CHAPTER 1

1.1

INTRODUCTION

History has shown that wood is one of the main uses of materials in
construction. Initially, wood is not used as engineering material, but it was more
a vehicle manufacturing industry and

other

transportation purposes. Designers know

very little about the strength characteristics of wood and the wood used by the design
method based on rule-of-thumb. Review of the literature shows many characteristics
of strength suitable timber and wood technology as one of the engineering building
materials.
The development in the

21st

wood use although total production has

early twentieth century has

increased

century,

the

dropped. The
the demand

demand

pace

of

for increasing
technology in the

for wood use in construction

of structures.
In Malaysia, the use of wood as a primary building material is limited even more
so with the cost is so high that the chilly reception from consumers. This is obvious from
the construction activities are focused on low cost housing and low-medium schools and
office buildings, who prefers the use of traditional materials such as concrete and bricks.
Associated with wood furniture industry, and when used in the construction of wooden
structures is a low-cost construction, much to the problem, not quality, low social status
and are not safe. Even the use of the term by the Fire Department which meant wood
1

structure as a temporary structure reinforces this perception. Although wood is widely

used as structural materials, but its use as a component of the popular course. Among
them are a concrete formwork, piling and components for windows, doors, roofs and
other structures.

1.2

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Particle board is a product used in furniture making. Booklet particle board is

made of wood dust. Therefore, the trees should be cut to produce dust. As a result, the
felling of trees is increasing and will cause global warming. We found that the
existing particle board is not able to withstand bad weather, especially rain. When
the particle board exposed to water, it will soon spread out and then the bonds
between particles are weak. When this happens, this will cause the strength of particle
board is not strong and will affect the surface of the board itself. In addition, the day the
demand for particle board is growing. As a result, the felling of trees growing as a result
of the particle

board manufacturing. With the

production

of particle board waste, deforestation rate may be reduced.

of our

project is the use

1.3

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this research are as follow:

1.4

To create particle board which is resilience to water then normal particle board.

To decrease the uses of wood in particle board making.

To produce particle board products using materials other such as rice husk,
coconut fibre and use less ratio of wood dust.

PROJECT SCOPE

Our study is in general about the use of particle board and recyclable materials such as
rice husk, saw dust and coconut fibre. Dimensions that we will test are 12cm x 12cm . Our use
of particle board that is suitable for outdoors and indoors. We will add all the ingredients used

in making particle board. Tests that should we will do to our particle board is the rate
of water absorption, water content and durability of the particle board. Because the
study focused only on the wall thermal resistance, the strength of the wall will not
be taken into consideration.
We believe our product can be marketed as the cost of making and finding the
materials for this particle board is cheap because we using waste materials.

1.5

ADVANTAGES OF OUR PARTICLE BOARD

1. Cheaper than normal particle board because use waste materials.
2. Water absorption rate is slow compared to the existing particle board.
3. Have high water resistance.

1.6

COMPARISON OUR PARTICLE BOARD AND NORMAL

PARTICLE BOARD

Table 1.6 COMPARISONS OUR PARTICLE BOARD AND NORMAL PARTICLE

PARTICLE BOARD USING WASTE
1.
2.
3.
4.

BOARD

NORMAL PARTICLE BOARD

MATERIALS
Use the waste materials.
Use less ratio of wood dust.
Water resistance.
Use urea formaldehyde and

1.
2.
3.
4.

nitrocellulose lacquer.
5. Use materials such as coconut fibre,

Use timber to produce wood dust.

Use 100% wood dust.
Water resistance.
Only use urea formaldehyde.

5. Only use wood dust.

rice husk, and wood dust.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Particle Board

Particle board is one kind of timber manufacturer. Particle board made from a
mixture of wood chips (wood chips) are mixed with synthetic resin glue and pressed or
pressed into sheets of hard in a certain thickness. In addition to pieces of wood, hemp is
also often used as a raw material and produces a board called the flex board. Flex board
similar to particle board, but tend to be lighter and not as strong pieces of wood-based
boards.
Particle board tend to be more severe than most other wood material as content
glue tends to be much; even further, particle board has a fibre length and hence the
binding power of the weak and prone to crumble at the edges if treated roughly. The
research is still much to do to make particle board that is lighter, stronger, stiffer, and
cheaper.
Particle board tends to be stable and not easily change its shape (shrinking,
turning, etc.). Particle board can also be cut, shaped, and drilled easily using standard
equipment.
However, particle board cannot be used for the exterior because of end easily
absorb moisture and damp easily. Nevertheless, some manufacturers now include wax
emulsions in the glue to protect the board from moisture at a certain level. More particle
board used for caskets, drawers, panels, partitions, and others

