EN1990 5 Vrouwenvelder

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Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop
EN1990
Basis of Structural Design
Annex B Reliability Differentiation
Annex C Reliability Theory
Ton Vrouwenvelder
TNO / TU Delft
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Relative frequency
Density Plot (Shifted Lognormal) - [A1_792]
0.020
0.015
Design =
decision making
under uncertainty
0.010
0.005
0.000
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
Yield strength [MPa]
- randomness - natural variability

- statistical uncertainties - lack of data
- model uncertainties - simplified models
- vagueness - imprecision in definitions
- gross errors - human factors
- ignorance - lack of knowledge
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
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To get a grip:
Mechanical models
Statistical models
Engineering judgement
Robustness
Quality Control
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EN 1990: Annexes B / C (Informatieve)

Consequences classes
Differentiation of beta values and partial factors
Background for Partial Factor design
Background for Probabilistic design
EN 1990 Main Text:
3.5 (5) As an alternative, a design directly based
on probabilistic methods may be used.
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Reliability calculation
R
Pf = P(R < E) =
R (r)E (e)drde
R<E
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JCSS Probabilistic Model Code
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Basis of Design
Modeling of loads
Modeling of structural properties
http://www.jcss.ethz.ch/
select publications
select jcss model code
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Simple example
g=R-E
R
R =100
E = 50
R= 10
E =10
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First Order Second Moment method
g=R-E
R
g = R - E = 100 50 = 50
= + = 14
2
g
2
R
2
E
= g /g = 3.54
Pf = P(Z < 0) = Z(0) = 0.0002
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Reliability index
1.3
2.3
3.1
3.7
4.2
4.7
P(F)=(-)
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
Probability of Failure = (-) 10 -
Reliability Methods
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10
Deterministic methods
Probabilistic methods
Historical methods
Empirical methods
FORM
level II
Probabilistic
level III
Calibration
Calibration
Semi probabilistic methods

Level I
Partial factor methods
(level I)
Calibration
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Format Partiel Factor Design
E d < Rd
Ed = E( GGk , QQk )
Rd = Rk / M
Rk
characteristic value of resistance
Gk Qk
charactistic value of load
M, G ,Q partial factors
11
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partiale factor for R
12
R t R
R =
/ R
Rd
P(RRd) = (-R t)
Rk
R kar
R kar
=
R R t R
Rd
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partial factor for S
13
S t S
S =
Sd
S t S
= S
S kar
S kar
Skar
Sd
P(S > Sd) = 1- (-S t)
JCSS Code Calibration Program - Input Sheet

Check Design Situation
Clear Sheet
Exit CodeCal
Fill in Example Values
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1. General Input
2. Design Situation
3. Time Invariant Variables
Compute
4. Variable Loads
5. Partial Safety Factors
6. Computation Options
1. General Input
Editor :
Date :
Comment :
Editor's Name
14
11.03.2003
Today
Example values for Codecal, the JCSS
?
?
code calibration program.
2. Design Situation
Design Situation 1: One Variable Load
Design Situation 2: Two Variable Loads
Design Equation
z =
m
Rk
Design Equation
G Gk + (1 ) Q Qk
z = max { z1 , z 2 }
z1 =
z2 =
Limit State Function
m
Rk
m
Rk
(
(
G Gk + (1 G ) Q Q Qk 1 + (1 Q ) Q 02 Q k 2
G Gk + (1 G
Limit State Function
g ( X ) = z R G (1 ) Q 0
) Q Q Qk 2 + 1 Q
) Q
g 2 ( X ) = z R G G (1 G
) Q
Q1L + 1 Q
g 3 ( X ) = z R G G (1 G
) Q
Q1 A + 1 Q
Design Situation 2: Two Variable Loads
3. Stochastic Model of Time Invariant Variables

