nslip =nsync nm

(4)

where, nm is mechanical shaft

w
s
speed of
o motor. Sllip is
reelative speed expressed onn a percentagge basis, which is
giiven by (5)
s=

(5)
(

If the rotor tuurns at synchrronous speed, s = 0, while if the

rootor is stationnary, s = 1. All normal motor speedss fall
soomewhere betw
ween those tw
wo limits.
IIII. TORQUE-SPEED
CHARAC
P
CTERISTICS
A net magnetic field,, Bnet is produced
p
by the
magnetization current, IM. The maagnitude of the
m
m
magnetization
current andd hence of Bnet is dirrectly
prroportional to the voltage E1. If E1 is connstant, then thhe net
m
magnetic
field,, Bnet in the motor
m
is consstant. In an actual
a
m
motor,
E1 variies as the loaad changes, because
b
the stator
s
im
mpedances cauuse varying voltage
v
drops with varying load.
H
However,
thesee drops in thee stator winddings are relattively
sm
mall, so E1 is approximately
a
y constant withh changes in load.
l
At no load, the
t rotor slip is
i very small, and so the rellative
m
motion
betweeen the rotor and
a the magnnetic field is very
sm
mall, and rotoor frequency is
i very small.. This conditiion is
shhown in Fig.1. Since the rootor motion is small, the vooltage
ER induced in the rotor iss very small and the resuulting
cuurrent IRis smaall. Because thhe rotor frequency is very small,
s
thhe reactance of
o the rotor is nearly zero, and the maxiimum
rootor current IR is almost in phase
p
with the rotor voltagge ER.
Thhe rotor curreent thus produces a small magnetic
m
field BR at
ann angle just slightly greaater than 9000 behind thee net
m
magnetic
field,, Bnet. The innduces torque, which keepps the
rootor running iss given by (6)
ind = kBR Bnet

Fig. 2. Magnnetic field in an innduction under heeavy loads

IV. TORQUEE-SPEED CURV

VE
Th
he induction motor
m
torque--speed charactteristics curvee is
show
wn is Fig.3. The
T induced toorque of the motor
m
is zeroo at
syncchronous speeed. The torquee-speed curvee is nearly lineear
betw
ween no load and
a full load. There is a maaximum possibble
torqu
ue that cannoot be exceedeed. This torqu
ue is pull-out or
breaakdown torquee, is 2 to 3 tim
mes the rated full load torqque
of th
he motor. Thhe starting torrque of the motor
m
is slighhtly
largeer than its fuull load torquue, so this motor
m
will sttart
carry
ying any load that it can suppply at full po
ower.

(6)

Fig. 3. Inductioon Motor Torquee-Speed Characterristics Curve

Th
he torque on the motor foor a given sliip varies as the
t
squaare of the appplied voltage. If the rotor of
o the inductiion
moto
or is driven faster than ssynchronous speed, then the
t
direcction of the innduced torquee in the mach
hine reverses. If
the motor
m
is turninng backward rrelative to thee direction of the
t
mag
gnetic fields, thhe induced torque will stop
p the motor veery
rapid
dly and will try
t to rotate itt in the other direction. Sinnce
reveersing the direction of magnnetic field rotaation is simplyy a
mattter of switchhing any twoo stator phasses. The act of
switching two phaases in order tto stop the mo
otor very rapiddly

Fig. 1. Magnetic
M
field in an induction undder light loads

Since the rottor magnetic field is very small, the indduced

toorque is also quite
q
small. Itss magnitude iss given by (7)
ind = kBRBnet sin

(7)

866

International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2011

is called pluggiing. The poweer converted too mechanical form

inn an induction motor is giveen by (8)
Pconv = indm

VIII. HAR
RDWARE VIEW
W

(8)

w
where,
e angular velocity of the mootor.
m is the
PWM Motorr Control
PWM is a method
m
for biinary signals generation, which
w
haas two signal periods
p
(high and low).Thee width, W off each
puulse varies beetween 0 and the period,T..A PWM signnal is
geenerated by using
u
the timeer and the coomparator [9].. The
coontroller consstantly checkss for zero crossings through the
coomparator. If the conditionn is true the output
o
pin wiill be
clleared and thee timer will start.
s
The tim
mer counts upp to a
ceertain value. If
I it reaches a predefined value
v
it is stoopped
annd reset for thhe next cyclee. The outputt pin will alsoo set.
Thhis cycle will
w
repeat byy waiting foor the next zero
crrossing[10].

IX. RESU
ULT
TA
ABLE I:RESULT
T AT NO-LOAD

RCUIT ELEMEN
NTS
V. CIR

M
PIC17C756 Microcontrolller, MAC2233A TRIAC, MOC
30011 TRIAC Driver,
D
DIAC,, Transformerr, Rectifier Brridge,
LC
CD Displayy, Rewritablee Cartridge Fuse, Indiicator
LiightResistor, Capacitor.
C
RCUIT DIAGRA
AM
VI. CIR

VII.