Modern plywood, as an alternative to natural wood, was invented in the 19th

century, but by the end of the 1940s a shortage of lumber made it difficult to
manufacture plywood affordably. Particleboard was intended to be a replacement. Its
inventor was Max Himmelheber of Germany. The first commercial piece was produced
during World War II at a factory in Bremen, Germany.
Flake - A small wood particle of predetermined dimensions specifically produced
as a primary function of specialized equipment of various types, with the cutting action
across the direction of the grain (either radically, tangentially, or at an angle between),
the action being such as to produce a particle of uniform thickness, essentially flat, and
having the fibre direction essentially in the plane of the flakes, in overall character
resembling a small piece of veneer.
Particle - The aggregate component of a particleboard manufactured by
mechanical means from wood or other ligno-cellulosic material (comparable to the
aggregate in concrete) including all small subdivisions of wood such as chips, curls,
flakes, sawdust, shavings, slivers, strands, wood flour, and wood wool. Particle size may
be measured by the screen mesh that permits passage of the particles and another screen
upon which they are retained, or by the measured dimensions as for flakes and strands.

Figure 2.1, Basic Particle Board

Figure 2.2, Particle Board From Wood Dust

Table 2.1: Review Product Particle Board (Source : Evergreen Firewood Bhd)
Fibre Material
Glue Type

Board Dimensions

Thickness
Capacity
Properties
Bending
Strength
Modules of
Elasticity
in Bending
Internal
Bond
Surface
Soundness
Swelling in
Thickness
(24 hours)
Density

Test
Method

Rubber wood
- EN 312-3 P3 (UF/E1 Grade)
Boards for interior fitments (including furniture)
-EN 312-5 P5 (MUF Grade)
Load bearing board for use in humid conditions
1220 mm x 2440 mm
1830 mm x 2440 mm
1525 mm x 2440 mm
9 mm - 30 mm
120,000 m3/year
9-13 mm
>13-20 mm
>20-25 mm
>25-30 mm
Unit
UF/EI MUF UF/EI MUF UF/EI MUF UF/EI MUF

EN 310

n/mm2 14.00 18.00 13.00

16.00

11.50 14.00 10.00 12.00

EN 310

n/mm2

1800

2550

1600

2400

1500

2150

1350

1900

EN 319

n/mm2

0.40

0.45

0.35

0.45

0.30

0.40

0.25

0.35

EN 311

n/mm2

0.80

N/A

0.80

N/A

0.80

N/A

0.80

N/A

EN 317

N/A

11.00

N/A

10.00

N/A

10.00

N/A

10.00

As per
68020
request
Test Method
EN 324-1
EN 324-1
EN 324-2
EN 324-2
EN 322

EN 323 kg/mm3 72020 N/A 70020

Property
Thickness (Sanded) within and between boards
Length and Width
Edge Straightness Tolerance
Squareness Tolerance
Moisture Content
Formaldehyde Potential (perforator value)
Class 1 . Class 2
Formaldehyde Potential (desiccators value) E O

2.2

EN 120
JISA 5908

Urea Formaldehyde
8

N/A 66020 N/A

Requirement
0.3 mm
0.3 mm
1.5 mm per m
2 mm per m
5% to 13%
8mg/100g
8mg/100g < x 30mg/100g
0.5.mg/L

Made from urea and formaldehyde heated in the presence of a mild base such as
ammonia or pyridine. These resins are used in adhesives, finishes, MDF, and moulded
objects.
Urea-formaldehyde resin's attributes include high tensile strength, flexural
modulus, and heat distortion temperature, low water absorption, mould shrinkage, high
surface hardness, elongation at break, and volume resistance.
There is approximately 1 million metric tons of urea-formaldehyde produced
every year. Over 70% of this production is then put into use by the forest industry
products. It produces a great resin for bonding particleboard (61%), medium density
fibreboard (27%), hardwood plywood (5%), and laminating adhesive (7%).

Urea formaldehyde glues have several qualities that make them superior to all other
glues:
9

1. Long open working time (30-45 minutes in cooler weather).

2. These are rigid glues that will not creep over time.
3. Gap filling ability, which means that they will work when uniform clamping
pressure is difficult.
4. Resistance to moisture, solvents, finishes, etc.
5. An ability to glue oily woods (such as a number of exotic woods).

