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Electricgenerator
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Inelectricitygeneration,ageneratoris
adevicethatconvertsmechanical
energytoelectricalenergyforuseinan
externalcircuit.Thesourceof
mechanicalenergymayvarywidely
fromahandcranktoaninternal
combustionengine.Generatorsprovide
nearlyallofthepowerforelectric
powergrids.
Thereverseconversionofelectrical
energyintomechanicalenergyisdone
byanelectricmotor,andmotorsand
generatorshavemanysimilarities.
Manymotorscanbemechanically
driventogenerateelectricityand
frequentlymakeacceptablegenerators.

U.S.NRCimageofamodernsteamturbinegenerator(STG).

Contents
1 Terminology
2 History
2.1 Theoreticaldevelopment
2.2 Directcurrentgenerators
2.3 Alternatingcurrentgenerators
2.4 Selfexcitation
3 Specializedtypesofgenerator
3.1 Directcurrent
3.1.1 Homopolargenerator
3.1.2 MHDgenerator
3.2 Alternatingcurrent
3.2.1 Inductiongenerator
3.2.2 Linearelectricgenerator
3.2.3 Variablespeedconstantfrequencygenerators
4 Commonusecases
4.1 Vehiculargenerators
4.1.1 Roadwayvehicles
4.1.2 Bicycles
4.1.3 Sailboats
4.2 Genset
4.3 Humanpoweredelectricalgenerators
4.4 Mechanicalmeasurement
5 Equivalentcircuit
6 Seealso

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6 Seealso
7 References
8 Externallinks

Terminology
Electromagneticgeneratorsfallintooneoftwobroadcategories,
dynamosandalternators.
Dynamosgeneratedirectcurrent,usuallywithvoltageor
currentfluctuations,usuallythroughtheuseofacommutator
Alternatorsgeneratealternatingcurrent,whichmaybe
rectifiedbyanother(externalordirectlyincorporated)system.
Mechanical:
Rotor:Therotatingpartofanelectricalmachine
Stator:Thestationarypartofanelectricalmachine

EarlyGanzGeneratorinZwevegem,
WestFlanders,Belgium

Electrical:
Armature:Thepowerproducingcomponentofanelectricalmachine.Inagenerator,alternator,or
dynamothearmaturewindingsgeneratetheelectriccurrent.Thearmaturecanbeoneithertherotor
orthestator.
Field:Themagneticfieldcomponentofanelectricalmachine.Themagneticfieldofthedynamoor
alternatorcanbeprovidedbyeitherelectromagnetsorpermanentmagnetsmountedoneitherthe
rotororthestator.

History
Beforetheconnectionbetweenmagnetismandelectricitywasdiscovered,electrostaticgeneratorswere
used.Theyoperatedonelectrostaticprinciples.Suchgeneratorsgeneratedveryhighvoltageandlow
current.Theyoperatedbyusingmovingelectricallychargedbelts,plates,anddisksthatcarriedchargetoa
highpotentialelectrode.Thechargewasgeneratedusingeitheroftwomechanisms:Electrostaticinduction
andthetriboelectriceffect.Becauseoftheirinefficiencyandthedifficultyofinsulatingmachinesthat
producedveryhighvoltages,electrostaticgeneratorshadlowpowerratings,andwereneverusedfor
generationofcommerciallysignificantquantitiesofelectricpower,evenatthetimeofitsdevelopment.

