TEXTURAL STUDIES OF KANDIVALASA RIVER,

VIZIANAGARAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

DESERTATION REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
GEOLOGY
BY
BODDURU SIMHACHALAM
(711510801022)
Under the Guidance of
Prof. K.S.N REDDY
M.Sc, Ph.D.

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
ANDHRA UNIVERSITY

VISAKHAPATNAM
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
VISAKHAPATNAM
ANDHRA UNIVERSITY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that MR. B.SIMHACHALAM, a student of final year

M.S Geology, Department of Geology, Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam has successfully completed project work on
Textural studies of kandivalasa river sediments.
under my
supervision during the academic year 2015-2016.

Prof. K.S.N REDDY

Visakhapatnam

Date:
DECLARARION

hereby declare that the work presented in this project report entitled

TEXTURALSTUDIES OF KANDIVALASA RIVER SEDIMENTS,VIZIANAGARAM,

ANDHRA PRADESH has been carried out by us during the year 2015 and further
that it has not been submitted earlier, either in whole or in part of any University or
institution for the award of any degree on prize.

Place: VISAKHAPATNAM
Date:

BODDURU
SIMHACHALAM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am deeply grateful to PROF. K.SATYANNARAYANA REDDY for his keen

interest in the project work for critical reading of manuscript and quite useful additions. I am
thankful to him for his support and encouragement.
I am thankful to PROF. V.V.NAGESWARA RAO, Head of the department of
geology, Andhra University.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to RESEARCH SCHOLARS CH.RAVI
SHANKAR, K.BANGARUNAIDU, P.GANAPATHI RAO.
I express my sincere thanks to my friends and to all my classmates for their cooperation.

VISAKHAPATNAM
April, 2015
(B.SIMHACHALAM)

CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION:
1.1 LOCATION
1.2 CLIMATE AND RAIN FALL
1.3 WIND PATTERN
1.4 VEGETATION
1.5 KANDIVALASA RIVER
1.6 DISCRIPTION OF ROCK TYPES
1.7 PREVIOUS LITERATURE
1.8 OBJECTIVES
1.9 GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
1.10 GEOLOGY OF THE STYDY AREA

CHAPTER: 2
METHOD OF STUDY:
2.1 FIELD WORK AND SAMPLE COLLECTION
2.2 LABORATORY PROCEDURE
2.3 GRAIN SIZE PARAMETERS

CHAPTER: 3
3.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
3.2 REFERENCES
3.3 GRAPHS
3.4 FIELD PHOTOS

INTRODUCTION
The granulometric studies of river sediments provide information concerning its source,
geological history, environment of deposition and sediment dispersal patterns.
Several investigators have used grain size distribution to differentiate various sedimentary
environments viz; beach, dune, fluvial and marine (Friedman, 1967; Visher, 1969; Nordstrom,
1972; Reinneck and Singh, 1980; Mc Laren and Bowles, 1985; Frihy and Dewidar, 1993;
Ngusaru, 1985 and others). Shepard and Young (1960) studied the differences between dune and
beach sands of Padre Island, Texas and the west coast of North America, using grain size
parameters and roundness and sphericity. A study on size frequency distribution of sand from
beach and river environments was carried out by Friedman (1967) by using grain size
parameters.

LOCATION

The area under investigation lies between latitudes N 18 051 14.411 and N 18 081
1611 and longitudes E 830 4014211 and E 830 361 5011 covering part of the Survey of India
Toposheets 65O/5 and 65N/12. The field area is situated between Donipeta and Itikarallapalle
Villages, vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh.

FIG .1

CLIMATE & RAIN FALL

The Vizianagaram district has different climatic conditions in various segments of it. Near
the coast the air is moist, but gets warmer towards the interior and cools down in the hilly areas
on account of elevation and vegetation. April to June is warmest period. The temperature gets
down with the onset of SW monsoon and falls to a mean minimum of 21oC by December after
which there is reversal trend till the temperature reaches mean maximum of 32.6oC. The district
receives annual normal rainfall of 1202 mm, of which SW monsoon accounts for 72%
(466.6mm) of the normal. Agency and inland mandals receive larger rainfall from the SW
monsoon, while coastal mandals get same rainfall from NE monsoon

