Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GASTROENTERITIS
Created by
Ahmad Fauzan
Ervina Martha
Marifatulloh A.A
Risma Yunita
Tiara Uswatun
SUPERIOR PROGRAM
HEALTH POLYTECHNIC OF JAKARTA III
2013
1
Contains
Chapter I
1.1.
Background
3
1.2.
Purpose
.3
1.3.
Scope
of
writing..3
1.4.
Writing
Methodology..4
1.5.
Writing
Systematic....4
Chapter II
2.1 Definition
.5
2.2 Anatomy and
physiology..5
2.3 Pathophysiology
/Etiology..6
2.4 Pathologic
Changes.6
2.5 Type of
Gastroenteritis.7
2.6 Signs and
Symptoms..7
2.7 Incidence
/Prevalence7
2.8 Diagnostic
Examination..8
2.9 Medical
Treatment...8
2.10
Pharmacology...8
2.11 Nursing Care
Plan...9
Chapter III
3.1
Conclusion15
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Gastroenteritis or infectious
diarrhea is
medical
condition
both
intestine ("entero"-),
resulting
of diarrhea, vomiting,
and
[1]
in
and
some
abdominal pain
the small
combination
and
cramping.
1.2
Purpose
emergency
treatment
of
Gastroenteritis.
1.2.6 Summarize prevention measures for Gastroenteritis
1.2.7 Define the nursing care plan for client with Gastroenteritis
1.3
Scope of writing
Writer describe this paper with the scope of
Gastroenteritis
1.4
Writing Methodology
The author uses the literature method which is a method that
1.5
Writing Systematic
This paper consists of 4 chapters, the 1 st chapter is the
to
this
paper
about
Gastroenteritis.
the
Nursing
Diagnosis
of
CHAPTER II
THEORY
2.1 Definition
Gastroenteritis (GE) is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the
stomach and intestinal tract .It primarily affects the small bowel and can be
of either viral or bacterial origin.Both the viral and bacterial forms have
similar manifestations and are considered self-limiting in their course unless
complications occur.All organisms that are implicated in gastroenteritis cause
diarrhea
The intestines are a long, continuous tube running from the stomach to
the anus. Most absorption of nutrients and water happen in the
intestines. The intestines include the small intestine, large intestine,
and rectum.
The small intestine (small bowel) is about 20 feet long and about an
inch in diameter. Its job is to absorb most of the nutrients from what
we eat and drink. Velvety tissue lines the small intestine, which is
divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
The large intestine (colon or large bowel) is about 5 feet long and
about 3 inches in diameter. The colon absorbs water from wastes,
creating stool. As stool enters the rectum, nerves there create the urge
to defecate.
occurs,often with white blood cells or red blood cells (e.g.,Shigella and
campylobacter).
The organism attaches to mucosal epithelium but does not penetrate
it.Cells of the intestinal villi are destroyed,and malabsorption results
(e.g rotavirus).
Campylobacter enteritis
E.coli diarrhea
Shigellosis
Abdominal cramps
Abdominal pain
Bloody stools
Loss of appetite
Crampy pains in your abdomen (tummy) are common. Pains may ease
for a while each time you pass some diarrhoea.
If vomiting occurs, it often lasts only a day or so, but sometimes longer.
Diarrhoea often continues after the vomiting stops and commonly lasts for
several days or more. Slightly loose stools may persist for a week or so
further before a normal pattern returns. Sometimes the symptoms last
longer.
2.7
Incidence /Prevalence
8
2.10 Pharmacology
9
Organism
Antibiotic
Vibrio cholerae
Clostridium difficile
Shigella
Ciprofloxacin, TMP/SMX
Metronidazole, Nitazoxanide
Entamoeba histolytica
Nitazoxanide
Campylobacter jejuni
Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin
anxiety
increased body temperature(fever)
anorexia
diarrhea.
nausea,
vomiting,
weight loss
The pattern of sleep and rest will be disturbed because of abdominal
distension that would cause discomfort.
