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Part 1
Introduction
In the past decade, shale resource plays have risen
to the forefront of hydrocarbon exploration, as
shown by the numerous 'shale conferences' in the
past two years alone (Critical Assessment of Shale
Resource Plays, Hedberg Research Conference Dec
2010, Austin, Texas, World Shale Gas Conference
& Exhibition, Nov 2010, Dallas Forth Worth, Texas,
Nov 2011, Houston, Texas, Global Unconventional
Gas Conference, June 2010, Amsterdam, Shale
Gas World Europe, Dec 2010, Warsaw, Poland,
Shale Gas Insight 2011, Nov 2011 Philadelphia,
Pennsylvanian, Shale Gas Asia 2011, Feb, New
Delhi, India to name but a few). Although the
majority of active producing shale plays are in
North America, the success there has led to
increased interest in shale formations around the
world, including in Australia, where according
to a June 2011 report commissioned by the US
Energy Information Agency, Australia has 396 Tcf
of technically recoverable shale gas resources.
This is equivalent to about 20% of the combined
Fig. 1. Geographic location and ages of the shale reservoir plays referred to in the text.
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shale exploration
from the Muskwa Formation and
the Eagle Ford Formation also
being drawn upon (Figure 1). All
of these formations are proven
shale gas plays, with each being
extensively drilled for exploration,
appraisal and production.
The Haynesville Formation is
late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) in
age. It is a locally calcareous and
organic rich (TOC values are
2-6%) mudrock that occurs in
northeast Texas and northwest
Louisiana (Figure 1). It was
deposited in an extensive intra
shelf basin on the young,
passive margin of the US Gulf
Coast during a period of arid
climatic conditions. Basement
Fig. 2. Geochemical characterisation of the Haynesville Formation as penetrated in Well Watson-4. Logs for a series of key
faulting and salt movement
elemental ratios are plotted relative to depth in order to characterise broad scale Chemostratigraphic Packages (Plot
A) and finer scale geochemical units Plot B). All samples analysed here are from conventional core and all data were
controlled the initial water depths,
acquired using ICP OES MS with a Li-metaborate fusion preparation.
resulting in regions of the sea bottom
having restricted communication
Package 3 (transitional between the
palynomorphs are often thermally degraded.
with the open ocean and therefore
Haynesville and Bossier formations) is
Also, electric log correlations are hampered by
recurrently experiencing anoxic bottom water
identified by generally lower Fe2O3/MgO
the variable controls on U, K and Th. In typical
conditions. The Eagle Ford Formation is a dark
and Rb/K2O values compared to Package
fluvial and shallow oxic marine settings the K, Th,
grey calcareous, locally organic-rich mudstone
2 and lower Th/U values compared to
and U are all largely controlled by the amount
of Cenomanian Turonian age (Figure 1). It
Package 4.This interval also displays
of clay versus sand, enabling lithostratigraphic
sub-crops in south Texas forming a narrow strip
elevated CaO/Al2O3 values relative to
and sequence stratigraphic correlations to be
that is 150 miles long. Over this distance, the
Packages 2 and 4.
made from the gamma logs. However, in the
Eagle Ford Shale Formation varies in thickness
Haynesville Formation, U is associated with
from approximately 75 ft to 300 ft. The Muskwa
Package 2 (equivalent to the Haynesville
TOC and minerals derived from authigenic
Formation is Frasnian (Devonian) in age and is
Formation) is characterised by higher
enrichment in anoxic conditions, whereas
located in northern Alberta, northeastern British
Fe2O3/MgO values than underlying
K and Th are associated with the amount of
Colombia and in the southern portion of the
packages and lower Th/U and MgO/
terrigenous-derived material. These associations
Northwest Territories, Canada (Figure 1).
(CaO+MgO) values than the overlying
are discussed in greater detail in Part 2 of
Package 4.
this article. Therefore, using gamma logs for
All data for this article have been acquired using
stratigraphic correlations in shale gas plays is
Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission
Package 1 (transitional between the
enigmatic. Furthermore, the apparent macro(ICP-OES) and Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS),
Haynesville and Smackover formations)
scale homogeneity of the mud-rocks precludes
following a Li-metaborate fusion procedure
is characterised by CaO/Al2O3 values that
the recognition of sedimentary facies that can
(Jarvis and Jarvis, 1995). These preparation and
are intermediate between those of
be used for stratigraphic correlations, particularly
analytical methods provide data for 10 major
Packages 0 and 2, and lower Fe2O3/MgO
when only cuttings samples are available.
elements (SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, MnO,
CaO, Na2O, K2O, P2O5), 25 trace elements (Ba, Be,
values than overlying packages.
Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, Hf, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sc, Sn,
Chemostratigraphy has been used to
Sr, Ta, Tl, Th, U, V, W, Y, Zn, and Zr) and 14 rare
Package 0 (equivalent to the Smackover
characterise and correlate the Haynesville
earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb,
Formation) is identified by high CaO/Al2O3
Formation, along with underlying and
ratios.