Figure 2.3, Urea Formaldehyde Glue

2.3

Saw Dust

10

Sawdust is a by-product of cutting lumber with a saw, composed of fine particles

of wood. It can present a hazard in manufacturing industries, especially in terms of its
flammability. Sawdust is the main component of particleboard.
Sawdust has a variety of practical uses, including serving as a mulch, as an
alternative to clay cat litter, as a fuel, or for the manufacture of particleboard. Until the
advent of refrigeration, it was often used in icehouses to keep ice frozen during the
summer. It has been used in artistic displays, and as scatter. It is also sometimes used to
soak up liquid spills, allowing the spill to be easily collected or swept aside. It is used to
make Cutler's resin. Mixed with water and frozen, it formspykrete, a slow-melting, much
stronger form of ice.

Figure 2.4, Saw Dust

2.4

Rice Husk

11

Rice husk is the raw material used in the manufacture of particle board this project.
Physical properties of rice husk is available on it too rough, high degeneration
resistance, low density and quantity of waste in the form of a lot of ash. In general, rice
husk is yellowish or brown. Most of them have5-10mm long and wide 2.5-5mm. The
bulk density of rice husk is 0.100g/ml or 96-160kg/ m.

Figure 2.5, Rice Husk

2.5

Coconut Fibre
12

Coir is a fibre extracted from the husk of coconut and used in products such as
floor mats, doormats, brushes, mattresses etc. Technically coir is the fibrous material
found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut. Other uses of
brown coir (made from ripe coconut) are in upholstery padding, sacking and
horticulture. White coir is harvested from unripe coconuts, and is used for making finer
brushes, string, rope and fishing nets.
The characteristics of coconut fibre:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Coconut fibre 15 times longer than cotton for damage.

Easy to clean.
Able to accommodate the water 3 times more weight.
The geo-textiles of coconut fibre are 100% bio-degradable and environmentally

friendly.
5. Tough and durable.
6. Provides excellent insulation against temperature and sound.

13

Figure 2.6, Coconut Fibre

14

2.6

Finishing

Nitrocellulose Lacquer - Finishes used in particle board is lacquer. type of used

were nitrocellulose lacquer. These lacquers are also used on wooden products, furniture
primarily, and on musical instruments and other objects. The nitrocellulose and other
resins and plasticizers are dissolved in the solvent, and each coat of lacquer dissolves
some of the previous coat.
These lacquers were a huge improvement over earlier automobile and furniture
finishes, both in ease of application and in colour retention. The preferred method of
applying quick-drying lacquers is by spraying, and the development of nitrocellulose
lacquers led to the first extensive use of spray guns. Nitrocellulose lacquers produce a
hard yet flexible, durable finish that can be polished to a high sheen. Drawbacks of these
lacquers include the hazardous nature of the solvent, which is flammable and toxic, and
the hazards of nitrocellulose in the manufacturing process. Lacquer grade of soluble
nitrocellulose is closely related to the more highly nitrated form which is used to make
explosives. They become relatively non-toxic after approximately a month since at this
point, the lacquer has evaporated most of the solvents used in its production.

15

Cellulose filler - Finishes used in particle board. cellulose-based fillers are

combinations of wood fibre and binder that come in three general types:
1) Dry formulas that need to be mixed with water by the user
2) Solvent types that are premixed with ketones and petroleum distillates
3) Water-soluble premixes.
Dry formulas are popular because they're inexpensive, have a long shelf life, and
you can mix as little or as much as you need. While solvent types have the advantage of
quick drying time, they also dry in the can unless you seal it airtight after use. Labels
may recommend adding solvent to keep them workable, and cleaning up with acetone.
These petroleum-based mixtures are flammable and emit vapours that may cause
dizziness and headaches. Water-based products are odourless and clean up with water
before they dry.
Cellulose filler tend to be rather coarsely porous so they don't all sand as smooth
as wood, but some stain amazingly well. The newest ones look like their venerable
cellulose cousins, but the wood fibre or powder they contain has been modified with
chemicals to give them some advantages. Bob Hammond, category director for Minwax,
says the company's new Stainable Wood Filler was developed to meet a demand for
filler guaranteed to colour well with either oil- and water-based stains. Although older
water-based fillers were unsuitable for use on exteriors or in damp environments, newer
formulations like Minwax Stainable and Famowood's water-based filler are said to stand
up to outdoor applications if given a protective finish.

