Labbayek Allahumma Labbayek: a

study on the economic impacts of

Hajj on local communities in Saudi
Arabia

Page of

Abstract
Hajj is an Arabic term and one of the pillars of Islam. Every strong and healthy Muslims
are expected to perform this religious action at least once in his/her lifetime. To
complete this ritual Muslims have to spend at least five days and are performed in Mina,
Mecca, Muzdalifah and Arafat. Every year minimum 12 million people come to perform
Hajj from different country to Saudi Arabia. Day by day it is getting more popularity to
the Muslims. Thus, Saudi Kingdom got opportunity to have a potential tourism sector to
develop the Kingdoms economic sustainability. Now it is the economic backbone of the
Saudi economy. Recently it has been noticed that less care to the management of the
pilgrims. That is why the researcher felt to research about this potential sector. Here
author is going to study the economic impact of Hajj into local communities in Saudi
Arabia.
This dissertation consists six chapters. The researcher included background, rational,
research aims and objectives with motives to choose this research area into the chapter
one. Previous research or secondary data about the Hajj and its economic impact has
been analyzed in Literature Review chapter to find out the research gap. In the next
chapter, the author explored the methodology which is applied in this dissertation. In the
fourth chapter, author has analysed result of primarily collected by frequency table and
chi square analysis.
Sequentially, the chapter five includes discussion of the findings with the compare and
contrast of different writers view. Recommendation and future research is also included
in this chapter. Finally, in the chapter Six, the researcher has drawn conclusion of the
entire research.

Page of

Statement of Authenticity
The rules and regulations of Leeds Metropolitan University with regard to the similarity
is known to me by the grace of going through about it. It can be certified by me that this
dissertation is completed by me. All the analysis I have conducted to research about the
economic impacts of Hajj in local communities in Saudi Arabia and this research is free
from any unrecognized work.
I am assuring that this dissertation consists of 18,000 words (approximately).

Page of

Acknowledgement
Researching about the economic impacts of Hajj on local communities in Saudi Arabia, I
have got the chance to utilize my attained and accumulated knowledge properly. I took
help and support from different people, survey respondents and students. I would like
say thank to them
Obviously, words fail to speak the contribution of my supervisor Mr Dr Ian R Lamond to
complete the dissertation. Without his help I could not complete the study. I cant avoid
thanking for his remarkable support. During the study continues I made many mistakes.
To make flawless and improve the standard of this dissertation he gave several
feedbacks against my mistakes. In addition, I am going to include my all faculty
members in my thanking list.
In the time of conducting my research, my family members also helped completes it.
They also deserve thankful words from me. My friends are not beyond my mind. They
helped me too. That is why I would like to remember them here. I took help from them to
design strategy, setting aims and objectives. Finally, I am grateful to all those who
contributed to my research.

Page of

Table of Contents
Abstract...................................................................................................................... 2
Statement of Authenticity.......................................................................................... 3
Acknowledgement...................................................................................................... 4
Chapter: One.............................................................................................................. 9
Introduction................................................................................................................ 9
1.

Background of the research............................................................................ 10

2.

Rational of the Study....................................................................................... 11

3.

Tourism and Event management in Saudi Arabia............................................12

4.

Importance of the Study................................................................................. 13

5.

Research Aims................................................................................................. 14

6.

Research objectives........................................................................................ 14

7.

Summary........................................................................................................ 14

Chapter: Two............................................................................................................. 16
Literature Review..................................................................................................... 16
2.1.

Introduction................................................................................................. 17

2.2. Understanding the existing strategies of sustainable event management

pertinent to the Saudi governments management of Hajj...................................17
2.2.1.

Management and association of Hajj.....................................................18

2.2.2.

Sustainable development management of the Hajj...............................21

2.3.