Theoreticaldevelopment
Theoperatingprincipleofelectromagneticgeneratorswasdiscoveredintheyearsof18311832by
MichaelFaraday.Theprinciple,latercalledFaraday'slaw,isthatanelectromotiveforceisgeneratedinan
electricalconductorwhichencirclesavaryingmagneticflux.
Healsobuiltthefirstelectromagneticgenerator,calledtheFaradaydisk,atypeofhomopolargenerator,
usingacopperdiscrotatingbetweenthepolesofahorseshoemagnet.ItproducedasmallDCvoltage.
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Thisdesignwasinefficient,duetoselfcancellingcounterflowsof
currentinregionsthatwerenotundertheinfluenceofthemagnetic
field.Whilecurrentwasinduceddirectlyunderneaththemagnet,the
currentwouldcirculatebackwardsinregionsthatwereoutsidethe
influenceofthemagneticfield.Thiscounterflowlimitedthepower
outputtothepickupwires,andinducedwasteheatingofthecopper
disc.Laterhomopolargeneratorswouldsolvethisproblembyusing
anarrayofmagnetsarrangedaroundthediscperimetertomaintain
asteadyfieldeffectinonecurrentflowdirection.
Anotherdisadvantagewasthattheoutputvoltagewasverylow,due
tothesinglecurrentpaththroughthemagneticflux.Experimenters
foundthatusingmultipleturnsofwireinacoilcouldproduce
higher,moreusefulvoltages.Sincetheoutputvoltageis
proportionaltothenumberofturns,generatorscouldbeeasily
designedtoproduceanydesiredvoltagebyvaryingthenumberof
turns.Wirewindingsbecameabasicfeatureofallsubsequent
generatordesigns.

TheFaradaydiskwasthefirstelectric
generator.Thehorseshoeshaped
magnet(A)createdamagneticfield
throughthedisk(D).Whenthedisk
wasturned,thisinducedanelectric
currentradiallyoutwardfromthe
centertowardtherim.Thecurrent
flowedoutthroughtheslidingspring
contactm,throughtheexternal
circuit,andbackintothecenterofthe
diskthroughtheaxle.

IndependentlyofFaraday,theHungarianAnyosJedlikstarted
experimentingin1827withtheelectromagneticrotatingdevices
whichhecalledelectromagneticselfrotors.Intheprototypeofthe
singlepoleelectricstarter(finishedbetween1852and1854)both
thestationaryandtherevolvingpartswereelectromagnetic.Healsomayhaveformulatedtheconceptof
thedynamoin1861(beforeSiemensandWheatstone)butdidn'tpatentitashethoughthewasn'tthefirstto
realizethis.[1]

Directcurrentgenerators
Thedynamowasthefirstelectricalgeneratorcapableof
deliveringpowerforindustry.Thedynamouses
electromagneticinductiontoconvertmechanical
rotationintodirectcurrentthroughtheuseofa
commutator.AnearlydynamowasbuiltbyHippolyte
Pixiiin1832.
TheWoolrichElectricalGeneratorof1844,nowin
Thinktank,BirminghamScienceMuseum,isthe
earliestelectricalgeneratorusedinanindustrial
process.[2]ItwasusedbythefirmofElkingtonsfor
commercialelectroplating.[3][4][5]
Themoderndynamo,fitforuseinindustrial
applications,wasinventedindependentlybySirCharles
Wheatstone,WernervonSiemensandSamuelAlfred
Varley.Varleytookoutapatenton24December1866,

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Thislargebeltdrivenhighcurrentdynamo
produced310amperesat7volts.Dynamosareno
longerusedduetothesizeandcomplexityofthe
commutatorneededforhighpowerapplications.

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whileSiemensandWheatstonebothannouncedtheirdiscoverieson
17January1867,thelatterdeliveringapaperonhisdiscoverytothe
RoyalSociety.
The"dynamoelectricmachine"employedselfpowering
electromagneticfieldcoilsratherthanpermanentmagnetstocreate
thestatorfield.[6]Wheatstone'sdesignwassimilartoSiemens',with
thedifferencethatintheSiemensdesignthestatorelectromagnets
wereinserieswiththerotor,butinWheatstone'sdesigntheywere
inparallel.[7]Theuseofelectromagnetsratherthanpermanent
magnetsgreatlyincreasedthepoweroutputofadynamoand
enabledhighpowergenerationforthefirsttime.Thisinventionled
directlytothefirstmajorindustrialusesofelectricity.Forexample,
inthe1870sSiemensusedelectromagneticdynamostopower
electricarcfurnacesfortheproductionofmetalsandother
materials.
WoolrichElectricalGeneratorin

Thedynamomachinethatwasdevelopedconsistedofastationary
Thinktank,Birmingham
structure,whichprovidesthemagneticfield,andasetofrotating
windingswhichturnwithinthatfield.Onlargermachinesthe
constantmagneticfieldisprovidedbyoneormoreelectromagnets,whichareusuallycalledfieldcoils.
Largepowergenerationdynamosarenowrarelyseenduetothenownearlyuniversaluseofalternating
currentforpowerdistribution.BeforetheadoptionofAC,verylargedirectcurrentdynamosweretheonly
meansofpowergenerationanddistribution.AChascometodominateduetotheabilityofACtobeeasily
transformedtoandfromveryhighvoltagestopermitlowlossesoverlargedistances.