16

Figure 2.7, Nitrocellulose Lacquer

Figure 2.8, Cellulose Filler

17

Table 2.8 Advantages of the materials

RICE HUSK
1. Low density.
2. High
degeneration
resistance.
3. Rough.
4. The bulk
density of
rice husk is
0.100g/ml or
160kg/m.

WOOD DUST/SAW
DUST
1. Capable to
fulfil the
empty space.
2. Easy to get.
3. As insulation
materials.

18

COCONUT FIBER
1. Coconut fibre
15 times
longer than
cotton for
damage.
2. Easy to clean.
3. Tough and
durable.
4. Provides
excellent
insulation
against
temperature
and sound.
5. Able to
accommodate
the water 3
times more
weight.

2.7

Summary of previous research

Composite Products made from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) the properties of

the kenaf core hygroscopic absorption of water causes a large composite board, that
required special treatment to reduce the shortfall one with the addition of paraffin. Based
on previous research (Sukarta 2004), the addition of 8% paraffin may reduce absorption
water. But the magnitude of this increase is too large by Haygreen and Bowyer (1989)
which states that the addition of 0.25 to 2.00% paraffin of the weight of the board.
Therefore it is necessary to investigate The optimum addition of paraffin on kenaf
composite boards with modify the use of paraffin in the form of emulsions. This study
aims to determine the quality of the particle board core kenaf with the addition of
paraffin emulsion and determine the size of the addition Optimum paraffin in reducing
the development of thick and absorbent water. The materials used in this study is the
particle kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) core part (core) with a size of 2-3 mm. Urea
Adhesives Formaldehyde (UF) and paraffin emulsion in the form of grading 1%, 2%,
4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. The particles are mixed with an adhesive and then molded
paraffin a sheet size of 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm with a density of target 0.7 gram/cm3
through compression cold and hot temperature of about 130o C for 20 minutes. After
conditioning for 10 days, testing the nature physical and mechanical refers to the
standard JIS A 5908 (1994). Research shows that the addition of paraffin 1% to 10% can
be improve the physical properties of particle board and reduce the development of thick
and water absorption. (VIDELIA PUTRIANI. E 24101046. Quality of Kenaf Core
Particle Board (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) at Different Levels of Paraffin in Shape
Emulsion. Under the guidance of Dr. Ir. Dede Hermawan, MSc.)

19

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1

Introduction
This chapter is to describe the detail of the execution of the project. Each process

of the project will be shown in table and few of equations. Furthermore, relevant figures
or illustration of equipments and dimensions of materials that will be used are also
described.

3.2

Research Methodology

3.2.1 Preparing the Material.

The material that been used in this project is rice husk, coconut fibrous husk, and
some wood dust as the additive. Every material is been cleaned to avoid from any harm
material that contain on it that can cause harm to the materials. After that, all the
material is crushed to become particles with size as below:

20

MATERIAL
Rice husk
Fibrous coconut husk
Wood dust
Table 3.2. Materials size

SIZE (mm)
5
30
5

Then, the material is been dried until water content is about 10%.
MATERIAL
PERCENTAGE (%)
Rice husk
30
Fibrous coconut husk
20
Wood dust
30
Table 3.3 Materials composition
The ratio uses for preparing material of particle board is 3:2:3

3.2.2 Experiment of Material

Researches about the benefits of each material used have been done to gauge the
strength and capability to make particle board. Such as coconut fibre, it has a high
fibre element on it. Besides, rice husk also able to retain water.

3.2.3 Producing the Product

Next, the ingredients are mixed with syntactic resin, urea formaldehyde until it
blended. Later, materials are mixed together and then placed the mixture into

21

the mould in dimension of 30cm30cm1.5cm and be done in the area of the

room temperature. After that, the moulded mixture is then through the compacting
process and then allowed to dry and harden for 5 days before any tests be done (Data
from Indra Mawardi
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Banda Aceh
E-mail: ddx_72@yahoo.com). To accelerate the drying process, the mould can also
be included in oven temperature to 150 degrees Celsius.

