Common Nouns

Example:

Example:

Pupil, Ladies,

Turkey, Cheetah

Neighbour

Dolphin

People

Animals

Common
Nouns
Things

Places

Example:

Example:

Scooter, Sofa,

City, Street,

Eraser

Playground

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Proper Nouns

Example:

Example:

Alex, Ms Wong,

Kitty, Donald
Duck, Bobi

Janet

Animals

People
Proper
Nouns

Example:
Example:
Ipoh, Port
Dickson,
National Zoo

Places

Things

Toyota Vios,
Kitkat,
Panasonic

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Singular and Plural Nouns

Singular
Nouns

Plural
Nouns

One person,
animal, thing
and place

More than one

person, animal,
thing and place

tree

trees

man

men

lady

ladies

bird

birds

dog

dogs

child

children

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Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted,
uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted.
Child, garden,
trolleys, wharfs.

Countable

Countable and
Uncountable
Nouns

A few, several, plenty

of, many, a lot of.

Uncountable

Oil, sand, paper,

gas, water, dust.
Much, plenty of, a
little, a lot of.

Some usually used in

positive sentence. (Some
people, some water)

Usage of Some
and Any
(countable &
uncountable)

Any usually used with

plural or uncountable
nouns in negative
sentence. (Does not have
any coins)

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 AMJ BOOK ()

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Articles

An
Before a singular countable
noun to mean one. The nouns
starts with a vowel (a, e, i, o,
u)
Exp: An insect, an echo
Before words which start with
a silent h
exp : An hour, an heir

The
When we talk about
about something that
we have mentioned
earlier,
particular
thing, one such thing,
before names of seas,
rivers, oceans, plural
names of countries,
and
before
the
superlatives
of
adjectives.
Exp : The pen.
electronic that I
you before. The
The Philippines.
highest.

The
told
sky.
The

Articles

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Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are used to take the place of nouns.
Subject Pronouns
I, you, we, they, he, she, and it are subject pronouns. In
a sentence, they are usually used before a verb.
Exp: He goes to school by bus / I completed my
homework last evening.

Personal
Pronouns

Object Pronouns
Me, you, us, them, him, her and it are object pronouns.
In a sentence, they are usually used after a verb.
Exp: My uncle gave me a present last year / Nelly
called me last week.

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Reflexive Pronouns
There are eight reflexive pronouns.

Myself
Themselves
Yourself

1. Refer to the
same person

Yourselves

2. Indirect
object of a
verb

4.Emphasise
Reflexive
a noun /
Pronouns
pronouns
3. After a
preposition

Himself

Ourselves

Herself
Itself

1. Sam accidentally cut himself.

2. Alex bought himself a book.
3. Kenny fried an egg for himself.
4. The boy / He made the sandwiches himself.

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Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns

a)

Possessives Adjectives

My, your, our, their, his, her and its are possessive adjectives. In a
sentence, they are used before a noun.

This is my
magazine.

Mr. Chan is
going to sell
his old car.

Are you
going to
their party?

Your
identity
card is on
the floor.

Possessive
adjectives

The mother
cat is
licking its
kitten.

My mother
often wears
her hair in
a bun.

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b)

Possessive Pronouns

Mine, yours, ours, theirs, his and hers are possessive pronouns.
They are mostly used at the end or at the beginning of a sentence.

That book is
mine.

The toys in
the
rucksack
are ours.

This is not
Jennys comb.
Hers is on the
dressing table.

This seat is
mine.
Yours is
over there.

Possessive
Pronouns

That
compass is
yours.

Those
basketballs
on the court
are his.

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Relative Pronouns

The car
which Roberts
father drives is
expensive.
This is the
cat which
scratched
me.
The teacher
whom Siti
spoke to is
Mrs Tee.

Which
a verb, noun or
pronoun can be
used after which

He is the pupil
who won the
first prize

Who A verb is
usually used after
who

That is the
lady who
drives a
bus.

Relative
pronouns
Whom used as
the subject of a
sentence. It place
a noun, pronoun or
proper noun referring to
people after it.

The man whom

you met yesterday
is an actor

Whose is used
as a possessive.
A noun is usually
used after it.

This is the
man whose
car was
stolen.

This is the boy

whose father is a
draper.

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Demonstrative Pronouns / Demonstrative Adjectives

Demonstrative Pronouns / Demonstrative Adjectives

Demonstrative
Pronouns

i) This refer particular

person / thing nearby.

ii) These plural form

of this.
iii) That refer to a
particular person / thing
is not near the speaker.
iv) Those plural form
of that.