Resistance
Material :
Distribution Type :
Structural Steel, etc.
Weibull
E[R] =
D[R] =
0.05
F[Rk ] =
Model Uncertainty
Distribution Type :
Lognormal
Q 01
g1 ( X ) = z R G G (1 G
= min { 1 , 2 , 3 }
Design Situation 1: One Variable Load
Q1 0
(
(
)
)
Q2 A 0
Q2 L 0
Q k1
)
)
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15
ISO 2394 STANDARD ALFA-values
load
resistance
Dominant
Variable
= - 0.70
= 0.80
Other
variables
= - 0.28
= 0.32
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16
Table 2 : Target reliability index for Class RC 2 structural

members
Limit state
Target reliability index

1 year
50 year
4,7
3,8
1,5 to 3,8 2)
2,9
1,5
Ultimate
Fatigue
Serviceability (irreversible)
1)
See Annex B
2)
Depends on degree of inspectability, reparability and
damage tolerance.
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Four design values for ULS
fX (..)
17
favourable
unfavourable
dominant
dominant
not dominant
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Uncertainty in representative values

of actions
18
Model uncertainty in actions and

action effects
Sd
Model uncertainty in structural resistance
Rd
Uncertainty in material properties
Figure 3 : Relation between individual partial factors
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19
Permant loads
G = mean value
VG = G
G d = G (1 - E VG )
G k = G
unfavorable
yes
yes
no
no
dominant
yes
no
no
yes
d/nom
1.05
1.05
1.00
1.00
/ G
E = FORM factor
= reliability index
E
-0.70
-0.28
+0.32
+0.80
G (VG = 0.10)
(1.05)(1+3.8*0.70*0.10)
(1.05)(1+3.8*0.28*0.10)
1-3.8*0.32*0.10
1-3.8*0.80*0.10
In EN 1990 one finds: 1.35, 1.35 = 1.15, 1.00 and 1.00.
=1.33
=1.16
=0.88
=0.70
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20
Variable loads
= 3.8
d/nom = 1.05
Q d = G (1 - E V Q )
E = -0.7 (dominant)
Q k = G
E = -0.7x0.4 (combination)
unfavorable
yes
yes
dominant
yes
no
In EN 1990 one finds 1.5.

o = 1,27/1,61 = 0,8.
d/nom
1.05
1.05
E
-0.70
-0.28
Q (VQ = 0.2)
(1.05)(1+3.8*0.70*0.20) =1.61
(1.05)(1+3.8*0.28*0.20) =1.27
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21
Variable load / Gumbel distribution
load
wind
snow (land climate)
snow (sea climate)
Floor load (20 m2)
VQ (T = 50 jaar)
0.20
0.15
0.30
0.30
So maybe beta = 3.8 is not really true.
Q
2.04
1.77
2.67
1.50
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22
Stochastic variable load Model

S(i)
fSmax(s)
fS(s)
12
N independent loads of duration t:

FSmax(s) = {FSi(s)}N
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Variable loads / PSI values
23
Theory
dominant
permanent
floor
snow
wind
accidental
o,eg
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
o,floor
0.55
0.34
0.34
0.34
o,snow
0.60
0.40
0.15
0.15
o,wind
0.68
0.51
0.31
0.04
o,acc
0
0
0
0
-
EN 1990
dominant
permanent
floor
snow
wind
accidental
o,eg
=0.85-1.0
=0.85-1.0
=0.85-1.0
0.74**
o,vloerr
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.33*
o,sneeuw
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.13*
o,wind
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.33*
o,bb
0
0
0
0
-
*
**
corresponding with 1/Q

corresponding wiht 1/G = 1/1.35
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Annex B Management of Structural Reliability for Construction

Works (Informative)
Reliability differentiation
Design supervision differentiation
Inspection during execution
24
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25
Table 1: Definition of consequences classes

Consequences
Class
CC3
CC2
CC1
Description
High consequence for loss of
human life, or economic, social
or environmental consequences
very great
Medium consequence for loss of
human life, economic, social or
environmental consequences
considerable
Low consequence for loss of
human life, and economic, social
or environmental consequences
small or negligible
Examples of buildings and civil

engineering works
Grandstands, public buildings where
consequences of failure are high
Residential and office buildings,
public buildings where consequences
of failure are medium
Agricultural buildings where people
do not normally enter (e.g. storage
buildings), greenhouses
Particular members of the structure may be designated at the same, higher or lower
consequences class than for the entire structure.
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Reliabiilty differentiation (beta, parial factors)
26
Table 2 : Recommended minimum values for reliability index