WIND PATTERN
In general the wind pattern is dependent on the trade wind direction in summer and in the
SW monsoon period, the wind on the most of the day from SW and WEST. However the wind
direction in the Vizianagaram region is Maximum in SW-W in a year. The wind in winter is
comparatively calm period with low wind speeds (average minimum 6.3 km/hour). Vizianagaram
coast is prone to cyclones storm, particular in the months of November and December and during
these periods wind speed in the order of 60km per hour has been recorded (Nageswara Rao,
1968).
VEGETATION
The followed plants are commonly seen in the study area: Spinifera littorus, Casurina
equisitofolia, Ipomoea-biloba (Pres-Copra), Portulace Oleraceae, Launia Sarmentosa,
Boerhannia diffusa, Almania modiflora, Salicornia SP, and Andropogan SP. In addition to the
above plants anacardian occiadantale, Euphoria rosea, Astercan the above plants Anacardian

Occciadantale, Euphoria rosea, Astercanthe longifilia, Tinctoria and some member of cypraceae
family are also noticed. All these plants are characerizd by long elaborate root systems, which
reach down in to fresh water table.
KANDIVALASA RIVER
Kandivalasa river is originated with in the Andhra Pradesh. kandivalasa river is flowing 150
kms from its origin and joins in to the bay of Bengal at kandivalasa village. Most of the part of
this river is flowing in vizianagaram district.
Kandivalasa river is one of the medium seized east flowing river basin. This river is belongs to
ephemeral river type, because water contain only in wet seasons. River was starts as very small
stream and gradually get bigger as more and more water is added.
DISCRIPTION OF ROCK TYPES
KHONDALITES
About 90% of the area is occupied by the khondalite series. These are NE-SW strike and dip
due south and they have foliation, lineation, banding and joints. These are composed of quartz,
feldspar, garnet and sillimanite with or without biotite in varying proportions. Magnetite, apatite,
zircon, kyanite and graphite are also present as accessory minerals.
CHARNOCKITES
It is the abundant rock type next to the khondalite. They are away from the coast with same
strike as of khondalites. The major outcrops of the charnockites are noticed in some places of
the study area. They occur at a maximum elevation 45m above MSL. These are associated with
khondalites and leptynites.

These are massive and compact dark coloured rocks. The essential mineral constituents are
quartz, potash and plagioclase feldspars, hypersthene, biotite and magnetite. The accessory
minerals are monazite, apatite, zircon and pyrite.

LEPTYNITES
Leptynites are cream and pink coloured in nature. Quartz, plagioclase feldspar and garnet are
the essential minerals and magnetite, zircon and monazite are accessories. The width of the
bands of leptynite varies from a few feet to about two thousand feet. The strike of leptynites is
also same as khondalites (NE-SW strike and dip south).

GRANITES:
Small outcrops of granites are found in association with leptynites. Pink granites and grey
granites occur in the study area. The essential mineral constituents are quartz and feldspar and
the accessories are biotite, magnetite, apatite, rutile, garnet, tourmaline and green spinel.
PEGMATITES:
The bluish grey pegmatite lenses cut across, charnockites, granulites and khondalites. It
consists of quartz and perthite as the main constituents. The contact zone is marked by the
presence of mica and clusters of garnets.

QUARTZITES:
Quartzites consist of quartz (95%) and magnetite and garnet. Grain size varies from 1mm to
1cm and the thickness of quartzite varies from a few inches to about a thousand feet. Most of the
quartzites are white and few are grey in colour.

Previous Literature:
Since19th century various authors such as Udden (1898, 1914) went worth (1922, statistical
coefficients to characteristic size frequency distribution of clastic sediments. Inman (1952)
worked on Brazos River and reported that significant contribution regarding size parameter and
their variations.
Mason and folk (1958), Friedman (1961, 1967, 1979) Jaquet and Venot (1976), Miola and
Weister (1978) Sahid (1983) and Ramanadan and James (1985) and Deva Varma (1986), have
made successful attempts in delineating the depositional environments using different
combination of textural parameters.
Visher (1969), 1978) advanced the use of hydrodynamic forms for the interpretations of
grading curves.

Swan ET at (1978) emphasized the effectiveness of graphical statistical

parameters description of grain size distribution. Recently Rao and Pitchaiah (1985) and
Sudktankar (1986) have emphasized here the importance of grain size parameters.
Friedman (1967, 1969) pointed out that the most critical part of the distribution curve for
environment analysis is its tail at the fine-grained end. The result obtained by sieving and
analyses were drawn into a single size frequency distribution. The cumulative weight percentage
is plotted in arithmetic probability curves. The phi values of percentile5, 16, 25, 50, 75, 84, and
95 were obtained from the graph. However, some analysis of the silt and clay did not attain the
84th and 95th percentile and in such cases exploration of the curve was done. Afterward necessary
computations were made to obtain grain size parameters.
Computation of grain size analysis by the graphic methods has been emphasized by number
of author (Folk, 1966, Isphording, 1970, 1972; Jones Jaquet and Vernot, 1976; Swan et al, 1978).

