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[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
Nos. 15-11663 & 15-11996
________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 9:11-mc-80456-KLR, 9:12-mc-80190-KLR

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

PlaintiffAppellee,
versus
MICHAEL CLARKE,
as Chief Financial Officer of BEEKMAN
VISTA, INC. and DYNAMO HOLDINGS LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP,
DefendantsAppellants,
ROBERT JULIAN,
DefendantAppellant,
DYNAMO HOLDINGS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,
DefendantAppellant.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(March 15, 2016)

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Before WILLIAM PRYOR and DUBINA, Circuit Judges, and ROBRENO,

District Judge.
DUBINA, Circuit Judge:
This consolidated appeal returns to us from the district court on remand from
the United States Supreme Court. In Clarke, the Supreme Court vacated and
remanded our previous opinion, United States v. Clarke (Clarke I), 517 F. Appx
689 (11th Cir. 2013), and provided a clear standard under which a taxpayer is
entitled to an evidentiary hearing to examine Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
agents concerning their motives for issuing a summons. United States v. Clarke
(Clarke), 573 U.S. ___, ___, 134 S. Ct. 2361, 236768 (2014). We remanded the
case to the district court to determine whether Appellants allegations of improper
purpose were improper as a matter of law or sufficiently supported under Clarke to
require a hearing. United States v. Clarke (Clarke II), 573 F. Appx 826 (11th Cir.
2014). The district court enforced the summonses, finding that Appellants neither
alleged improper motives as a matter of law nor met their burden under Clarke.
United States v. Clarke (Clarke III), 2015 WL 1324372, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Feb. 18,
2015). Appellants again appeal to this court. After reviewing the briefs and
having the benefit of oral argument, we agree with the district court that Appellants
failed to meet their burden under Clarke and affirm the district courts order.

Honorable Eduardo C. Robreno, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
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I. BACKGROUND
This appeal challenges six actions brought by the district court to enforce
summonses issued by the IRS in an investigation of Dynamo Holdings Limited
Partnership (DHLP) and Beekman Vista, Inc. (Beekman). 1 As the facts and
procedural history of this case have been well detailed in previous opinions,
Clarke, 573 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 236567; Clarke III, 2015 WL 1324372, at
*1, we will provide only material facts as a predicate for our discussion.
A. Facts
The IRS has broad authority to conduct inquiries, determinations, and
assessments of all taxes imposed by the Internal Revenue Code. 26 U.S.C.
6201(a) (2012). The disputes in this case arise from the IRSs examination of the
20052007 tax returns for DHLP. Over the course of the investigation, DHLP
agreed to two, one-year extensions of the three-year statute of limitation for the
IRSs examination. In 2010, DHLP refused a third extension. Shortly thereafter,
in the fall of 2010, investigating IRS Agent Fierfelder issued five administrative
summonses to four individuals associated with DHLP. None of the summonees
complied. The IRS did not seek enforcement of the summonses from the district
1

The district court consolidated the enforcement proceedings for five IRS summonses
issued to investigate DHLP. Order Granting Mot. to Consolidate, United States v. Clarke, No.
11-80456 (S.D. Fla. Sept. 14, 2011), ECF No. 18. A similar enforcement proceeding was brought
against Robert Julien, as President of Beekman. United States v. Julien, No. 12-80190 (S.D. Fla.
Feb. 2012). We consolidated the appeals from these two cases. Order, United States v. Clarke,
Nos. 15-11663-EE & 15-11996-FF (11th Cir. June 5, 2015), ECF No. 67.
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court prior to the expiration of the limitations period. Instead, the IRS issued a
Final Partnership Administrative Adjustment (FPAA) 2 to DHLP on December 28,
2010. The FPAA proposed numerous adjustments to DHLPs returns. On
February 1, 2011, DHLP filed its timely challenge to the FPAA in the tax court.
The IRS filed its answer on April 7, 2011. Those proceedings were stayed by the
tax court in light of the dispute at issue in the instant case.
B. Procedural History
On April 28, 2011, the IRS filed five petitions in the United States District
Court for the Southern District of Florida to enforce the previously issued 2010
summonses. In support of these petitions, Agent Fierfelder submitted an affidavit
stating that she followed all administrative steps of the tax code; required the
information sought in the summonses to further her investigation; did not already
possess the information; and did not issue the summonses for an improper purpose.
The district court found that the IRS made a prima facie showing to enforce the
summonses and issued orders to the summonees to show cause as to why the
summonses should not be enforced. In response, Appellants requested a hearing to

