Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract: The paper presents analysis of the stress and deflections changes due to creep in statically determinate composite
steel-concrete beam. The mathematical model involves the equation of equilibrium, compatibility and constitutive
relationship, i.e. an elastic law for the steel part and an integral-type creep law of Boltzmann Volterra for the
concrete part. On the basis of the theory of the viscoelastic body of ArutyunianTrost-Baant for determining
the redistribution of stresses in beam section between concrete plate and steel beam with respect to time t,
two independent Volterra integral equations of the second kind have been derived. Numerical method based on
linear approximation of the singular kernal function in the integral equation is presented. Example with the model
proposed is investigated.
The creep functions is suggested by the model CEB MC90-99 and the ACI 209R-92 model. The elastic modulus
of concrete Ec (t) is assumed to be constant in time t. The obtained results from the both models are compared.
Keywords: Composite steel-concrete section Volterra integral equations Rheology ACI209R-92 EUROCODE-4 Linear
approximation Singular kernal function Viscoelastic body
Versita sp. z o.o.
1.
Introduction
316
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
D. Partov, V. Kantchev
problem is governed by a system of two simultaneous differential equations, which have been derived and solved.
As known in this differential equations it exists a group
of normal forces Nc,r (t), Na,r (t) and bending moments
Mc,r (t), Ma,r (t), which influence the general stress conditions of the statically determinate composite plate beam is
expressed by the decrease of the stresses in the concrete
plate and in the increase of stresses in the steel beam
(Fig. 1).
All these methods have been collected and analyzed by
Sattler [17] and by the first author of this paper [18].
In parallel with the developed analytical methods,
Blaszkowiak [19], Bradford [20], Fritz [21] and Wippel [22] have developed approximate methods, which use
Dischingers idea for applying in the calculation the ideal
(fictitious) modulus of elasticity [8, 9]:
Eci =
Ec0
,
1 + n
(2)
d ()
J (t, ) d.
d
t0
(3)
By using algebraic methods, simpler forms for (3) are
obtained. These methods are based on the hypothesis
that the strain in the concrete fibers can be considered
as a linear function of the creep coefficient (Trost [35],
Baant [36]). This permits transforming (3) into
c (t, t0 ) = sh (t) + (t0 ) J (t, t0 ) +
(t, t0 )
1
+
+
sh (t) + c (t0 )
Ec (t0 )
Ec
1
(t, t0 ) (t, t0 )
[c (t) c (t0 )]
+
,(4)
Ec (t0 )
Ec
c (t, t0 ) =
317
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
where
(t, t0 ) =
Ec (t0 )
Ec
Ec (t0 ) R (t, t0 )
Ec (t0 ) (t, t0 )
(5)
(6)
where (t, t0 )=1; and Ec (t0 ) = Ec . In this case, the variation of the stress in the interval (t t0 ) is neglected and
the stress is always considered equal to its final value.
Consequently, this method underestimates the creep effects when the stress decreases with time. The time dependent analysis can be performed as an equivalent elastic analysis, where Youngs modulus Ec is multiplied by
1
.
the coefficient 1+(t,t
0)
When the Mean Stress Method (MSM) is applied (4) can
be written as
c (t, t0 ) = sh (t) + c (t0 ) J (t, t0 ) + [c (t) c (t0 )]
J (t, t) + J (t, t0 )
,
(7)
2
where (t, t0 )=0.5; and Ec (t0 ) = Ec .
Equations (4), (6) and (7) represent the essence of the
algebraic methods. It needs to be pointed out, however,
that these algebraic equations used in structural analysis as constitutive laws for concrete in substitution of
the integral-type creep law, as presented still cannot give
a realistic pictures of the stresses and deflections.
c0
h
t(t1) i X
t0 t1
t,i1 t,i+1
+ ct 1 +
+
. (9)
c,i
2
2
2
i=1
(10)
(t0 )
where Ecv = Ec1,4
, f,v = f,0 f 1,4 f 0 .