Folk and Ward (1957) etc. inclusive graphic measures are considered to be more accurate, as
they utilize a greater amount of the cumulative curve hence in the present investigation graphic
measures adopted by folk and ward (1957) have been used.

OBJECTIVES
Geologists and Sedimentologists use information on sediment grain size to study trends in surface
processes related to the dynamic conditions of sediment transportation and deposition. Therefore with
this reason in mind, the objectives of a grain size analysis are:
To study the grain size characteristics of surface sediments from river.
To understand interrelationship between grain size parameters like mean size, standard deviation,
skewness and kurtosis.
Ten sediment samples have been collected along kandivalasa river from donipeta to itikarallapalle
villages

Fig.No.1 STUDY AND SAMPLE LOCATION Map

GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA

Kandivalasa river of vizianagaram exhibit a remarkable similar bad land
topography.The lithology and geologic structures play a significant role in the evolution of
landforms. Landforms have their individual distinguishing features depends upon the
geomorphic processes responsible for their development. Therefore the relationship among
lithology, structure, geomorphic processes. geomorphic features and geology are given to
establish the evolution of coastal sediments and associated landforms exposed along Donipeta Itikarallapalle region.
In the present study a brief account the geomorphological features along the donipeta to
itikarallapalle region.
The overall geomorphological environments are:
1. Hills
2. Dunes

Hills
In the study area, Eastern ghats are the main hill ranges. Khondalite is present in the
relatively elevated portion of the hills, Charnockites on the sides of the valley of foot hills and
quartzites and granites occur as low mounds.

Dunes
A dune consist of loose sand piled or heaped up by the wind and is commonly found along the
low lying sea shore above the high tide level on the back shore. Though modern dunes are
present, huge dune sands are not prevalent along the coast but some places huge sand mounds

(modern dunes) present (near river mouth). The general lack of modern dune concentration along
the coast seems to be related to the along shore pattern and the wind generate wave pattern.
GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA
The prominent geological formations along donipeta to itikarallapalle regions are of
Precambrian and Quaternary age. The Precambrian rocks are khondalites, leptynites,
charnockites, granites, pegmatites and quartzites and Quaternaries are laterite and red sediments.
Generalized Stratigraphic succession of Coastal Andhra Pradesh (modified after Venkata subba et
al. 1981), was given in the table
Age
Recent
Tertiary
Cretaceous-Carboniferous
Palaeoproterozioc-Archean

Formation

Lithology

Alluvium

Gravel, sand, clay, beach and

Laterite

dune sands
Derived from crystalline

Upper Gondwana
Eastern Ghats

rocks
Sand stone with chine clay
Biotite gneiss,
porphyroblastic hypershene
gneiss of
acidic,Leucogranite(intrusive)
, Quarto-feldspathic gneiss,
pyrozene granulite, Quartzite,
Khondalite(Garnet,
sillimanitegneiss +/- graphite)

Basement
Unknow
Table no:1 Stratigraphy of the study area

GEOLOGY OF EASTERN GHATS, ANDHRA PRADESH

The coast parallel EGMB that consist essentially of high grade metamorphic rock of
granulitic facies of both igneous and sedimentary parentage, Geology of Eastern Ghats is very
complex and interesting. They consist a series of hill ranges along east coast of India
representing denudational rocks ranging age from Achaean to Mio-Pliocene. It is considered as a
classic example of a Precambrian mobile belt in the peninsular India shield. In recent times, it is
categorized as Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB), also as Middle Proterozoic Mobile Belt
(MPMB) as they are younger, linear and metamorphic belts which surround ancient cratonic
nuclei of shield areas and are characterized by high grade metamorphic granitisation and intense
shearing. The EGMB has been found along khammam, Prakasam, Guntur, Krishna, East
Godavari, West Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts of Andhra
Pradesh for more than 600km.

GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA

The prominent geological formations along Donipeta to Itikarallapalle regions are
of Precambrian and Quaternary age. The Precambrian rocks are khondalites, leptynites,
charnockites, granites, pegmatites and quartzites and Quaternaries are laterite and red sediments.
Generalised stratigraphic succession of the coastal Andhra Pradesh (modified after venkata
subbarao et al. 1981), was given in the table.