Title IV of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA) addresses
the assessment of partnership-related tax deficiencies by the IRS, relevant to the IRSs
assessment of DHLP and Beekman in the instant case. See 26 U.S.C. 62216232 (2012)
(repealed by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, Pub. L. No. 114-74, 129 Stat. 584 (2015)).
Under TEFRA, if any adjustments to a partnership return are required, the IRS must issue an
FPAA notifying the partners of the adjustments. 6223(a)(2). An FPAA is the functional
equivalent of a Statutory Notice of Deficiency for individual taxpayers.
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examine Agent Fierfelder to determine whether the summonses were issued for the
improper purpose to retaliate for DHLPs refusal to extend the limitations period or
to circumvent tax court discovery limitations in light of the pending tax litigation.
The district court denied Appellants request for a hearing and enforced the
summonses, finding that Appellants failed to make any meaningful allegation that
the IRS issued the summonses for an improper purpose. On appeal, we concluded
that the district court abused its discretion by denying the request for an evidentiary
hearing where, under Eleventh Circuit precedent, an allegation of improper
purpose in issuing a summons was sufficient to require a hearing. Clarke I, 517 F.
Appx at 691 (citing Nero Trading, LLC v. Dept of Treasury, 570 F.3d 1244, 1249
(11th Cir. 2009)). We remanded the case to the district court to conduct an
evidentiary hearing. Id.
The IRS appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Court
granted certiorari, noting that the Eleventh Circuit was alone in its view that a
bare allegation of improper motive entitles a person objecting to an IRS summons
to examine the responsible officials. Clarke, 573 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2367.
The Supreme Court rejected our view and provided the clear standard that a
taxpayer is entitled to examine an IRS agent when he can point to specific facts or
circumstances plausibly raising an inference of bad faith. Id. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at
2367. The Supreme Court remanded the case to our court to consider Appellants

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allegations and evidentiary submissions in light of the new standard. Id. at ___,
134 S. Ct. at 2368. We too remanded, directing the district court on remand to
determine, in light of all of the evidence and the affidavits highlighted by the
Supreme Court, whether Appellants pointed to specific facts or circumstances
plausibly raising an inference of improper purpose. Clarke II, 573 F. Appx at
827. We further instructed the district court to determine whether the improper
purposes alleged by Appellants . . . are improper as a matter of law. Id.
After remand to the district court, Appellants requested leave to rebrief their
arguments under the new Clarke standard and provide additional evidence not
presented in the initial briefs. The district court permitted Appellants to brief their
arguments under Clarke, but denied their request to present any new evidence
concerning their allegations. Clarke III, 2015 WL 1324372, at *1.
Appellants arguments on remand closely mirrored the defenses raised in
response to the district courts show cause orders. To support their allegations of
retaliation, Appellants stressed the timeline of the IRSs decision to seek
enforcementsix months after the summonses were issued, four months after the
FPAA was issued, and in the same month that the IRS answered the tax court
petition. Appellants also noted that Agent Fierfelder signed the FPAA weeks
before she issued the summonses. These facts, they argued, established that the
information sought through the summonses was not necessary to Agent