Particleboard manufacturing
1. Adhesive mixing

22

Adhesive is mixed with all of the materials that we use such as coconut husk,
rice husk and sawdust. all of this material is placed in a container to facilitate
mixing.
2. Board forming
All the material that mixed with adhesive is placed on the mould size 30cm x
30cm x1cm. Before the material deposited, zinc-coated aluminium foil coverings
should be made to make the pedestal of dough. Foil aluminium works to prevent
material from sticking to the surface of the zinc.
3. Compression
After material mixture is placed in a mould, the compression will be performed
with a temperature of 150 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1500kg.
4. The conditioning
Oxidizing aims for uniform water content in each sample. Process is carried out
for 5 days.

3.2.4 Product Testing

Some tests will be performed on the finished particle board. Among the tests to be
carried

out are water

content, the

water absorption tests and durability tests.

23

Each test was conducted to obtain data about the strength of particle board that we
have created.
a) Water absorption.
Water absorption capacity is determined based on the weight specimen after
soaked in water for 5, 10, 15 and 20 minute and the result calculated by the
equation:-

Guidance:B1= weight before soaked (gm)

B2= weight after soaked (gm).
b) Water content.
The water contain is measured by using equation:-

WC =

Guidance:
WC = water content (%)

24

EW = early weight (g)

DW = dry weight (g)

3.2.5 Equipment
During the process of creating our products, we have used a number of machines and
equipment to ensure that our projects are successful. The machine that been used is
compression machine. The main function of this machine is to form composite products
from industrial waste materials such as rice husk, saw dust mixed with adhesives. In
addition, the other equipment used is digital weighing machine. This equipment is used
to weigh materials to be used according to the desired weight.

Figure 2.9, Compression Machine

25

Figure 3.0, Flow Chart Methodology

26

Table 3.4 Strength and dimensional stability properties of commercial particleboards and
different types of particle boards stipulated in B.S. 5669 : 1979

Density
(kg/m3)
Malaysia
commercial
particle
board (a)
British
commercial
particleboard
(b)
B.S.56691979 (c )
Type 1*
Type 2*
Type 3*

714

Bending
Strength
(MPa)
26.9

Internal
Bond
(MPa)
0.66

Screw
Withdrawal
(N)
543

Water
Absorption
(%)
NA

Thickness
Swelling
(%)
6.9

610-640

14.0

0.35

360

9.0

NA

NA

13.8

0.34

360

NA

12

NA
NA

17.0
19.0

0.50
0.50

NA
NA

NA
NA

10
8

(a) - Standard and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (1979)

(b) - Anonymous, 1969
(c) - British Standard Institution, 1979
Type I* Standard
Type II* Flooring
Type III* Improved Moisture Resistance
NA - Not Available

27

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND PROJECT ANALYSIS

In our project, we have been talking with the supervisor to make the two studies other
features. A PBUWM physical property to be tested is the power of water content and
water absorption.
1. Water content.
Haygreen and Bowyer (1996) define the water as abundance of water in the
timber.
Graph water content for best sample PBUWM compared to standard PB.

28

Our test results can be shown in the following graph. The graph shows that the
sample PBUWM numbers 5, 7, 8 are some of the best water content. Our study was
conducted for 24 hours. As a result of this observation, samples 5, 7 and 8 have water
content below than 13%.
For sample 5, the ratio of the material used is 350g is rice husk, 325g sawdust,
45g coconut fibre and 330g urea formaldehyde. In this case, the ratio of material does
not effects the rate of water content in the product. This can be seen from the table
because the ratio of water content in the product range are under 13%, this may be
because the material we use is the kind that does not trap moisture. Variability analysis
results show that an increased rates of urea formaldehyde no significant effect on the rate
of particle board produced water. That is the value of the water is not affected.

29

When compared with the standard particle board in the market, the water content
in the standard particle board with PBUWM numbers 5, 7 and 8 are still under 13%. It
shows percentage sample PBUWM is good result compared a sample standard.

JIS A 5908 (1994) requires that the rate of particle board water between 5 - 13%.
Therefore, the findings of particle board, had meet the standard water rate.

30

2. Water absorption.
Absorbing power of water is the amount of water absorbed by the product to the first
time after being soaking stated in percent. Water absorption occurs because of the
absorption of is the tensile strength of water molecules in place of the hydrogen bond in
cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin (Haygreen and Bowyer 1996).
For sample immersion for 5 minutes, the best reading is recorded on samples 5, 6
and 8 of 9.7, 8.5 and 8.3. This may be due to PBUWM have a little cavity that can
prevent water from being absorbed by more.
While for the 10 minutes, the best reading is also recorded in samples 5, 6 and 8 of
12, 12.3 and 11.6. For more information, is included below the graph of the best sample.
Graph below shows the reading PBUWM after immersion test for 5, 10, 15 and 20
minutes.
Graph water absorption for best sample compared to standard PB.

