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RESERVOIR ASPECTS
RELATE TO FORMATION EVALUATION
2. Reservoir Rock
1000
3. Timing / Burial
History
4. Maturation
3000
5. Migration
4000
6. Cap Rock
7. Trap
10.2 m
Y
2000
5000
HIGH
PRESSURE
6000
7000
10 km
8000
9000
10000
Fold
Fault
Fracture
Stratigraphyc Trap
Symbol
Dimensions cgs
SI
Darcy
Field
Length
cm
metre
cm
ft
Mass
gm
kg
gm
lb
Time
sec
Sec
sec
hr
Velocity
L/T
cm/sec
metre/sec
cm/sec
ft/sec
stb/d
(liquid)
Rate
L3 /T
cc/sec
metre3 /sec
cc/Sec
Mscf/d
(gas)
Pressure
(ML/T2 )/L2
dyne/cm2
Newton/metre2
atm
psia
(Pascal)
Density
M/L3
gm/cc
kg/metre3
gm/cc
lb/cu.ft
Viscosity
M/LT
gm/cm.sec
kg/metre.sec
cp
cp
metre2
Darcy
mD
(Poise)
Permeability
L2
cm2
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 acre = 4047 m2
1 bbl = 0.159 m3
1 acre-ft = 1233 m3
1 dyne = 10-5 N
1 cal = 4.817 J
1 Btu = 1055 J
1 HP = 746 W
1 cp = 0.001 Pa s
1 md = 10-15 m2
1 lb = 0.454 kg
Porosity
y Original or primary porosity - forms when rock
forming sediment was originally deposited,
compacted, & cemented together into matrix
y Induced or secondary porosity - developed by
geological process that occurred after deposition
y Total porosity - total void space in rock divided by
bulk volume of rock
y Effective porosity - ratio of interconnected void
space in rock to bulk volume of rock
Porosity
Void Volume
Porosity = =
Bulk Volume
Effective Porosity =
Total Porosity
Bulk Volume
Porosity
Oil
Quartz Grain
= 0.08 mm
Notes on Porosity
y Porosity is a measure of the storage capacity of
the reservoir rock.
y Only interconnected pore space is of interest. If
pore space is isolated, i.e., there is no network of
pores that channel fluids to wells, fluid can not be
produced.
Cubic
(Porosity 47,6%)
Rhombohedral
(Porosity 25,96%)
= 100
= 75
= Vb Vs
= (100 75) cc
= 25 cc
2. Vpef = 50 % x 25 cc
= 12.5 cc
3.
25
=
100%
100
= 25%
4.
12.5
eff =
100%
100
eff = 12.5%
= 1250
= 983
267
=
100 %
1250
= 21,36 %
4.
eff
eff
114,81
=
100%
1250
= 9,1848%
k A (p1 p2 )
q=
p2
L
p
Q
k=
qL
A(p1 p2 )
p1
Where:
q = volumetric rate (cm3/sec)
k = permeability (darcies)
A = area (cm2)
m = viscosity (cp)
p1 = upstream pressure (atm)
p2 = downstream pressure (atm)
L = length of porous media (cm)
1.1271x10 3 k A (p1 p2 )
q=
L
Where:
q = volumetric flow rate of liquid (bbl/day)
k = permeability (md)
A = flow area (ft2)
p1 = upstream pressure (psi)
p2 = downstream pressure (psi)
= fluid viscosity (cp)
L = thickness of porous media (ft)
y Porosity
y Saturation
y Fluid flow velocity, Viscosity and
Pressure
y Flow Geometry
k =
j =1
k j hj
j =1
hj
k=
L
Lj
K
j =1
Permeability Case - 1
kw
kw
kw
Qw . w . L
=
A . ( P1 P2 )
52 x 0.01845 x 2.3
=
11.04 x 0.5
= 0 . 39975 Darcy
Parallel Layer
n
j =1
n
k =
k j hj
j =1
k =
hj
=155,56 mD
k=
L
Lj
K
j =1
225
k=
75
50 100
+
+
200 100 150
= 238,95 mD
Parallel Layer
n
j =1
k =
k j hj
j =1
k =
hj
=119.99 mD
k=
L
Lj
K
j =1
219
k=
46 101 72
+
+
135 121 109
= 119.255 mD
Fluid Saturation
V
Saturation =
V
specific fluid
pore space
y Definitions
Sw = water saturation
So = oil saturation
Sg = gas saturation
Sh = hydrocarbon saturation = So + Sg
Fluid Saturation
(1-Sw)
Sw
Hydrocarbon
Water
Matrix
Fluid Saturations
y Basic concepts of hydrocarbon accumulation
- Initially, pore space filled 100% with water
- Hydrocarbons migrate up dip into traps
- Hydrocarbons distributed by capillary forces
and gravity
- Connate water saturation remains in
hydrocarbon zone
400
So =
500
75
Sg =
500
= 0 .8
= 0 . 15
y Sg + So + Sw = 1
1 So Sg = Sw
1 0.8 0.15 = 0.05
y Hence
So = 0.8
Sg = 0.15
Sw = 0.05
176
So =
= 0 . 704
250
57
Sw =
= 0 . 228
250
y Sg + So + Sw = 1
1 So Sw = Sg
1 0.704 0.228 = 0.068
y Hence
So = 0.704
Sg = 0.068
Sw = 0.228
Reservoir Heterogeneities
y Reservoir heterogeneities which can have impact
on oil recovery:
-
Pay discontinuities/pinchouts
Faults
Permeability variations/anisotropy
Porosity variations
Horizontal fractures
Vertical fractures
Formation dip
Reservoir Heterogeneities
y Methods used to detect and quantify areal
reservoir variations:
-
Pulse tests
Environment of deposition:
7758Vb (1 Swi)
N=
Boi
where :
N
: Original oil in place, STB.
Vb : Bulk volume occupied by hydrocarbon, cuft.
: Porosity, fraction.
Swi : Initial water saturation, fraction.
Boi : Initial oil FVF, bbl/STB.
7758 : Constant (Convertion factor), bbl/acre-ft.
43560Vb (1 Swi)
G=
Bgi
where :
G
: Original gas in place, SCF
Vb
: Bulk volume occupied by Hydrocarbon, cuft.
: Porosity, fraction.
Swi : Initial water saturation, fraction.
Bgi
: Initial gas FVF, cuft/SCF.
43560 : Constant (Convertion factor), cuft/acre-ft