Different approach to the solving of the formulated problems is applying the FEM by , Cumbo [59], Sassone [60]
and Wissman [61].
Since the theory of Rsch-Jungwirt [58] has been subjected to serious criticism in the works of AlexandrovskiArutyunyan [25, 62] and [4, 5, 36, 37, 6368, 6885] the
authors of the present paper make an attempt for a new
step toward deriving more precise solution of the problem.
An effort is made to give an answer to the dispute between
Baant and Rsch-Jungwirt in [86, 87].
The first works [54, 8890], which give the answer to this
dispute [86, 87], using the integral equation of Volterra ,
are based on the Law of by Bolztmann-Volterra [25, 62, 74]
who first formulated a time-dependent stress-strain differential relationship for concrete, described by the following
318
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
[K (t)K (t )]
D. Partov, V. Kantchev
integral equation:
c (t) =
c (t0 )
[1 + (t t0 )] +
Ec (t0 )
R t dc () 1
[1 + (t )] d,
t0
d Ec ()
(11)
10.28
857
K () =
5+
0.3
> 857
0.6
f (t ) = 1 e
and
!0.4
t
+0.0025
0.091
30
,
(12)
.
4 + 0.86
(13)
A practical example with time-dependent elasticity modulus of concrete according CEB-FIP (1966-1970) is considered in [92].
Since the new norms suggested by EUROCODE-4 in
analysis of composite steel-concrete beams regarding rheology, required a new CEB-FIP creep models code 1990,
which leads to completely different approach for solving of
the above formulated problems in was made attempt [93]
to reformulate and solve these problems taking into account the new mathematical formulas in CEB MC90-99,
introduced in the next paragraph.
The CEB MC90 (Mller and Hilsdorf 1990, [3]) is intended to predict the time-dependent mean cross-section
behavior of a concrete member. It has concept similar
to ACI209R-92 model in the sense that it gives a hyperbolic change with time for creep and shrinkage, and
also uses an ultimate value corrected according mixture
proportioning and environmental conditions. The models are valid for normal weight plain structural concrete
having an average compressive strength in the range of
20 MPa fcm28 90 MPa. The age of loading t0 should
be at least 1 day, and the sustained stress should not
exceed 40% of the mean concrete strength fcmt0 at the
time of loading t0 .The CEB model does not require any
information regarding the duration of curing and curing
condition, but takes into account the average relative humidity and member size. Required parameters are: age
of concrete when drying starts, usually taken as the age
at the and of moist curing (day); age of concrete at loading (days);concrete mean compressive strength at 28 days
(MPa); relative humidity expressed as a decimal; volumesurface ratio or effective cross-section thickness of a member (mm) and cement type.
The creep (compliance) function proposed by the 1990
CEB Model Code(CEB-FIP 1991) defined the strain at
time t caused by a constant stress acting from time to
time t, is given by relationsship
J (t, t0 ) =
28 (t, t0 )
1
+
,
Ecmt0 (t0 )
Ecm28
(14)
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
value called the ultimate value. The form of these equations is thought to be convenient for design purpose in
which the concept of the ultimate (in time) value is modified by the time-ratio (time dependent development) to
yield the desired results. The shape of the curve and ultimate value depend on several factors such as curing conditions, age of application of load, mixture proportioning,
ambient temperature and humidity.
The design approach presented for predicting creep refers
to standard condition and correction factors for other than
- standard condition. The corrections factors are applied
to ultimate values. Because creep equation for any period
is linear function of the ultimate values, however, the correction factors in this procedure may be applied to short
term creep.
Required parameters are: age of concrete when drying
starts, usually taken as the age at the and of moist curing
(day); age of concrete at loading (days); curing methods; ambient relative humidity expressed as a decimal;
volume-surface ratio or average cross-section thickness of
a member (mm); cement type; concrete slump in mm; fine
aggregate percentage (%); cement content (kg/m3) and air
content of concrete expressed in percent (%). The last four
parameters are not included in CEB MC90 model.