31

In addition, the used of finishing may also cause this board absorb less water.
Nitrocellulose Lacquer example is a finish that has properties such as waterproof.

32

While samples PBUWM with high water uptake is in samples 2, 3 and 4. Percent
absorption at 5 minutes was 22.5, 90 and 24.4. Here we found that this sample has a
large cavity and allows the water to be absorbed. Further data are shown in the appendix.
Above is information about PBUWM who successfully passed the test of water
absorption. While PBUWM that failed in water absorption test already absorb about
60% and above. This is due to the use of urea formaldehyde glue less. Because of that,
there are materials that are not affected by glue. Effect of water can be easily absorbed.
Haygreen and Bowyer (1989) mentions that water absorption occur because of the style
that is adsorbs tensile water molecules in place of the hydrogen bonds in cellulose,
hemicelluloses, lignin. Kollmann et al. (1975) stated that compared to wood solid,
particle board has a lower hygroscopic nature

33

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

The objective of the study is to created the particle board that are resilience to
water than normal particle board and also to decreased the used of wood in the particle
by combined it with waste material such as rice husk, and coconut fiber. The test that we
are use to compare the both particle board is, first, is by obtain the water content of the
particle board. Second is by obtaining the water absorption for each sample according to
time. The final objective is to compare the result between the particle board using waste
material (PBUWM) and the standard particle board, which has better resilience to water
or maybe even result.
According the calculations of the water content test, the result is different for the two
types of particle board. There are some sample of PBUWM that have equal value and
approaching the value for the standard particle board sample which is sample 5, 7 and 8.
Theoretically, if the result is equal, so it is safe to use for commercialize.
For water absorption test, the answers obtained are also equal and approaching the
standard particle board. Between PBUWM, the best among all the samples tested were
sample 5, 6, 8. Based testing and studies, the longer it is submerged in water, the
absorption of water also increased. Can be concluded here that there is no difference

34

between the standard particle board and our PBUWM. That a set it apart is the ratio and
also manufacturing processes that is not correct.
Can be concluded here that our project has achieved the objectives set out for on a test
we had done, was equal to the standard particle board.

35

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion :
From the results of research that made it conclude that the attributes found in particle
board using waste materials increased in terms of water absorption, it can be shown in
the analysis that we do. Particle board using waste materials have optimum water
absorption for sample of 8. because the comparison between sample of 8 and standard
particle boards have differences in terms of absorbance of water, whereby the percentage
of absorbance of water sample of 8 is 14% while standard particle board is 18%. it
shows that particle board using waste material is pass JIS A 5908 standard (1994).
Recommendation :
Our group proposed in the future that enhance the quality of particle board using this
waste material better. Among these are the processing of waste materials that are more
suitable to be made particle board, we recommend using bagasse as has the rate of water
absorption is high. on particle board we produce, no bagasse is used as in the laboratory
because does not have the equipment to grind the materials. Besides, this particle board
should be increased so that the compressive force on the boards of the contents mixed
until no air space, so the materials must be finely ground to facilitate the mixing process
between the adhesive be mixed.

36

APPENDIX

Appendix: Table Data Result Physical and Mechanical Properties Testing Particle Board
Using Waste Materials
Table show the ratio of materials in each sample of PBUWM.
Rice husk
(g)

Wood dust
(g)

Coconut
fibre (g)

Urea
formaldehyde
(g)

300

300

50

285

300

300

40

290

350

350

60

475

300

375

45

350

350

325

45

330

325

325

55

350

375

300

50

355

300

300

40

290

Materials
Samples

37

Table show the compression strength applied to each samples.

Samples

Compression strength (kg)

1000

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

1500

WATER CONTENT DATA

Table show the water content early weight for PBUWM (g).
Samples

Water content early weight (g)

A

129.9

121.3

104.1

100.0

151.9

142.4

147.1

136.0

195.1

155.1

162.8

130.0

142.6

129.0

169.9

159.0

152.2

153.4

148.1

138.0

139.3

138.6

153.0

140.0

165.0

147.9

128.9

120.0

130.2

130.0

146.8

146.0

Table show the standard particle board sample for early weight.