Alternatingcurrentgenerators
Throughaseriesofdiscoveries,thedynamowassucceededby
manylaterinventions,especiallytheACalternator,whichwas
capableofgeneratingalternatingcurrent.
Alternatingcurrentgeneratingsystemswereknowninsimpleforms
fromMichaelFaraday'soriginaldiscoveryofthemagneticinduction
ofelectriccurrent.Faradayhimselfbuiltanearlyalternator.His
machinewasa"rotatingrectangle",whoseoperationwas
heteropolareachactiveconductorpassedsuccessivelythrough
regionswherethemagneticfieldwasinoppositedirections.[8]
Largetwophasealternatingcurrentgeneratorswerebuiltbya
Britishelectrician,J.E.H.Gordon,in1882.Thefirstpublic
demonstrationofan"alternatorsystem"wasgivenbyWilliam
Stanley,Jr.,anemployeeofWestinghouseElectricin1886.[9]

Ferrantialternatingcurrentgenerator,
c.1900.

SebastianZianideFerrantiestablishedFerranti,ThompsonandIncein1882,tomarkethisFerranti
ThompsonAlternator,inventedwiththehelpofrenownedphysicistLordKelvin.[10]Hisearlyalternators
producedfrequenciesbetween100and300Hz.FerrantiwentontodesigntheDeptfordPowerStationfor
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theLondonElectricSupplyCorporationin1887usinganalternatingcurrentsystem.Onitscompletionin
1891,itwasthefirsttrulymodernpowerstation,supplyinghighvoltageACpowerthatwasthen"stepped
down"forconsumeruseoneachstreet.Thisbasicsystemremainsinusetodayaroundtheworld.
After1891,polyphasealternatorswereintroducedtosupplycurrentsof
multipledifferingphases.[11]Lateralternatorsweredesignedfor
varyingalternatingcurrentfrequenciesbetweensixteenandaboutone
hundredhertz,forusewitharclighting,incandescentlightingand
electricmotors.[12]
Asmallearly1900s75kVA
directdrivenpowerstationAC
alternator,withaseparatebelt
drivenexcitergenerator.

Selfexcitation

Astherequirementsforlargerscalepowergenerationincreased,anew
limitationrose:themagneticfieldsavailablefrompermanentmagnets.
Divertingasmallamountofthepowergeneratedbythegeneratortoan
electromagneticfieldcoilallowedthegeneratortoproducesubstantiallymorepower.Thisconceptwas
dubbedselfexcitation.
Thefieldcoilsareconnectedinseriesorparallelwiththearmaturewinding.Whenthegeneratorfirststarts
toturn,thesmallamountofremanentmagnetismpresentintheironcoreprovidesamagneticfieldtogetit
started,generatingasmallcurrentinthearmature.Thisflowsthroughthefieldcoils,creatingalarger
magneticfieldwhichgeneratesalargerarmaturecurrent.This"bootstrap"processcontinuesuntilthe
magneticfieldinthecorelevelsoffduetosaturationandthegeneratorreachesasteadystatepoweroutput.
Verylargepowerstationgeneratorsoftenutilizeaseparatesmallergeneratortoexcitethefieldcoilsofthe
larger.Intheeventofaseverewidespreadpoweroutagewhereislandingofpowerstationshasoccurred,
thestationsmayneedtoperformablackstarttoexcitethefieldsoftheirlargestgenerators,inorderto
restorecustomerpowerservice.[13]