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Fierfelders investigation and supported the inference that the summonses were
only issued to punish DHLP.
Next, Appellants alleged that the IRS sought enforcement of the summonses
to evade more stringent tax court discovery rules. Appellants provided evidence
that Agent Fierfelder did not examine Christine Moog, a trust beneficiary who
complied with an IRS summons in September 2011. Instead, lead IRS counsel in
the pending tax litigation, David Flassing, conducted the examination. From this,
Appellants argued, the court could infer that the summonses were not enforced for
use in Agent Fierfelders investigation, but instead to circumvent the tax courts
discovery process.
In the Julien case, the IRS had closed its investigation for Beekman for the
taxable years of 20052006. However, in September 2011 the IRS issued a
summons relating to those years to Robert Julien, as President of Beekman. The
purpose of the additional investigation was to reexamine Beekmans records
regarding information uncovered during the examination of DHLPnamely,
$740,000,000 in property transfers between the two companies. The IRS notified
Beekman of the need to conduct a second examination of its records in accordance
with 26 U.S.C. 7605(b) (2012). Julien did not comply with the summons, and in
response to the district courts show cause order alleged that the Beekman and

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DHLP summonses were issued to circumvent discovery and perform an illegal

second audit of Beekman.
Ultimately, the district court found that none of the grounds on which
Appellants challenged the IRS summons were improper as a matter of law. 3 In
addition, the court found that none of Appellants submissions showed facts
giving rise to a plausible inference of improper motive regarding issuance of the
summons. Id. at *3. Accordingly, the district court denied Appellants request
for an evidentiary hearing and enforced the summonses. Id. This appeal followed.
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review for abuse of discretion a trial courts decision to orderor
notthe questioning of IRS agents. Clarke, 573 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2368.
A district court abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law, and we must
ensure the trial court applied the correct legal standards. Id. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at
2368 (citing Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, ___, 131 S. Ct. 2205, 2217 (2011)). The
district courts conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. Bok v. Mut. Assurance,
Inc., 119 F.3d 927, 929 (11th Cir. 1997). An order enforcing an IRS summons
will not be reversed unless clearly erroneous. United States v. Medlin, 986 F.2d
463, 466 (11th Cir. 1993).

The district court adopted its reasoning from Clarke III to its final order in the Julien
case. Order Enforcing Summons, United States v. Julien, No. 12-80190 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 6, 2015),
ECF No. 17.
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III. DISCUSSION
The IRSs authority to investigate is extensive. See United States v. Arthur
Young & Co., 465 U.S. 805, 816, 104 S. Ct. 1495, 1502 (1984). Under 26 U.S.C.
7602(a), the IRS may issue a summons for the purpose of ascertaining the
correctness of any return, making a return where none has been made, determining
the liability of any person for any internal revenue tax . . . , or collecting any such
liability. See also United States v. Morse, 532 F.3d 1130, 1132 (11th Cir. 2008).
The summons authority is subject to limitations. Under Powell, the IRS
must make a four-part prima facie showing to obtain enforcement of a summons
from the district court: that (1) the investigation will be conducted pursuant to a
legitimate purpose, (2) the inquiry may be relevant to the purpose, (3) the
information sought is not already within the Commissioners possession, and (4)
the administrative steps required by the Code have been followed. United States
v. Powell, 379 U.S. 48, 5758, 85 S. Ct. 248, 255 (1964). Afterward, the burden
shifts to the party contesting the summons to disprove one of the four elements of
the governments prima facie showing or convince the court that enforcement of
the summons would constitute an abuse of the courts process. United States v.
La Mura, 765 F.2d 974, 97980 (11th Cir. 1985). However, a court reviewing an
enforcement petition may ask only whether the IRS issued a summons in good
faith, and must eschew any broader role of oversee[ing] the [IRSs]

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determinations to investigate. Clarke, 573 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2367

(alterations in original) (quoting Powell, 379 U.S. at 56, 85 S. Ct. at 254).
Under Clarke, a taxpayer is entitled to examine an IRS agent concerning the
issuance of a summons only when he can make a showing of facts that give rise to
a plausible inference of improper motive. Id. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2368.
Examples of an improper purpose to issue a summons include harassment of the
taxpayer or any other purpose reflecting on the good faith of the particular
investigation. Powell, 379 U.S. at 58, 85 S. Ct. at 255.
On appeal, Appellants argue that they were entitled to provide new evidence
under the more stringent Clarke standard and that the district court incorrectly
applied Clarke to its submissions. We address the district courts legal
conclusions, application of Clarke, and Appellants remaining arguments below.
A. What Constitutes an Improper Purpose as a Matter of Law
The district courts order found that none of the improper purposes alleged
by Appellants were an improper motive to issue a summons as a matter of law.
Clarke III, 2015 WL 1324372, at *1. With regard to the allegations of retaliation
and circumvention of tax discovery, we disagree.4