The creep (compliance) function proposed by the ACI
209R-92 model [94], that presents the total stressdependent strain by unit stress is given by the relationship:
J (t, t0 ) =
h
i
(t, t0 )
1 + (t, t0 )
1
+
=
,
Ecmt0
Ecmt0
Ecmt0
(15)
320
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
D. Partov, V. Kantchev
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
336190e
daN/cm2
5.
Let us denote both the normal forces and the bending moments in the cross-section of the plate and the girder after
the loading in the time t = 0 with Nc,0 , Mc,0 , Na,0 , Ma,0
and with Nc,r (t), Mc,r (t), Na,r (t), Ma,r (t) a new group of
normal forces and bending moments, arising due to creep
and shrinkage of concrete.
c )n
0.2
For a composite bridge girder with Jc = AcA(nI
s Is
according to the suggestion of Sonntag [12] we can write
the equilibrium conditions in time t as follows
c (t0 )
[1 + 2, 35c,RH c,vs c,s c, sh, (t0 ) c (t t0 )] +
Ec (t0 )
Z t
dc () 1
[1 + 2, 35c,RH c,vs c,s c, sh,
+
d Ec ()
t0
() c (t )] d,
(16b)
(17)
(18)
6.1. Strain compatibility on the contact surfaces between the concrete and steel members
of composite girder:
For constant elasticity module of concrete strain compatibility on the contact surfaces between the concrete and
steel members of composite girder is as following:
Nc,0
[1 + 2, 35c5 (t0 ) c (t t0 )]
Ec (t0 ) Ac
R t dNc,r ()
1
(19)
[1 + 2, 35c5 () c (t )] d+
Ec (t0 ) Ac t0
d
Na,0
1 R t dNa,r () Ma,0
1 R t dMa,r ()
=
r +r
d.
Ea Aa Ea Aa t0
d
Ea Ia
Ea Ia t0
d
322
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
D. Partov, V. Kantchev
Figure 1.
Mechano-Mathematical model for deformations in cross-section in composite steel-concrete beam, regarding creep of the concrete.
t0
Nc,r ()
d
[1 + 2, 35c5 () c (t )] d +
d
Mc,r (t) =
Z t
d
[1 + 2, 35c5 () c (t )] d +
Mc,r ()
= M
d
t0
+M Mc,0 2, 35c (t0 ) c (t t0 ) M
Ec Ic
Nc,r (t) r,
Ea I a
(20a)
(19a)
(21)
323
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
Mc,r (t) =
Z t
d
M
[1 + RH (fcm ) () c (t )] d +
Mc,r ()
d
t0
M Mc,0 RH (fcm ) (t0 ) c (t t0 ) M
in which N
h
i1
1 + EEac IIac
(23)-(24)
h
=
1+
Ec Ac
Ea Aa
1+
Ec Ic
Nc,r (t) r
Ea Ia
(22)
Aa r 2
Ia
i1
,M
Figure 2.
7.
Numerical method
t0
L (t, ) (t )1 y () d
where the given functions g (t) and L (t, )are sufficiently smooth which guarantee the existence and uniqueness of the solution y (t) C[t0 , T ] (see Yosida 1960,
Miller&Feldstein 1971).
To solve (23) we use the method called product trapezoidal
rule [92, 93, 100].
8.
Numerical example
2AC
u
= 300 mm
h
i
80 18 h0
H = 150 1 + 1.2 100
+ 250 = 915, 82 < 1500
100
= 3.06 (t0 ) = 0.1+(t1 )0.2 = 0, 4223
(fcm ) = f 5.30.5
cm
0
t0 =60
10
fcm =30
RH
1 100
r
RH = 1 +
= 1, 3014
h0
3
0.46
100
RH=80, h0 =300
324
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
D. Partov, V. Kantchev
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
Figure 5.
Ecm
Ecm
=
,
1 + L t
1 + 1, 1t
11.