Specializedtypesofgenerator
Directcurrent
Homopolargenerator
AhomopolargeneratorisaDCelectricalgeneratorcomprisinganelectricallyconductivediscorcylinder
rotatinginaplaneperpendiculartoauniformstaticmagneticfield.Apotentialdifferenceiscreated
betweenthecenterofthediscandtherim(orendsofthecylinder),theelectricalpolaritydependingonthe
directionofrotationandtheorientationofthefield.
Itisalsoknownasaunipolargenerator,acyclicgenerator,diskdynamo,orFaradaydisc.Thevoltage
istypicallylow,ontheorderofafewvoltsinthecaseofsmalldemonstrationmodels,butlargeresearch
generatorscanproducehundredsofvolts,andsomesystemshavemultiplegeneratorsinseriestoproduce
anevenlargervoltage.[14]Theyareunusualinthattheycanproducetremendouselectriccurrent,some
morethanamillionamperes,becausethehomopolargeneratorcanbemadetohaveverylowinternal
resistance.
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MHDgenerator
Amagnetohydrodynamicgeneratordirectlyextractselectricpowerfrommovinghotgasesthrougha
magneticfield,withouttheuseofrotatingelectromagneticmachinery.MHDgeneratorswereoriginally
developedbecausetheoutputofaplasmaMHDgeneratorisaflame,wellabletoheattheboilersofasteam
powerplant.ThefirstpracticaldesignwastheAVCOMk.25,developedin1965.TheU.S.government
fundedsubstantialdevelopment,culminatingina25MWdemonstrationplantin1987.IntheSovietUnion
from1972untilthelate1980s,theMHDplantU25wasinregularcommercialoperationontheMoscow
powersystemwitharatingof25MW,thelargestMHDplantratingintheworldatthattime.[15]MHD
generatorsoperatedasatoppingcyclearecurrently(2007)lessefficientthancombinedcyclegasturbines.

Alternatingcurrent
Inductiongenerator
SomeACmotorsmaybeusedasgenerators,turningmechanicalenergyintoelectriccurrent.Induction
generatorsoperatebymechanicallyturningtheirrotorfasterthanthesynchronousspeed,givingnegative
slip.AregularACasynchronousmotorusuallycanbeusedasagenerator,withoutanyinternal
modifications.Inductiongeneratorsareusefulinapplicationssuchasminihydropowerplants,wind
turbines,orinreducinghighpressuregasstreamstolowerpressure,becausetheycanrecoverenergywith
relativelysimplecontrols.
Tooperate,aninductiongeneratormustbeexcitedwithaleadingvoltagethisisusuallydoneby
connectiontoanelectricalgrid,orsometimestheyareselfexcitedbyusingphasecorrectingcapacitors.
Linearelectricgenerator
Inthesimplestformoflinearelectricgenerator,aslidingmagnetmovesbackandforththroughasolenoid
aspoolofcopperwire.AnalternatingcurrentisinducedintheloopsofwirebyFaraday'slawofinduction
eachtimethemagnetslidesthrough.ThistypeofgeneratorisusedintheFaradayflashlight.Largerlinear
electricitygeneratorsareusedinwavepowerschemes.
Variablespeedconstantfrequencygenerators
Manyrenewableenergyeffortsattempttoharvestnaturalsourcesofmechanicalenergy(wind,tides,etc.)to
produceelectricity.Becausethesesourcesfluctuateinpowerapplied,standardgeneratorsusingpermanent
magnetsandfixedwindingswoulddeliverunregulatedvoltageandfrequency.Theoverheadofregulation
(whetherbeforethegeneratorviagearreductionoraftergenerationbyelectricalmeans)ishighin
proportiontothenaturallyderivedenergyavailable.
Newgeneratordesignssuchastheasynchronousorinductionsinglyfedgenerator,thedoublyfed
generator,orthebrushlesswoundrotordoublyfedgeneratorareseeingsuccessinvariablespeedconstant
frequencyapplications,suchaswindturbinesorotherrenewableenergytechnologies.Thesesystemsthus
offercost,reliabilityandefficiencybenefitsincertainusecases.