Table no:1 Stratigraphy of the study area

Recent
Tertiary
Cretaceous-Carboniferous
Palaeoproterozioc-Archean

Alluvium

Gravel, sand, clay, beach and

Laterite
Upper Gondwana
Eastern Ghats

dune sands
Derived from crystalline rocks
Sand stone with chine clay
Biotite gneiss, porphyroblastic
hypershene gneiss of
acidic,Leucogranite(intrusive)
, Quarto-feldspathic gneiss,
pyrozene granulite, Quartzite,
Khondalite(Garnet,
sillimanitegneiss +/- graphite)

Basement

Unknow

CHAPTER: 2
METHOD OF STUDY

FIELD WORK AND SAMPLE COLLECTION

From Donipeta to Itikarallapalle, 10 sediment sample in different locations were collected. an

interval of 1 kilometre.
The location of the samples in the study area was shown in the location map (Fig.No.1). At
each station one Kilogram of sediment sample was collected by using PVC pipe (5cm diameter).
The collected sample stored in the polythene bags and properly labelled.

LABORATORY PROCEURE
A homogenised 100gms of sediment sample was taken by cone and quartering of bulk
sediment, which is consisting large shells were picked out when present. The 100 gm sample is
soaked in distilled water for dissolve salts and treated with H 2O2 and HCl to remove organic
matter and shell material and then dried (oven). The treated sediment samples were subjected to
sieving with ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) sieves set by using Ro-Tap sieve
shaker at half phi interval.
The dry sample is placed in the uppermost sieve in a set of stacked sieves. The stack of sieves
arranged in a systematic order so that the coarse set at the top and with finer below is placed in a
sieve shaking machine (the mesh numbers are the 18, 25, 35, 45, 60, 80, 120, 170, 230 and -230
respectively) and after 10 minutes of shaking remained sand on each sieve has collected and
weigh the each sample.
These cumulative weight % were plotted on probability graphs thus obtained 5, 16, 25,
50, 75, 84 and 95 values. These values are used to compute the textural parameters like
Mean size (Mz), Standard deviation (I), Skewness (SkI) and Kurtosis (KG) according to the
formulae of Folk and Ward (1957).

GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS

Grain size is one of the basic attributes of sediments. Its analysis are often used in
interpretation of the environments of deposits of ancient as well as recent sediments.
Grain size analyses of beach sands of made for one or more of the following reasons:
To describe the samples in terms of statistical measurements.
To correlate the samples from similar depositional environments.
To determine the transportation and depositional agent i.e, wind, river, currents and sea
waves of
To determine the process-suspensions, transportation, salutation and building of final
Deposition.
To determine the environment of depositional channel. Food plains, beaches dunes,

Mean size (Mz)

( 16+ 50+ 84)

3

Standard deviation (1)

84- 16 + 95- 5
4

Skewness (SKI)

( 16+ 84-2 50) + ( 5+ 95 -2 50)

2 ( 84- 16)

Graphic Kurtosis (KG)

( 95- 5)
2.44( 75- 25)

RANGE OF GRAIN SIZE VALUES (Folk and Ward, 1957)

Mean size (Mz)
0-1

6.6

Coarse sand

2( 95 5)

1-2

Medium sand

2-3

Fine sand

3-4

Very fine sand

Standard deviation (I)

<0.35

very well sorted

0.35-0.50

well sorted

0.5-1

Moderately sorted

1-2

poorly sorted

2-4

very poorly sorted

>4

extremely poorly sorted

Skewness (Sk1)
-1.0 to -0.4

Very negatively skewed

-0.4 to -0.1

negatively skewed

-0.1 to 0.1

nearly symmetrical

0.1 to 0.3

positively skewed

> 0.3

Very poorly skewed

Kurtosis (KG)
0 to 0.5

Very platy kurtic

0.5 to 0.9

Platy kurtic

0.9 to 1.1

Me so kurtic

1.1 to 1.5

Lepto kurtic

1.5 to 3.0

Very lepto kurtic

>3

Extremely lepto kurtic

Environment Grain size Characteristics (in ) of kandivalasa river sediments.

SampleNo.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Mean(Mz)
1.5833
2.23333
0.7
1
0.6666
0.93333
0.4666
0.9333

Standard
deviation(Sd)
0.5935
0.6984
0.7886
0.8689
0.7333
0.8287
0.0.6886
0.0.8340

Skewness(Sk)
0.0369
0.2732
0.5980
0.0020
0.5681
0.4333
0.8814
0.1655

Kurtosis(Kg)
2.1402
0.9426
0.7025
0.6659
0.6935
0.7318
0.8941
0.9221

9
10

1.2666
0.5333

0.8090
0.6128

-0.1064
0.6113

1.3831
0.9733

MEAN SIZE (MZ)

The average grain sizes of the sediment distribution are called mean size. It is an important
parameter to differentiate the sedimentary trends. The average grain size values of the different
beach environments are 1.76(foreshore), 2.o3 (berm), 2.14 (backshore),and 2.23 dune.