Pattern hygiene: bathing habits every day.
Activities: will be disturbed because the body is very weakness and the
pain due to abdominal distension.
The main complaint:
11
B. Nursing Diagnosis
Volume of fluid and electrolyte deficit is less than body
requirements related to excessive fluid output.
Impaired nutritional needs less than the body needs related with
nausea and vomiting.
Impaired skin integrity related to the irritation, the frequency of
excessive.
Impaired sense of comfort pain associated with abdominal
distension.
Lack of knowledge related to the lack of information about
illness, prognosis and treatment.
Anxiety associated with separation from parents, a scary
procedure.
C. Intervention
Diagnosis 1.
Volume of fluid and electrolyte deficit is less than body requirements
related to excessive fluid output.
Objectives:
Devisit fluid and electrolyte resolved
Criteria results:
Signs of dehydration are not available, oral mucosa and lips moist, wellbalanced fluid balan
Intervention
Observation of vital signs. Observation for signs of dehydration. Measure
input and output of fluid (balaningg fluid). Provide and encourage families
to provide drinking a lot less than 2000 - 2500 cc per day. Collaboration
with physicians in providing therapy fluid, electrolyte lab examination.
Collaboration with the nutrition team in the provision of low-sodium fluids.
Diagnosis 2.
Impaired nutritional needs less than the body needs related with nausea
and vomiting.
12
Objectives:
Impaired nutritional needs resolved
Criteria results:
Clients increased nutritional intake, diet out 1 portion of which is provided,
nausea, vomiting does not exist.
Intervention:
Assess client's nutritional patterns and changes that occur. Weigh weight
loss clients. Assess the factors causing the fulfillment of nutritional
disorders. Perform physical examination of the abdomen (palpation,
percussion, and auscultation). Give a warm conditions and diet in small
portions but frequently. Collaboration with a team of nutrition in
determining the client's diet.
Diagnosis 3.
Impaired skin integrity related to the irritation, the frequency of excessive
defecation .
Objectives:
Impaired skin integrity resolved
Criteria results:
Skin integrity returns to normal, no irritation, signs of infection does not exist
Intervention:
frequent stools that are rich in electrolytes and enzymes,and frequent wiping
and washing of the anal region can irritate the skin.The nurse teaches the
client to avoid toilet paper,washcloths,towels and harsh soaps.Ideally,the
client can gently clean the area with warm water or absorbent
cotton,followed by thorough,drying with absorbent cotton.If stool sticks to
excoriated skin ,the client can apply a cream oil or gel on a damp,warm
washcloth to facilitate removal of stool hydrocortisone cream or protective
barrier cream should be applied to the skin between stools.
13
Diagnosis 4.
Impaired sense of comfort pain associated with abdominal distension.
Objectives:
Pain can be resolved
Criteria results:
Pain can be reduced , calm facial expression
Intervention:
Observation of vital signs. Assess the level of pain. Set a comfortable
position for the client. Give a warm compress on the area abdoment.
Collaboration with physicians in providing therafi analgesics as indicated.
Diagnosis 5.
Lack of knowledge related to the lack of information about illness, prognosis
and treatment.
Objectives:
Increasing family knowledge
Criteria results:
Client families with the disease process client horrible, calm facial
expression, many families are not asked again about the client's disease
process.
Intervention:
Assess client's level of family education. Assess the level family knowledge
about the disease process client. Explain about the disease process with the
client through health education. Provide opportunities for families when there
is not incomprehensible. Involve families in the provision of action on the
client.
D. Evaluation
The volume of fluid and electrolytes returned to normal as needed.
Nutritional needs are met in accordance to basic human needs.
Skin integrity back normal.
14
Health Teaching
The nurse teaches the client and the family about the importance of
minimizing the risk of transmission of gastroenteritis.Clients are advised to
15
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
3.1
Conclusion
16