Outlining the potential future of the sustainable management of Hajj........24

2.4. Understanding the barriers and success factors event organizers face in
moving the event MG events towards sustainability.............................................31
2.4.1. Remedial steps to identification problems of the pilgrims by the
technology based services.................................................................................32
2.4.2. The factors behind the success of the MG moving in the direction of the
sustainability...................................................................................................... 34
2.5. Determining how tourism expenditures have had an impact on Non-Oil
economic growth in Saudi Arabia..........................................................................36
2.6.

Conclusion................................................................................................... 41

Chapter: Three.......................................................................................................... 42
Research Methodology............................................................................................. 42
3.1.

Introduction................................................................................................. 43
Page of

3.2.

Research Design.......................................................................................... 43

3.3.

Research philosophy.................................................................................... 44

3.4.

Research Approaches...................................................................................45

3.5.

Research Strategy........................................................................................ 46

3.6.

Research Choices......................................................................................... 46

3.7.

Data Collection Methods.............................................................................. 48

3.8.

Research Ethics............................................................................................ 48

3.9.

Data analysis............................................................................................... 49

3.10.

Summary.................................................................................................. 50

Chapter: Four............................................................................................................ 51
Result analysis.......................................................................................................... 51
4.1. Introduction.................................................................................................... 52
4.2.

Frequency table analysis..............................................................................52

4.3.

Chi-Square analysis...................................................................................... 57

Attribute- 1: Relationship with event Hajj Season oriented organization to other organizations
.............................................................................................................................. 57
Attribute-2: Determining how tourism expenditures have had an impact on Non-Oil economic
growth in Saudi Arabia.............................................................................................. 60
4.4.

Summary..................................................................................................... 63

Chapter: Five............................................................................................................ 64
Discussions and Recommendations..........................................................................64
5.1.

Discussion.................................................................................................... 65

5.2.

Establish the logic........................................................................................ 67

5.3.

Recommendation......................................................................................... 67

5.4.

Future Research Scopes...............................................................................68

5.5.

Summary..................................................................................................... 69

Chapter: Six.............................................................................................................. 71
Conclusions.............................................................................................................. 71
References................................................................................................................ 74

Page of

Table of Figures
Figure 1: Holy place (Kaba /Baitullah) (Woodward, 2004).........................................16
Figure 2: Present Management of Hajj......................................................................17
Figure 3: Image of Mina, Source: (Yan and Wall, 2010)............................................18
Figure 4: Perimeter of Hajj, Source: (Reiker and Martina, 2010)...............................20
Figure 5: Research Design, Source: (Saunder et al., 2007, p. 132).....................................42
Figure 6: Research philosophy paradigm, (Easterby-Smith et al., 1991, P. 27)......................42
Figure 7: Differentiable factors between qualitative and quantitative research.......................45
Figure 8: Data analysis, (Sachdeva, 2009)......................................................................47

List of Tables
Table 1: Frequency table of permanent residence of the respondents..........51
Table 2: Frequency table of which type of ticket(s) manager use to sell to
perform Hajj................................................................................................52
Table 3: Frequency table of business types in Mecca or Medina....................52
Table 4: percentage of employees who work full-time for the purpose to Hajj
management..............................................................................................53
Table 5: Agreement of More development in transportation, airport,
accommodation and medical services should be enhanced or not............54
Table 6: Frequency table of the notion to reduce the overcrowding in the
Saudi Kingdom, what measures managers support....................................55
Table 7: Test Statistics of attribute -1.............................................................56
Table 8: Chi-Square Tests Q.03....................................................................56
Table 9: Chi-Square Tests- Q.06....................................................................57
Table 10: Chi-Square Tests- Q. 07..................................................................57
Table 11: Test Statistics for attribute 2..........................................................58
Table 12:Chi-Square Tests -Q. 04...................................................................59
Table 13: Chi-Square Tests - Q. 05.................................................................60
Table 14: Chi Suare Test-Q.07........................................................................60
Chi Suare Test-Q.07.......................................................................................60