(ultimate limit states)
Minimum values for
Reliability
Class
1 year reference
period
5,2
4,7
4,2
RC3
RC2
RC1
50 years reference
period
4,3
3,8
3,3
Table 3 : KFI factor for actions

KFI factor for actions
KFI
Reliability class
RC1
RC2
RC3
0,9
1,0
1,1
KFI should be applied only to unfavourable actions.
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27
Zwolle
London Eye
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28
Table 4 : Design supervision levels (DSL)
Design
Supervision
Levels
DSL3
relating to
RC3
DSL2
relating to
RC2
DSL1
Relating to
RC1
Minimum recommended requirements for checking of

Characteristics
calculations, drawings and specifications
Extended
supervision
Normal
supervision
Normal
supervision
Third party checking :

Checking performed by an organisation different from that
which has prepared the design
Checking by different persons than those originally
responsible and in accordance with the procedure of the
organisation.
Self-checking:
Checking performed by the person who has prepared the
design
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Table 5 : Inspection levels (IL)

Inspection Levels Characteristics
IL3
Extended
Relating to RC3
inspection
IL2
Normal inspection
Relating to RC2
IL1
Relating to RC1
Requirements
Third party
inspection
Inspection in
accordance with the
procedures of the
organisation
Normal inspection Self inspection
The rules are to be given in the relevant execution standards.
29
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Table 5 : Inspection levels (IL)

Inspection Levels Characteristics
IL3
Extended
Relating to RC3
inspection
IL2
Normal inspection
Relating to RC2
IL1
Relating to RC1
Requirements
Third party
inspection
Inspection in
accordance with the
procedures of the
organisation
Normal inspection Self inspection
The rules are to be given in the relevant execution standards.
B6(1) A partial factor for a material or product property or a

member resistance can be reduced if an inspection class
higher than that required according to Table B5 and/or more
severe requirements are used
30
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Relevant Background Documents

ISO 2394
JCSS documents (http://www.jcss.ethz.ch/)
Background document for the ENV-version of Basis of Design,
ECCS/JCSS, 1996
IABSE Conferences Delft (1996) and Malta (2001)
Leonardo da Vinci Project CZ/02/B/F/PP-134007
Handbooks Implementtion of Eurocodes (2005)
31

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EUROCODES

Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Density Plot (Shifted Lognormal) - [A1_792]

Yield strength [MPa]

- randomness - natural variability

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

EN 1990: Annexes B / C (Informatieve)

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

JCSS Probabilistic Model Code

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

First Order Second Moment method

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Probability of Failure = (-) 10 -

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Semi probabilistic methods

Format Partiel Factor Design

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

partiale factor for R

Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

partial factor for S

Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

JCSS Code Calibration Program - Input Sheet

Fill in Example Values

Background and Applications

Example values for Codecal, the JCSS

code calibration program.

Design Situation 2: Two Variable Loads

Limit State Function

Limit State Function

Design Situation 2: Two Variable Loads

3. Stochastic Model of Time Invariant Variables

Structural Steel, etc.

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

ISO 2394 STANDARD ALFA-values

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Table 2 : Target reliability index for Class RC 2 structural

Target reliability index

Four design values for ULS

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Uncertainty in representative values

Model uncertainty in actions and

Model uncertainty in structural resistance

Uncertainty in material properties

Figure 3 : Relation between individual partial factors

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

In EN 1990 one finds: 1.35, 1.35 = 1.15, 1.00 and 1.00.

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

In EN 1990 one finds 1.5.

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Variable load / Gumbel distribution

So maybe beta = 3.8 is not really true.

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Stochastic variable load Model

N independent loads of duration t:

Variable loads / PSI values