Commonusecases
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Vehiculargenerators
Roadwayvehicles
Motorvehiclesrequireelectricalenergytopowertheirinstrumentation,keeptheengineitselfoperating,
andrechargetheirbatteries.Untilaboutthe1960smotorvehiclestendedtouseDCgeneratorswith
electromechanicalregulators.Followingthehistoricaltrendaboveandformanyofthesamereasons,these
havenowbeenreplacedbyalternatorswithbuiltinrectifiercircuits.
Bicycles
Bicyclesrequireenergytopowerrunninglightsandotherequipment.Therearetwocommonkindsof
generatorinuseonbicycles:bottledynamoswhichengagethebicycle'stireonanasneededbasis,andhub
dynamoswhicharedirectlyattachedtothebicycle'sdrivetrain.Inreality,neitheroftheseisadynamo,
properlyspeakingtheyaresmallpermanentmagnetalternators.
Sailboats
Sailingboatsmayuseawaterorwindpoweredgeneratortotricklechargethebatteries.Asmallpropeller,
windturbineorimpellerisconnectedtoalowpowergeneratortosupplycurrentsattypicalwindor
cruisingspeeds.

Genset
Anenginegeneratoristhecombinationofanelectricalgeneratorandanengine(primemover)mounted
togethertoformasinglepieceofselfcontainedequipment.Theenginesusedareusuallypistonengines,
butgasturbinescanalsobeused.Andthereareevenhybriddieselgasunits,calleddualfuelunits.Many
differentversionsofenginegeneratorsareavailablerangingfromverysmallportablepetrolpoweredsets
tolargeturbineinstallations.Theprimaryadvantageofenginegeneratorsistheabilitytoindependently
supplyelectricity,allowingtheunitstoserveasbackuppowersolutions.[16]

Humanpoweredelectricalgenerators
Ageneratorcanalsobedrivenbyhumanmusclepower(forinstance,infieldradiostationequipment).
Humanpowereddirectcurrentgeneratorsarecommerciallyavailable,andhavebeentheprojectofsome
DIYenthusiasts.Typicallyoperatedbymeansofpedalpower,aconvertedbicycletrainer,orafootpump,
suchgeneratorscanbepracticallyusedtochargebatteries,andinsomecasesaredesignedwithanintegral
inverter.Anaverage"healthyhuman"canproduceasteady75Watts(0.1horsepower)forafulleighthour
period,whilea"firstclassathlete"canproduceapproximately298Watts(0.4horsepower)forasimilar
period.Attheendofwhichanundeterminedperiodofrestandrecoverywillberequired.At298Wattsthe
average"healthyhuman"becomesexhaustedwithin10minutes.[18]Itisimportanttonotethatthepower
figuresreferencedabovearefordirecthumanoutputandnottheelectricalpowerthatcanbegenerated
fromit.Portableradioreceiverswithacrankaremadetoreducebatterypurchaserequirements,see
clockworkradio.Duringthemid20thcentury,pedalpoweredradioswereusedthroughouttheAustralian
outback,toprovideschooling(SchooloftheAir),medicalandotherneedsinremotestationsandtowns.
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Mechanicalmeasurement
Designedtomeasureshaftspeed,atachogeneratorisadevicewhich
producesanoutputvoltageproportionaltothatspeed.
Tachogeneratorsarefrequentlyusedtopowertachometersto
measurethespeedsofelectricmotors,engines,andtheequipment
theypower.speed.Withpreciseconstructionanddesign,generators
canbebuilttoproduceveryprecisevoltagesforcertainrangesof
shaftspeeds.
ProtestersatOccupyWallStreet
usingbicyclesconnectedtoamotor
andonewaydiodetochargebatteries

Equivalentcircuit

Anequivalentcircuitofa
generatorandloadisshown
inthediagramtotheright.
Thegeneratorisrepresentedbyanabstractgeneratorconsistingof
anidealvoltagesourceandaninternalresistance.Thegenerator's
and parameterscanbedeterminedbymeasuringthe
windingresistance(correctedtooperatingtemperature),and
measuringtheopencircuitandloadedvoltageforadefinedcurrent
load.
fortheirelectronics[17]