Demonstraive
adjectives

This, these, that, and

those can also be used
as demonstrative
adjectives to describe a
noun. Therefore, they
are used right before a
noun.

Exp: This parrot is

mine.

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Verbs To Be / To Do / To Have

Are is the
Is is used with a plural of is. It used
singular noun or with a plural noun
Was and
or pronoun.
pronoun.
were are the past
Am is only used with
tense of is and
the pronoun I
are respectively.

To Be

Have is
used with a
plural noun
or pronoun.

Had is the
past tense of To Have
have

Verbs To
Be / To
Do / To
Have

Has is
singular form
of have.
Exceptional you
and I are used
with have.

Do plural
noun or
pronoun
Does
singular form
of do.

To Do

Did is the past

tense of do
Exceptional you
and I are used
with do.

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Subject-verb Agreement
In a sentence, a verb must agree with the noun or pronoun used as the
subject.
Singular subjects
separated by
eitheror or
neithernor take
singular verbs. If
plural, they take
plural verbs.

Singular expressions to
take singular verbs.
Exp: One of the pupils
is absent today. Let me
know if someone
knocks the door.
Collective nouns
and uncountable
nouns take singular
verbs.

Exp: Either Jims

uncles or aunts
sing well.

Subjectverb
Agreement

Two subjects
joined by and
take a plural
verb.

Exp: A pack of
wolves is chasing
after a deer.
A crew of sailors
has just boarded the
ship.

Expressions such as
both, most,
all...but/except refer to
plural subjects. Thus,
they also take plural
verbs.
Exp: Both my nephew
and niece study at
International School.

Exp: Alex and

Nicholas play
badminton well.
My family and
I visit my
grandparents
once a fortnight.

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Adjectives
Adjectives tell us something about nouns. They are usually used
before nouns or after linking verbs.

Adjectives

Quantity

Descriptive

End in -ful, -less,

-ed, -able, etc.

Many

Fine

Useful

A little

Huge

Wireless

Some

Round

Excited

A lot of

Red

Comfortable

Gold

Exp: A lot
of animals
are
nocturnal.

Exp:
Lisas
table is
circular
in shape.

Exp: That
old man
lives in a
quiet and
peaceful
village.

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Comparison of Adjectives

The postive Degree - compare two equal persons of

things in the form of 'as...as'.
Exp: as short as, as dry as, as fat as, etc.
This building is as new as that.

The Comparative Degree - compare two unequal

persons or things. Many adjectives form their
comparative by adding '-er than'.
Exp: faster than, deeper than, etc.
Patrick is stronger than Alex.
The Comparative Degree - if adjective with three or more syllables and
those that end in '-ful' form their comparative by adding 'more...than'.
Exp: more comfortable than, more beautiful than, etc. My old shoes are
more comfortable than my new shoes.

The comparative and superlatives of some adjectives are

irregularly formed.
Exp: Good-better-best, far-further-furthest, etc.

The superlative Degree - compare three or more unequal

persons or things. Many adjectives form their
superlative by adding 'the - est'.
Exp: the highest, the sweetest, etc.
This is the sweetest apply that I have ever eaten.

adjectives with three or more syllables and those that

end in '-ful' form their superlatives by adding 'the
most' (Exp: the most expensive, the most careful)

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Adverbs

a) Adverbs of manner tell us

how actions are done. They
are usually placed after
verbs. Many adverbs of
manner are formed by adding
-ly or -ily to adjectives.

b) Adverbs of manner do
not end in -ly or -ily,
especially one-syllable
adverbs such as hard,
fast, late, soon, and
high.

Exp: quick quickly, happy

happily, etc.

Exp: Mr Chen works

hard to support his
family.

Sam ran quickly to hospital.

The old man walked slowly
along the riverbank.

I believe that Fanny will

arrive soon.

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Adverbs

Adverbs of frequency tell

us how often actions are
done. They are usually
placed before verbs.

Adverbs of place tell us

where actions happen.
They are usually placed
after verbs.

Exp: often, seldom, always,

etc.

Exp: here, nearby, etc.

Amanda often visits the

library.

Mr Chan went abroad to

visit his relatives last
month.

We never go to school on
foot.

Earthworms are creatures

that live underground.

Adverbs of time tell us

when actions happen.
They are usually placed
either at the beginning
or at the end of
sentences.
Exp: tomorrow, today,
now, etc.
Yesterday we had a
meeting.
Jen is revising for his
examination now.

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Simple Present Tense

We use the simple present tense to show a habitual action.
The Simple Present tense

a) Singular noun or
pronoun takes a singular
verb.