Conclusion
For a good accuracy of the time values, the numerical results are presented on logarithmic time scales. The choice
of the length of time step of the proposed numerical algorithm is based on numerous numerical experiments with
different steps (seven, three and one day). So we conclude
that good results can be achieved from practical point of
view with one day step [102, 103]. For our purpose we
consider a period of about seven years
We derive our mathematical model using a Stieltjes hereditary integral, which represents time loading history. It
would be very interesting to investigate models with very
short time steps for early ages and which to be increased
afterwards.
A numerical method for time-dependent analysis of composite steel-concrete sections according to ENV 1992 1-1 and ACR 209R-92 model is presented. Using MATLAB code a numerical algorithm was developed and subsequently applied to a simple supported beam. These numerical procedures, suited to a PC, are employed to better
understand the influence of the creep of the concrete in
time-dependent behavior of composite section.
For the service load analysis, the numerical method makes
it possible to follow with great precision the migration
of the stresses from the concrete slab to the steel beam,
which occurs gradually during the time as a result of the
creep of the concrete.
The parametric analysis results are characterized by the
following effects:
1. the state of stress in the concrete slab depends on
the age of the concrete at loading time t0 ;
2. the stress in the top flange of the steel section increases strongly with time;
3. the stress in the bottom flange undergoes small
variations;
4. the stress increases more for young concrete and
little for old one.
According to our results based on numerous practical
examples we can state that about 90-92% of the maximum values of the stressed in concrete or steel in time
t are reached after about three years. Besides that
98% are reached after about twenty years in comparison
with the period of hundred years obtained by the EM
Method [101, 104].
The results obtained by these numerical methods according to ENV 1992 -1-1 and ACI 209R -92 provision
are completely comparable each other. Besides they are
closely similar to the results based on effective modulus
method (EMM) proposed by EUROCODE 4. The values
in the Figures 3, 4, 5 shown in brackets are obtained by
numerical method according to CEB MC 90-99 [80]. They
differ from the corresponding results of ACI 209R 92
slightly from practical point of view.
It is observed from Figure 3-5 that ACI 209 code provisions in comparison with CEB FIB model code-1990 underestimate, to our opinion, the influence of creep on time
dependent behavior of composite steel-concrete beams.
Finally, the creep effect must be carefully evaluated in
order to fully understand the behavior of the structure.
In this paper it is made an attempt to analyze the time
dependent behavior of composite steel-concrete beam with
respect to rheological properties of concrete according to
world code provisions ACI 209 [1], CEB MC 90-99 [104,
105]. The both methods lead to similar results.
326
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
D. Partov, V. Kantchev
Table 1.
Type of beams
Characteristic
Steel
Height
hi
1500
1800
1800
mm
Area
Ai
38325
156 682
92 635
mm2
Sy0
23428688
218728072
115052670
mm3
Gravity center
etop
888,7
404
558
mm
Gravity center
ebottom
611,3
1396
1242
mm
Moment of inertia
Ii,y
12079015497
44201407600
37641838420
mm4
Section modulus
Wi,y,ct
-109409425
-67458492
mm3
Section modulus
Wi,y,cb
-425013535
-145898598
mm3
Section modulus
Wi,y,at
-13592026
-425013535
-145898598
mm3
Section modulus
Wi,y,ab
19759036
31662899
30307438
mm3
Table 2.
Level of stresses of composite beams according ACI209R-92 model, in comparison with CEB MC90-99.