STANDARD DEVIATION (1)

Standard deviation describes the sorting characteristic of sediment and reflects the energy of
depositional environment; the graphic standard deviation is a measure of sorting or uniformity of
particles size distribution. Generally fine sediments are best sorted, and best sorting becomes
worse for both coarser and finer sediments (Hough, 1942; Inman, 1949, 1953). Standard

deviation is considered as a useful measure and reflects energy of the deposition, and presence or
absence of coarser and lighter fractions (McKinney and Friedman, 1970). Folk and Ward (1957)
suggested that the beach sediments in general are well sorted (58%). Chakra borty (1977) and
Chowdari et al (1981) have observed that moderately sorted sands are predominant in the
beaches of west and east coast of India respectively.

SKEWNESS (SK1)
Skewness indicates the degree of asymmetry of the grain size distribution. Sign of the
skewness was related to energy of environment (Duane, 1964). Negative skewness is correlated
with high energy while positive skewness with low energy levels. Skewness is a valuable
parameter in distinguishing environments (Foke and Ward, 1957; Friedman, 1961, 1965, 1967
and Chappel, 1967) and indicates mixing of populations. Negative skewness was correlated to
high energy and winnowing action.

KURTOSIS (KG)
The kurtosis is the peakedness of the distribution and measures the ratio between the sorting in
the tails and central portion of the curve. If the tails are better sorted than the central portions,
then it is termed as platykurtic, whereas, leptokurtic, if the central portion is better sorted. Both
are equally sorted than a mesokurtic condition prevails. The ilmenite rich Kerala beach sands are

SCATTER PLOTS

The sizes parameters are plotted against each other as scatter plots, with a view to understand
geological significance and the process of deposition. Folk and Ward (1957) emphasized the
relationship of parameters and they have indicated that the measures are geometrically
independent in actual practice. Textural parameters are ineffective in differentiating between
beach and coastal dune sands, and not very effective in differentiating between river and inland
dune sands (Moiola and Weiser, 1968). The use of scatter plots by earlier researchers though
have discriminate boundary to demarcate different types of environments, later researchers have
proved the overlapping of such boundaries due to the varying intensities and other environmental
factors (Rajamanickam and Gujar, 1988). Scatter plots reasonably describe the role of addition
and removal of fractions during the transit sediment along beaches in controlling the variations in
textural parameters among the sediments.
Mean size (Mz) vs Standard deviation (I)
The mean vs standard deviation of the river sands scatter plot indicating in (Figs: ), the sorting
in the river sands increases with decreases in mean size of the sediments.

Means size (Mz) vs Skewness (SkI)

The scatter plot between M z vs SkI shows (Fig:) in, river sands positive skewness with
medium sand, fine sand and fine sand respectively, and skewness.
Mean size (Mz) vs Kurtosis (Kg)
Mz vs Kg of the river sands show (Fig: ) that the grain size decreases kurtosis values
increases. In river sediments showing medium sands with leptokurtic in nature.
Standard deviation (Sd) vs Skewness (Sk)

The scatter plot between Standard deviation vs Skewness (Fig: ) shows the moderately sorted
sediments are positive skewed. In river sediments.,
Standard deviation (Sd) vs Kurtosis (Kg)
The scatter plots between standard deviation vs kurtosis are shows in (Fig: 18, 19, 20, & 21).
In general the sediments are mesokurtic and increasing of sorting. The moderately river sands.
Skewness (Sk) vs Kurtosis (KG)
The scatter plot results of Skewness vs Kurtosis are represents in (Fig: ). river sediments are
positive skewness with leptokurtic in nature.

CHAPTER: 3
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
1. Ten river sediment samples were collected from river channel between donipeta and
itikarallapalle to understand the grain size parameters.
2. The sediment samples subjected to size analysis by mechanical sieving. The textural
parameters were caliculated by using folk and ward 1957 formula.
3. Among sand, silt and clay components the sand is dominated in the taken ten samples of the
study area.

4. The mean grain size of the river sediments from the study area varies 0.53 to 2.2. that indicates
coarse to fine rained sand in nature.
5. The standard deviation of the river sediments from the study area varies from 0.59 to 0.86 that
indicates moderately sorted sediment in nature.
6. The skewness of the river sediments in the study area varies from -0.10 to 0.88 that indicates
nearly symmetrical to very poorly skewed sediment in nature.
7. The sediments of the study area, the kurtosis ranges from 0.66 to 2.14 that Indicates platy very
leptokurtic sand in nature.
8. Based on the grain size parameters and scatterplots of river sediments shown coarse in size,
moderately sorted and nearly symmetrical to poorly skewed sediments in nature.

ANUXERE
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