Singular verbs are formed by:

adding -s to the verbs.

Exp: writes, drives, hops,
etc.
adding -es to verbs end
in -s,-sh, or -ch. Exp:
crosses, washes, touches,
etc.
replacing -y with -ies.
Exp: carry-carries, replyreplies.

b) Plural noun or
pronoun takes plural
verb.

Plural noun are using plural

verbs.
Exp: We eat apple. Children like
to play.

The interrogative form:

Auxiliary Verb (do/does) + Subject + Base form of Verb
Exp: Do + (I / you / we / they / the girls) + eat apple. / Does + (Ken /
she / he) + read book?
The negative form of simple present tense:
Subject + Auxiliary verb (do/does/does not) + Base form of
Verb.
Exp: (I / you / we / they / the boys) + do not + drink coffee.
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The Simple Past Tense

Use simply past tense for an action that happened at a specific time in
the past.
Time Expression

Just now/ Yesterday/ Two days ago/

Last month.

Regular

Irregular

Danny walked to my house

just now.

Adding -ed to the verbs. Eg:

wait-waited, avoid-avoid, etc.
Adding -d to the verbs that end
in -e. Eg: hope-hoped, changechanged, etc.
Replacing -y with -ied. Eg:
fry-fried, hurry- hurried, etc.

o He compared his
homework with
mine.
o She cried last whole
night.

Changing the vowels of the

verbs. Eg: get-got, blow-blew,
etc.
Changing the verbs completely
or partly. Eg: go-went, thinktaught, shake-shook, etc.
Leaving the verbs unchanged.
Eg: cost-cost, cut-cut, shut-shut,
etc.

o Mr Kim taught our

class English two
years ago.
o One of our pipes
burst last week.

The interrogative form of the simple past tense:

Auxiliary Verb did + Subject + Base form of Verb
Eg: Did + (you / I / we / they / he / she) + see Jerry a while ago?
The negative form of the simple past tense:
Subject + Auxiliary Verb did + not + Base form of Verb
Eg: (You / I / We / They / He / She) + did not + complete the work.

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Present Continuous Tense

The present continuous tense is formed as follows:

Auxiliary Verb am/ is/ are + -ing Verb
Eg: Am + going = am going, is + cycling = is cycling, etc.

The present continuous tense is used to show that

an action is going on now, at this very moment. It
is often used with time expressions like:
I am going to eat now. Ivan is playing along playground with
his friends.

Show planned action that will take place in the

future. Time expressions that are often used with
it.
I am watching a film tomorrow.
Interrogative form of the present continuous tense:
Auxiliary Verb 'am' /
'is' / 'are'

Subject

'-ing' Verb

Eg: Am + I + visiting grandmother tomorrow?

The negative form of the present continuous tense:

Subject

Auxiliary Verb 'am' /

'is' / 'are' + 'not'

'-ing' Verb

Eg; I + am not + revising for my examination now.

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Past Continuous Tense

Show that an ongoing

past action ( in the past
continous) was
interrupted by a short
action (in the simple
past)

Show an action was

going on at particular
time or period of time in
the past
I was watching TV at 7
o'clock last evening.

I was sweeping in the

garden when a bee
stung me.

Show two actions we going on

simultaneously. It often used
with words like 'when' and
'while'
While Jenny was sewing, her
brother was cleaning his room.

Interrogative form of the past continuous tense:

Auxiliary Verb 'was' /
'were'

Subject

'-ing' Verb

Eg: Was + she + working?

The negative form of the past continuous tense:
Subject

Auxiliary Verb 'was' /

'were' + 'not'

'-ing' Verb

Eg: I + was not + drawing.

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The Present Perfect Tense

An action that has
happened, but the
time is not known. It
often used with
adverb 'already'.

Show an action
started in the past and
continued into the
present. It often used
'since' and 'for'.

Show that an action

has just been
completed.
Therefore, it is often
used with adverb
'just'.

Mr Lee has
lived in this
housing area
since 1980.

My parents
have just
returned from
oversea.

Albert has
already seen my
works.

We have already
done the puzzle.

The interrogative form of the present perfect tense:

Auxiliary Verb 'has' /
'have'

Subject

Past Participle

Eg: Has + he + written?

The negative form of the present perfect tense:
Subject

Auxiliary Verb 'has' /

'have' + 'not'

Past Participle

Eg: Alex + has not + eaten.

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Past Perfect Tense

Talk about the earlier of two

past actions. While the action
that happened earlier is used in
the past perfect tense, the action
that happened later is in the
simple past tense.

o The film had begun when

we arrived at the cinema.
o I had vacuumed the floor
before they came home.