Ho, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu).
overlying portions of the Smackover and
Bossier formations respectively. Figure 2
It is possible to further subdivide the
shows a chemostratigraphic package and
Stratigraphic applications of
Haynesville Formation (Chemostratigraphic
unit level characterisation of the Haynesville
whole rock inorganic geochemical
Package 2) into a series of higher resolution
Formation in a single well. On Figure 2a the
data in shales
Chemostratigraphic Units; 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and
study intervals are divided into a series of
Developing stratigraphic frameworks is the
2.4 (Figure 2b). These units are defined
first order Chemostratigraphic Packages, 0-4,
key to the exploration and exploitation of any
by more subtle geochemical variations
based on changing values of CaO/Al2O3, Rb/
K2O, Fe2O3/MgO, Th/U and MgO/(CaO+MgO):
formation in any hydrocarbon basin. In shale
in CaO/Al2O3, Rb/K2O, Fe2O3/MgO, Th/U,
MgO/(CaO+MgO) and Zr/Nb ratios. The
plays, the more traditional methods used
Package 4 (approximately equivalent to
resultant Chemostratigraphic Package and
to define stratigraphic correlations in the oil
the Bossier Formation) is identified by
Chemostratigraphic Unit correlations are
industry are somewhat limited. Commonly, the
higher Th/U and MgO/(CaO+MgO) values
displayed on Figures 3 and 3b for wells
restricted basin nature of their accumulation
than underlying packages.
Watson-4, Glaspie Ocie GU-10, George T.W.
can limit the use of biostratigraphy, and
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shale exploration
another, the more closely linked they are in the
sediment. It is apparent from Figure 5 that the
elements fall into three broad groups:
Conclusions
Fig. 3. Correlation of wells Watson-4, Glaspie Ocie GU-10, George T.W. GUA8H, CGU 13-17 and Johnson Trust 1-2H based on the geochemical criteria
defined in Figure 2. Plot (A) shows the correlation of Chemostratigraphic
Packages and includes data from the formations over and underlying the
Haynesville Formation. Plot B focuses only on the Haynesville Formation and
shows the correlation of Chemostratigraphic Units within this formation.
Inset map shows relative positions of well in correlation panels.
References
Ellwood, B.B., Tomkin, J.H., Ratcliffe, K.T.,
Wright, A.M. and Kafafy, A.M. 2008. Magnetic
Susceptibility and Geochemistry for the
Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary GSSP with
Correlation to Time Equivalent Core. Palaeo3,
v. 251, p. 122.
Hildred, G.V., Ratcliffe, K.T. and Schmidt, K.,
2011. Application of Inorganic Whole-Rock
Geochemistry to Shale Resource Plays: an
Example from the Eagle Ford Shale, Texas.
Houston Geological Society Bulletin, April, 2011.
Jarvis, I. and Jarvis, K.E. 1995. Plasma
spectrometry in earth sciences: techniques,
applications and future trends; In Jarvis, I., and
Jarvis, K.E., eds., Plasma Spectrometry in Earth
Sciences: Chemical Geology, v. 95, p. 133.
Jenkyns, H.C. 2010. Geochemistry of oceanic
anoxic events. Geochemistry Geophysics
Geosystems, v. 11, p.130.
shale exploration
fluvio-eolian setting using elemental wholerock geochemistryapplications for reservoir
characterisation. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, v. 77, p. 2333.
Tribovillard, N., Bout-Roumazeilles, V., Algeo,
T., Lyons, T.W.; Sionneau, T., Montero-Serrano,
J.C., Riboulleau, A. and Baudin, F. 2008.
Paleodepositional conditions in the Orca Basin
as inferred from organic matter and trace metal
contents. Marine Geology, v. 254, p. 6272.
Tribovillard, N., Algeo, T., Lyons, T.W. and
Riboulleau, A. 2006. Trace metals as paleoredox
and paleoproductivity proxies; an update 2006.
Chemical Geology, v. 232, p. 1232.
Fig. 4. Using geochemical data to determine the well-bore pathway of a horizontal well relative to the
stratigraphy of the vertical pilot hole in the Eagle Ford Formation, Texas. Left hand panel displays the
chemostratigraphic zonation of a vertical hole through the Eagle Ford Formation. Samples analysed in the
vertical hole are a mixture of core and cuttings. The right hand panel displays the chemical variations in a
horizontal sidetrack identified by analysis of cuttings samples. Diagram redrawn from Ratcliffe et al., (2011)
Fig. 5. Eigen vector 1 (EV1) vs. Eigen vector 1 (EV2) calculated from data in the Haynesville Formation
from well George T.W GUA-8H. Elements fall into three broad groupings reflecting their mineralogical
associations in the formation.
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