We concur, however, with the district courts assessment of the purported second
illegal audit of Beekman alleged in the Julien case. See generally Clarke III, 2015 WL 1324372,
at *1 (noting that a secondary use for requested information does not render the motive for
issuing a summons improper). Also, as noted by the United States in its brief, Appellants did not
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1. Retaliation
The district court dismissed Appellants retaliation arguments chiefly
because [i]f information remains to be gathered and the statute of limitation has
expired, the IRS has no alternative but to institute a formal summons process.
Clarke III, 2015 WL 1324372, at *2. While this conclusion may be germane to the
case at hand, it fails to meaningfully address the legal issue of whether issuing a
summons only to retaliate against a taxpayer would be improper as a matter of law.
We believe that it would. Using the summons power to retaliate against a taxpayer
is akin to improper harassment of the taxpayer. The Supreme Court did not disturb
our conclusion in Clarke I that [i]f the IRS issued the summonses only to retaliate
against [DHLP], that purpose reflect[s] on the good faith of the particular
investigation, and would be improper. 517 F. Appx at 691 (third alteration in
original) (quoting Powell, 379 U.S. at 58, 85 S. Ct. at 255). The factual difficulty
in differentiating between a retaliatory summons and a summons issued after a
taxpayers refusal to extend the limitations period has no bearing on this legal
question. We conclude that issuing a summons for the sole purpose of retaliation
against a taxpayer would be improper as a matter of law.

provide any evidence that Beekman entered into a final settlement of its tax liability that would
preclude the opening of a second investigation under 7605(b).
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2. Circumventing Tax Court Discovery

Appellants argue that issuing an IRS summons in order to circumvent tax
court discovery would be improper as a matter of law. There is ample case law in
which taxpayers allege circumvention of tax discovery as an improper purpose to
issue a summons. See, e.g., Ash v. Commr, 96 T.C. 459 (1991). However,
because it is well-established that the validity of a summons is tested at the date of
issuance and [p]roceedings in the tax court do not extinguish the Commissioners
summons power, this claim is rarely tenable. United States v. Roundtree, 420
F.2d 845, 848 n.3 (5th Cir. 1969)5; United States v. Centennial Builders, Inc., 747
F.2d 678, 681 n.1 (11th Cir. 1984) (validity of a summons tested at date of
issuance). This case is no differentAgent Fierfelders summonses were issued
pursuant to a valid investigation of Appellants, within the limitations period, 6 and
before the tax proceedings commenced. That the summoned information may
assist the IRS in preparing for its case in the tax court is of no consequencethe
5

In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this
court adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to
October 1, 1981.
6
The statute of limitation to assess a partnership return is suspended during the period in
which the taxpayer may challenge the FPAA in court, or, until the courts decision becomes
final, and then for one year after. 26 U.S.C. 6229(d) (2012). The effect of this section in the
instant case is that because the IRS issued the FPAA before the limitations period expired, its
ability to assess and collect from DHLP is extended to one year following the tax courts final
decision. Accordingly, despite Appellants apparent arguments to the contrary, the limitations
period to assess DHLP remains open.
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taxpayer became obligated to provide that information well before the tax case
commenced.
Notwithstanding the facts of the instant case, it would clearly be an improper
purpose for the IRS to issue a summons in bad faith outside a legitimate
investigation, with the sole motive of circumventing tax court discovery. See
United States v. PAA Mgmt., Ltd., 962 F.2d 212, 219 (2d Cir. 1992) (distinguishing
a summons issued after the initiation of tax court proceedings). We stress that
given our deference to the IRSs broad authority to investigate, the circumstances
under which a taxpayer could successfully allege improper circumvention of tax
discovery are exceptionally narrow. However, we will not limit courts from
examining distinct scenarios that may plausibly support such allegations.
Accordingly, we conclude that issuing summons in bad faith for the sole purpose
of circumventing tax court discovery would be an improper purpose as a matter of
law.
B. The District Courts Decision to Exclude New Evidence
Appellants argue that the district courts refusal to hear additional evidence
in light of the new Clarke standard was an abuse of discretion. The instant case
involves the right to examine an IRS agent in a summons enforcement proceeding,
which, as the United States points out, is to be summary in nature. United States
v. Stuart, 489 U.S. 353, 369, 109 S. Ct. 1183, 1193 (1989). The district courts