Thisisthesimplestmodelofagenerator,furtherelementsmayneed
tobeaddedforanaccuraterepresentation.Inparticular,inductance
canbeaddedtoallowforthemachine'swindingsandmagnetic
leakageflux,[19]butafullrepresentationcanbecomemuchmore
complexthanthis.[20]

Equivalentcircuitofgeneratorand
load.
G=generator
VG=generatoropencircuitvoltage
RG=generatorinternalresistance
VL=generatoronloadvoltage
RL=loadresistance

Seealso
Dynamo
Enginegenerator
Faraday'slawofinduction
Goodnessfactor

Magneticstatoralternator
Superconductingelectricmachine
Thermogenerator

References
1.AugustusHeller(2April1896),"AnianusJedlik",Nature(NormanLockyer)53(1379):516,
Bibcode:1896Natur..53..516H,doi:10.1038/053516a0
2.BirminghamMuseumstrustcatalogue,accessionnumber:1889S00044
3.Thomas,JohnMeurig(1991).MichaelFaradayandtheRoyalInstitution:TheGeniusofManandPlace.
Bristol:Hilger.p.51.ISBN0750301457.
4.Beauchamp,KG(1997).ExhibitingElectricity.IET.p.90.ISBN9780852968956.
5.Hunt,L.B.(March1973)."Theearlyhistoryofgoldplating".GoldBulletin6(1):1627.
doi:10.1007/BF03215178.
6.BerlinerBerichte.January1867.Missingorempty|title=(help)
7.ProceedingsoftheRoyalSociety.February14,1867.Missingorempty|title=(help)
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8.Thompson,SylvanusP.,DynamoElectricMachinery.pp.7
9.Blalock,ThomasJ.,"AlternatingCurrentElectrification,1886(http://www.ieee.org/organizations/history_cente
r/stanley.html)".IEEEHistoryCenter,IEEEMilestone.(ed.firstpracticaldemonstrationofadcgeneratorac
transformersystem.)
10.FerrantiTimeline(http://www.mosi.org.uk/collections/explorethecollections/ferrantionline/timeline.aspx)
MuseumofScienceandIndustry(Accessed22022012)
11.Thompson,SylvanusP.,DynamoElectricMachinery.pp.17
12.Thompson,SylvanusP.,DynamoElectricMachinery.pp.16
13.SpecSizer:GeneratorSetSizing(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zduGlpGZrkk&feature=related)
14.Losty,H.H.W&Lewis,D.L.(1973)HomopolarMachines.PhilosophicalTransactionsfortheRoyalSocietyof
London.SeriesA,MathematicalandPhysicalSciences.275(1248),6975
15.LangdonCrane,Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)PowerGenerator:MoreEnergyfromLessFuel,IssueBrief
NumberIB74057,LibraryofCongressCongressionalResearchService,1981,retrievedfrom
Digital.library.unt.edu(http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/metacrs8402:1)18July2008
16."HurricanePreparedness:ProtectionProvidedbyPowerGenerators|PowerOnwithMarkLum".
Wpowerproducts.com.10May2011.Retrieved20120824.
17.WithGeneratorsGone,WallStreetProtestersTryBicyclePower(http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/
withgeneratorsgonewallstreetprotesterstrybicyclepower/),ColinMoynihan,NewYorkTimes,30October
2011accessed2November2011
18."Program:hpv(updated6/22/11)".Ohio.edu.Retrieved20120824.
19.GeoffKlempner,IsidorKerszenbaum,"1.7.4Equivalentcircuit",HandbookofLargeTurboGeneratorOperation
andMaintenance,JohnWiley&Sons,2011(Kindleedition)ISBN1118210409.
20.YoshihideHase,"10:Theoryofgenerators",HandbookofPowerSystemEngineering,JohnWiley&Sons,2007
ISBN0470033665.

Externallinks
Simplegenerator(http://amasci.com/amateur/coilgen.html)
Demonstrationofanelectricalgenerator(http://www.vega.or
g.uk/video/programme/224)
Shortvideoofasimplegenerator(http://www.vega.org.uk/vid
eo/programme/309)

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