top
Stress in time t0
t0 = 60 days
Stress in time t
M0 (kNm)
1237
1237
Ea
Ecm
M0 (kNm)
7,452 (6,36)
nL = n0 (1 + L t ) L = 1, 1
14,87 (18,62)
-1,517 (-1,600)
n0 =
top
cbottom = M/Wi,y,cb /n0 (MPa) -0,390 (-0,300) cbottom = M/Wi,y,cb /nL (MPa)
top
= M/Wi,y,at (MPa)
top
-2,91 (-2,20)
39,06 (38,80)
= M/Wi,y,at (MPa)
t = 36500 days
-1,233 (-1,200)
-0,57(-0,60)
-8,47 (-11,00)
40,81 (41,50)
References
[1] Frhlich H., Einfluss des Kriechens auf Verbundtrger. Der Bauingenieur, 1949, 24, 300-307
[2] Branson D. E., Deformation of concrete structures ,
McGraw Hill Book Co; New York, 1977
[3] Mller H. S., Baant Z. P., Kuttner C. H., Date Base
on Creep and Shrinkage Tests, Rilem Subcommittee
5 Report RILEM TC 107-CSP, RILEM, Paris, 1999
[4] Baant Z. P., Baweja, S., Justification and refinement
of model B3 for concrete creep and shrinkage. 1.
Statistics and sensitivity , Materials and Structures
(RILEM), 1995, 28, 415-430
[5] Baant Z. P., Baweja S., Justification and refinement
of model B3 for concrete creep and shrinkage. 2. Updating and theoretical basis, Materials and Structures (RILEM), (1995), Vol. 28, 488-495
[6] Gardner N. G., Lockman M. J., Design Provisions
for Drying Shrinkage and Creep of Normal Strength
Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 1978, March-April,
159- 167
327
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
328
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
D. Partov, V. Kantchev
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
[52]
[53]
[54]
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
[64]
[65]
[66]
329
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
[67]
[68]
[69]
[70]
[71]
[72]
[73]
[74]
[75]
[76]
[77]
[78]
[79]
[80]
[81]
RILEM Committee TC 107-GCS, Creep and shrinkage prediction model for analysis and design of concrete structures- model B3 (RILEM Recommendation), Materials and Structures (RILEM), ), 1996,
28, 357-365
Baant Z. P., Chern J. C., Log-double power law for
concrete creep, Am. Concrete Inst. Journal, 1985, 82,
665-675
Baant Z. P., Chern J. C., Triple power law for concrete creep, J. Engrg. Mech. ASCE., 1985, 111, 6383
Baant Z. P., Chern J. C., Concrete creep at variable
humidity: Constitutive law and mechanism, Materials and Structures (RILEM), 1985, 18, 1-20
Baant Z. P., Chern J. C., Wu Y. G., Basic creep
formula for aging concrete: Sinh-double power law,
Cement, Concrete and Aggregates ASIM, 1989, 11,
85-91
Baant Z. P., Kim S. S., Can the creep curves for different loading ages diverge? Cement and Concrete
Research, 1978, 8, 601-612
Baant Z. P., Kim Joong-Koo, Panula L., Improved
prediction model for time-dependent deformations of
concrete: Part 1- Shrinkage, Materials and Structures (RILEM), 1991, 24, 327-345
Baant Z. P., Kim Joong-Koo, Improved prediction model for time-dependent deformations of concrete: Part 2- Basic creep, Materials and Structures
(RILEM), 1991, 24, 409-421
Baant Z. P., Najjar J., Comparison of approximate
linear methods for concrete creep, J. Struc. Div.,
Proc. ASCE, 1973,99,ST9, 1851-1874
Baant, Z. P., Osman E., Double power law for
basic creep of concrete, Materials and Structures
(RILEM), 1976, 9, 3-11
Baant Z. P., Panula L., A note on Amelioration of
the Creep Function for Improved Dischinger Method,
Cement and Concrete Research, 1978, 8, 381-386
Baant Z. P., Prasannan S., Solidification theory for
aging creep, Cement and Concrete Research, 1988,
18, 923-932
Baant Z. P., Prasannan S., Solidification theory
for concrete creep: I. Formulation, ASCE, J. Engrg.