Adverbs such as before, when

and after are often used with
the past perfect tense.
The indirect or reported speech.

o Richard said that he had

painted the kennel.
o My sister said that she had
taken her breakfast.

The interrogative form of the past perfect tense:

Auxiliary Verb 'had'

Subject

Past Participle

Eg: Had + he + spoken?

The negative form of the past perfect tense:
Subject

Auxiliary Verb 'had'

+ 'not'

Past Participle

Eg: Sarah + had not + drawn.

Often used with the adverb yet
Eg: The boys + had not + sung yet.

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Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense is used to talk about future
actions. It frequent used with the following time
expressions:
Eg: soon / tomorrow / etc.
o Shall I and We / Will Other nouns
I shall go the school tomorrow.
Mr Lee will pick up her mother first.
Interrogative form of the simple future tense:
Modal Verb
'will/shall'

Subject

Base Form of Verb

Eg: Will + she + sing?

Negative form of simple future tense:
Subject

Modal Verb
'will/shall'+ 'NOT'

Base Form of Verb

Eg: Anna + will not + speak

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Continue

The Going to Form

o Talk about planned future actions.
Eg: Mariah is going to buy a new dress this weekend.
o Show that something is sure to happen in the future.
Eg: I am going to see a doctor this afternoon.
Interrogative form of the going to form:
Auxiliary Verb

Subject

'going to'

Base Form of
Verb

Eg: Is + he + going to + read?

Negative form of the going to form:
Subject

Auxiliary Verb

'going to'

Base Form of
Verb

Eg: Eric + is not + going to + run.

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Modal Verbs
Can/Could
Show what
someone or
something is
able to do.
Eg: Ducks can
swim well.
Ask for
permission.
Eg: Can/Could
I borrow your
pen?
Make a request.
Eg: Can/Could
you show me
the direction
to the railway
station?

May/Might

Will / Would

Show future
Ask for persmission
actions
Eg: May I have a
Eg: They will
glass of water,
return your
please?
storybooks
Show possibility
tomorrow
Eg: Alex
Make a polite
may/might play
request / an offer
football
Eg: Would you
tomorrow.
mind lending me
your mobile
phone?

Shall/Should
Show future
action
Eg: I shall talk to
you regarding
this later.
Show a command
Eg: All fees
shall/should be
paid by 7
January.
Make an offer or
a suggestion
Eg: Shall I help
you with your
work?
Show what is
right or the best
thing to do.
Eg: Children
should respect
and obey their
parents.

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Conjunctions

And

Or

Mean 'in
addition to'
Eg: Ben
and Joshua
are going
to play
now.
Join things
or ideas of
equal rank
Eg:
Nobody
likes a rude
and selfish
person.
Join the last
two items in
a list
Eg:
Dolphins,
dugongs,
orcas and
whales are
sea
mammals.

Show
another
possibility
Eg: Are you
going to
the book
fair or not?
Advise or
warn
someone
that
something
bad can
happen
Eg: Bring
an
umbrella
with you
or you may
get wet.

But
Compare
two
contrasting
things or
ideas
Eg: The
pupil is
clever but
lazy.

So
Show the
reason for
something
Eg: Victor
was
hungry so
he went
for a quick
lunch.

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Continue:

Because and As

'Because'
an 'As' to
show the
reason for
something
She is
crying
because
she is
sad.
Lili was
disappoi
nted as
she did
not pass
the
exam.

Although

If and Unless

Mean
'despite the
fact that'
Eg: He
continue
s working
although
he is not
feeling
well.

Show a
condition
The
plants
will die if
we do
not
water
them.

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Punctuation

Comma

Capital
Letters

Separte items
in a list

Beginning of
a sentence

Show a slight
pause in a
sentence

Pronoun 'I'
and the letter
of all proper
nouns should
be in capitals

Eg: I keep my
pencils, pens,
ruler and
sharpener in
a pencil case.

Eg: He looked
at me. / Paris
is the capital
of France.

Question
Mark

End of a
direct
question.

Eg: Have they

eaten the
apple?

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Continue:

Exclamation
Mark

Show strong
feelings such as
excitement

Apostrphe

Colon

Make nouns
possessive
Introduce the
items in a list

Used in
contractions

Eg: Oh no! I
have lost my
phone.

Eg: Lilian's
brother is
seven year old.
/ There's bank
opposite the
supermarket.

Eg: For our

picnic, I shall
bring the
following: food,
water, a mat, a
radio and a box
of tissues.

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