38

sample
1

Weight content early weight (g)

A

121.3

118.9

118.9

122.0

Table show the water content dry weight for PBUWM (g).

39

Samples

Water content dry weight (g)

A

119.4

111.5

96.3

93

139.3

130.9

135.4

126

176.6

141.6

148.5

119

131.4

119.0

154.3

146

139.2

140.7

135.8

127

128.1

127.6

140.5

130

150.8

137.1

117.9

111

120.6

120.3

135.3

134

Table show the standard particle board sample for dry weight.
sample
1

Weight content dry weight (g)

A

110.5

108.5

108.7

111.0

WATER ABSORBTION DATA

Table show the weight before soak in water for PBUWM (g).

40

Weight before soak in water (g)

Sample

122.0

113.0

98.0

95.0

142.0

132.0

137.0

129.0

179.0

143.0

151.0

122.0

135.0

121.0

159.0

149.0

144.0

145.0

141.0

130.0

130.0

130.0

142.0

132.0

153.0

140.0

120.0

113.0

121.0

121.0

137.0

137.0

Table show the weight before soak in water for standard sample (g).
Weight before soak in water (g)

sample
1

114.0

113.0

112.0

114.0

Weight of container: 197.0 g

Weight of water: 3000 g

Table show the weight after soak in water for PBUWM (g).
Sample

Weight after soak in water (g)

A (5 min)

B (10 min)

41

C (15 min)

D (20 min)

140.0

150.0

141.0

144.0

174.0

197.0

231.0

212.0

340.0

231.0

293.0

187.0

168.0

174.0

270.0

233.0

158.0

162.0

167.0

154.0

141.0

146.0

168.0

157.0

177.0

159.0

144.0

134.0

131.0

135.0

152.0

156.0

Table show the weight after soak in water for standard sample (g).
sample
1

Weight after soak in water (g)

A

124.0

128.0

133.0

135.0

WATER CONTENT DATA (percentage)

Table show the water content early weight for PBUWM (g).
Samples

Percentage (%)
A

B
42

8.8

8.8

8.1

7.5

8.8

8.6

10.5

9.5

9.6

9.2

8.5

8.4

10.1

8.9

9.3

9.1

8.7

8.7

8.6

7.7

9.4

9.2

8.1

8.1

8.5

Standard particle board sample

Percentage (%)

sample
1

9.8

9.6

9.4

10

WATER ABSORBTION DATA (percentage)

Table show the weight before soak in water for PBUWM (g).
Sample

Percentage (%)
A (5min)

B (10min)

C (15min)

D (20min)

14.8

33

44

51.6

43

22.5

50

68.6

64.3

90

62

94

53.3

24.4

44

70

56.4

9.7

12

18

18.5

8.5

12.3

18.3

19

15.7

13.6

20

18.6

8.3

11.6

11

13.9

Standard sample (g).

sample
1

Percentage (%)
A (5min)

B (10min)

C (15min)

D (20min)

8.8

13.3

18.8

18.4

REFERENCES

Indra Mawardi
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Banda Aceh.
E-mail: ddx_72@yahoo.com

L.T. Chew, C.L. Ong

44

Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

( Journal of Tropical Forest Science 1(1) : 26 34).

Suhaimi Muhammad
Mara Institute of Technology, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
(Journal of Tropical Forest Science 1(1) : 26 - 34.)

B.S. 5669 : 1979

EN.AZUAN (JURUTEKNIK MAKMAL PERKAYUAN UTHM, 0127055110)

JIS A 5908 (1994)

VIDELIA PUTRIANI. E 24101046. Quality of Kenaf Core Particle Board

(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) at Different Levels of Paraffin in Shape Emulsion.
Under the guidance of Dr. Ir. Dede Hermawan, MSc.

45

WEEKLY SCHEDULE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT FINAL PROJECT

NO.

ACTIVITY

Final Project Registration

Briefing From the Supervisor

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

W1

W2

W3

W4

W5

Selection Title of Project /

Proposal / Production
Information
Obtain Information for the
Project Title
Submission of the Proposed
Project Title
Discussion Validation Project
Title
Confirmation of Project Topics
and Group Activities
Meetings with Project
Supervisors
Submission of Project
Proposals to the Coordinator
Presentation Preparation
>

Work Period

Figure D

46

W6

W7

W8

W9

W10

W11 W12 W13