Mech. Div., 1989, 115, 1691-1703
Baant Z. P., Prasannan S., Solidification theory
for concrete creep: II Verification and application,
ASCE, J. Engrg. Mech. Div., 1989, 115, 1704-1725
Baant Z. P., Xi Y. P., Drying of concrete: Constitutive model and new experiments separating its mechanisms, Materials and Structures (RILEM), 1994,
27, 3-14
Baant Z. P., Xi Y. P., Baweja S., Carol I. Prelim-
[82]
[83]
[84]
[85]
[86]
[87]
[88]
[89]
[90]
[91]
[92]
[93]
[94]
inary guidelines and recommendations for characterizing creep and shrinkage in structural design
codes,In: Z. P. Baant and I. Carol (Ed.), Proc. of 5th
Int.RILEM Symp. on Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete (September ,1993 Barcelona), E&FN Spon,
London, 1993, 805-829
Baant Z. P, Wittmann H. F., Creep and Shrinkage
in Concrete Structures r. John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 1982
Baant Z., Wu S.T., Dirichlet series creep function
for aging concrete, ASCE, J. Engrg. Mech. Div., 1973,
99, 367-387
Baant Z. P., Wu S.T., Rate-type creep law of aging concrete based on Maxwell chain, Materials and
Structures (RILEM), 1974, 7, 45-60
Baant Z. P., Wu S. T., Creep and Shrinkage law of
concrete at variable humidity, J. Engrg. Mech. Div.,
1974, 100, 1183-1209
Baant Z. P., Panula L., Practical prediction of timedependent deformations of concrete, Materials and
Structures (RILEM), Part II, Basic creep, 1978, 11,
317-328
Baant Z. P., Tsubaki T., Celep Z., Singular history
integral for creep rate of concrete, J. Engrg. Mech.
ASCE., 1983, 109, 866-884
Partov D., Chernogorov V., Practical method for solving composite constructions based on Volterra integral equations, Stavebnicky asopis, 1984, XXXII,
VEDA, SAV, Bratislava, 607-613, (in Czech)
Partov D., Chernogorov V., Applying of integral
equation of Volterra for determining the section
forces in simple supported composite beam, regarding creep of conctere, Tehnicheska Misal, BAN,
1981, 18, 77-81
Partov D., Dimitrov Ch., Chernogorov V., Kalchev,
P., Numerical analysis of creep and shrinkage of
concrete of statically determinate composite beams,
Stavebnicky asopis, 1986, XXXII, VEDA, SAV,
Bratislava, 649-661
Sharif Al., Taher T. S., Basu K. P., Time Dependent
Losses in Prestressed Continuous Composite Beams,
Journal of Structural Eng., 1993, 119, 3151-3168
Partov D., Kantchev V., Contribution to the methods
of analysis of composite steel-concrete beams, regarding rheology, Engineering MECHANICS, 2007,
14, 327-343
Partov D., Kantchev V., Time-dependent analysis
of composite steel-concrete beams using integral
equation of volterra, according EUROCODE - 4, Engineering MECHANICS, 2009, 16, 367-392
ACI, (2004), Guide for Modeling and Calculating
Shrinkage and Creep in Harden Concrete, May
330
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM
D. Partov, V. Kantchev
[95]
[96]
[97]
[98]
28, 52-55
[99] Kistek V., Baant Z. P., Shear lag effect and uncertainty in concrete box girder creep, J. of Structural
Engrg., ASCE, 1987, 32, 557-574
[100] Atkinson E. K., The Numerical Solution of Integral Equations of the Second Kind, Cmbridge Univ.
Press, 1997
[101] Dolei J., Ocelove mosty, VUT, Praha, 2006
[102] Baant Z. P., Numerical determination of long range
stress history from strain history in concrete, Materiaux et Constructions, 1972, 5, 135-141
[103] Baant Z. P., Numerically stable algorithm with increasing time steps for integral-type aging creep,
Proceedings of I Int. Conf. on Structural Mechanics
in Reactor Technology(Sept.,1971 Berlin)
[104] ENV 1992-1-1:1991;EUROCODE 2- Design of
Concrete Structures, part 1: General rules and rules
for buildings
[105] ENV 1994-1-1:1994;EUROCODE 4- Design of
Composite Steel and Concrete Structures, CEN,
1994
331
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/26/16 6:08 PM