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decision not to hold a status conference or permit additional evidence is

appropriate in light of the summary nature of a summons enforcement proceeding.
Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion.
C. Appellants Submissions Under Clarke
Although the district court erred in finding that the allegations set forth by
Appellants could not constitute an improper purpose as a matter of law, the district
court correctly found that Appellants failed to meet their burden under Clarke.
Clarke permits a taxpayer challenging the enforcement of a summons to examine
an IRS agent when he can point to specific facts or circumstances plausibly raising
an inference of bad faith. Clarke, 573 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 2367. Although
circumstantial evidence may support a plausible inference, mere conjecture or bare
assertion of an improper purpose is not sufficient. Id. at ___, 134 S. Ct at 236768.
Appellants submissions raise many allegations, but no plausible inference
of improper motive. First, the submission that the timeline of the issuance of the
summonses supports an inference of retaliation by the IRS requires substantial
conjecture that is both implausible and unsupported by the record. Further, none of
Appellants submissions suggest that the summonses were issued in bad faith
anticipation of tax court proceedings rather than in furtherance of Agent
Fierfelders investigation. As conjecture and bare allegations of improper purpose
are insufficient as a matter of law, we conclude that Appellants failed to meet their

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burden under Clarke and the district court did not abuse its discretion denying
Appellants request for an evidentiary hearing.
D. Enforcement of the Summonses
The validity of a summons is tested at the date of issuance. Centennial
Builders, Inc., 747 F.2d at 681 n.1. Despite this, Appellants argue that the
December 2010 issuance of the FPAA foreclosed the IRSs legitimate need for the
summoned information. Appellants urge that the only conceivable use for the
summoned information would be to improperly circumvent the tax courts
discovery rules, and the enforcement of these summonses was an abuse of the
district courts process that should be reversed.
We conclude that Appellants argument is unpersuasive as it ignores
Appellants statutory duty to comply with the summonses and overstates the
impact of an FPAA on the IRSs investigatory authority. See 26 U.S.C. 6230(h)
(2012) (Nothing in this subchapter [i.e., TEFRA] shall be construed as limiting
the authority granted to the [IRS] under section 7602 [the summons provision].);
United States v. Couch, 409 U.S. 322, 329 n.9, 93 S. Ct. 611, 616 n.9 (1973) (The
rights and obligations of the parties [become] fixed when the summons [is]
served.); PAA Mgmt., 962 F.2d at 217 (issuance of an FPAA does not render a
later summons illegitimate); Sugarloaf Funding, LLC v. Dept of Treasury, 584
F.3d 340, 349 (1st Cir. 2009). Because neither the issuance of the FPAA nor the

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initiation of a challenge in the tax court affects the IRSs investigatory authority
under 7602, Appellants failed to rebut the IRSs prima facie showing under
Powell to bar enforcement of the summonses. That the IRS could conceivably
attempt to introduce evidence from these summonses in the pending tax litigation
does not rise to the level of an abuse of process contemplated by Powell. Further,
it is the domain of the tax court to control discovery in the pending tax litigation.
Ash, 96 T.C. at 47071. Our concern is whether the summonses were validly
issued, andas the district court correctly foundthey were. Accordingly, the
district court did not err in enforcing the summonses.
IV. CONCLUSION
Although we conclude the district court erred in its conclusion that
allegations of retaliation or circumvention of tax court discovery are not improper
purposes to issue a summons as a matter of law, the disposition of this case
remains the same. Accordingly, based on the foregoing discussion, we affirm the
district courts order denying Appellants request for an evidentiary hearing and
enforcing the six administrative summonses.
AFFIRMED.

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