L
FLOW
CHART

F
Fig.4.
Voltage vs sspeed at no-load
T
TABLE
II: RESULLT AT ON-LOAD

867

International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2011

and if TRIAC MT
T1-MT2 acrosss drop decreaases motor inpput
voltaage increases. When the m
motor runs at no-load, ratted
RPM
M reaches at 65V only. W
When the moto
or runs at loaad,
RPM
M reaches at raated value graadually.Electro
onic Workbennch
softw
ware has beenn used to evaluate the resullts. By hardwaare
impllementation and
a program tthe two appro
oaches the sam
me
result. The propposed system
m can avoid
d non linearrity
prob
blems on speedd control and mechanical sp
peed variationn.

XII.

Fig. 5. Voltage vs speed at no-looad

X
X.

FUTTURE WORKS

Mathematical
M
m
model
can bee obtained fro
om the graph of
the motor
m
speed response. Froom the matheematical moddel,
using MATLAB improved mootor speed can
n be obtained by
using controller package e.g. PID controlller, fuzzy loggic
H
voltagge and poweer can also be
conttroller, etc. Higher
obtaained by usingg IGBT. Fullyy automatic PLC based speeed
conttroller also cann be designed for better reliiability.

INPUT-OUTPUT WAV
VEFORM

REFEREENCES
[1]

S. J. Chapman,, Electric Machiinery Fundamen

ntals, McGraw-H
Hill,
2005, pp. 381-3885.
[2] V. K. Mehta andd R. Mehta, Objecctive Electrical Technology,
T
S.Chaand,
2007, pp. 637-6338.
[3] I. M. Gottlieb, Electric
E
Motors and Control Tecchniques, McGraawHill, February 1,, 1994.
[4] I. M. Gottlieb, Practical
P
Electricc Motor Handboo
ok, Newnes, Octoober
8, 1997.
[5] F. B. Crocker annd M. Arendt, E
Electric motors, their
t
action, conttrol
and application,N
New York, D. Vaan Nostrand Com
mpany.
[6] B. P. Lathi,Moddern Digital andd Analog Comm
munication Systeems,
Oxford University Press, 2007, ppp. 260-263.
[7] http://en.wikipeddia.org/wiki/Dutyy_cycle.
[8] J. A. Houldswoorth and W.B. R
Rosink, Introduction to PWM Speed
Control System for
f Three Phase AC motors, Elecctronic Componeents
and ications, Voll.2, No.2, Februarry 1980.
[9] D.A.Grant, J.A.H
Houldsworth, K.N
N.Lower, A new
w high-quality PW
WM
AC drive, IEEE
E Transactions, V
Vol. IA-19, No 2, 1983.
[10] J.E.Gilliam, J.A.Houldsworth, L
L.Hadley, Variab
ble Speed Inducttion
Motor with Inteegral Ultrasonic PWM Inverter, IEEE Conferennce,
APEC,pp. 92-96,1988.

XI.

R. Khan receivved B.Sc in Electtrical and Electroonic

Engineering froom Islamic Univeersity of Technoloogy
(IUT) in 2010. He is student of
o M.Sc Eng. In the
institute of Reenewable Energy
y of University of
Dhaka. Currently, He is workiing as a lecturerr in
Electronic Engineeering department of
Electrical and E
Green Universsity of Banglad
desh. His reseaarch
interests includde power systemss, power electronnics
and renewable eenergy.

CONCLUSIONSS

In this paperr, microcontrooller PIC17C7756 has been used

foor PWM adjuustable speedd control. Thhe circuit caan be
diivided in thhree moduless. The firstt module is the
traansformer andd rectifier. Att the end of thhis stage theree is a
reectified AC wave
w
at 120 Hz at half of thhe original vooltage
peeak-peak. Thee next modulee is zero crosss detection ciircuit.
Too test this moodule MCU iss needed withh program runnning
[88]. The designnated output pin
p of the MC
CU is expectted to
haave a pulse at
a 120 Hz. MOC
M
and TR
RIAC are thee last
m
modules.TRIAC
C has three teerminals (MT1, MT2 and Gate).
G
Itss voltage dropp across MT1 and MT2 caan be controlleed by
coontrolling its gate
g
voltage. In the circuitt gate is contrrolled
byy DIAC. DIA
AC input is controlled by an R-C trigggering
ciircuit [9]. In trriggering circuuit there is a variable
v
Resisttor to
vaary TRIAC gate
g
voltage trough DIAC
C. As TRIA
AC is
coonnected in series with Motor input so, if TRIAC MT1M
M
MT2
across drrop increases Motor input voltage decrreases

M. M. S. Riyyadhreceived B.S
Sc in Electrical and
a
Electronic Enggineering from Isslamic Universityy of
Technology (IIUT) in 2010. Hee worked at Huaw
wei
Technologies (BD) Ltd. as a BSS
B Engineer. Noow,
a
he is servingg as a Lecturerr in Electrical and
Electronic Enngineering departtment of Universsity
of Informationn Technology an
nd Sciences (UIT
TS).
His research interests includee power electronnics,
biomedical im
maging, LTE techn
nology.

868