List of Appendices
Appendix- A: Survey Questionnaire...............................................................84
Appendix- B: Questionnaire survey with the collected data..........................87
Appendix- C : Contribution to GDP.................................................................92
Appendix- D: Table one..................................................................................92
Appendix- E: Table Two..................................................................................93
Appendix- F: Table Three................................................................................93
Appendix- G: Table 5......................................................................................93
Appendix- H: Table Six...................................................................................94
Page of

AppendixAppendixAppendixAppendixAppendixAppendix-

I: Table Seven................................................................................95
J: Table eight.................................................................................95
K: Data calculation of Frequency table analysis by SPSS..............95
L: Chi Square analysis of Attribute-1 Data calculation...............100
M: Chi Square analysis of attribute 02 Data calculation.............110
N: Histogram of frequency table analysis...................................123

Page of

Chapter: One
Introduction

1. Background of the research

People, who are physically fit and have the capability of bearing the cost of a trip to
Mecca city of Saudi Arabia, must have a visit to it because Hajj is an obligation for the
Muslims in Islam. In 2009 Clingingsmith et al said that with the spiritual belief people
perform the Hajj and want to clarify their sins and submit them to God. The Hajj started
with the construction of a house which was built by the Prophet Ibrahim and his son
Ishmael. Kaaba, the building in Mecca city, is the main point of worship for human
being. Muslims started to perform Hajj every year. Burns (2007) stated in his book that
Muslims who are capable enough to perform the Hajj always try to perform at least one
time in his own life as it is obligation for them. Hajj mainly focuses on Kaaba and around
it. Through the Hajj process Muslims completely submit them to Allah.
Every year there is a huge flow of Hajjis in Mecca. So, sometimes it becomes difficult for
the management committee to provide services and control the people. Bianchi (2004)
suggested that they should use the automation process to control the situation.
Automation can help to organize the people perfectly and all the necessary information
can be collected using the sensor. Papers can be scanned so that people need not
suffer in the Hajj process. Huge numbers of these devices are needed because
important areas should be covered with these automated devices. This can help the
hajjis1 to get the necessary information as well as the rules and regulations regarding
Hajj. Hajj is a long process so the management needs to look after all the situation.
Using technologies can help them to reduce the cost as well as effort.
To perform Hajj and Umrah2 over 12 million people from different countries came to
Saudi Arabia last year which has a strong impact on the economy. Rashid in 2012 gave
the statistics that 10% revenue increased from 2011 in the Hajj process. 3% of GDP has
come from Hajj and Umrah which is 10.89 billion that is 62 billion in Saudi riyals. Al
1 Pilgrims those who perform Hajj
2 A pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, performed by Muslims at any time of the
year

Arabia3 (2013) identified that tourism sector does not pay attention to the pilgrims. To
maintain these advantages in economy through Hajj and Umrah the government must
look at the present situation as well as how more can be done to develop the overall
management of Hajj and Umrah. People vary in culture, knowledge, attitudes, behavior,
buying patterns and others, so the government can take necessary steps to fulfill the
demand of these pilgrims. It will bring more revenue for the country. The tourism sector
should pay concentration toward these Hajjis.

2. Rational of the Study

Many researchers suggested giving importance in this sector and managing the Hajj
effectively. With outstanding evidence Al-Hamarneh (2008) explored that Hajj and
Umrah bring so much revenue because cost of Hajj is very high, all the service provider
charges high price and overall cost for shopping, staying, living is high in Mecca and
Medina city. It is positive for economy of Saudi Arabia as it adds revenue to the
economy. Clingingsmith et al (2009) stated that there should be a time based planning
of Hajj and Umrah management so that religious travels can be controlled and the
Mecca should not hold more Hajjis than its capability.
Al-khawli (2012) is an economist as well as investor of the Hajj time, pointed out some
problems about the economic activities during the Hajj season. At the time of Hajj, the
pilgrims purchase huge amount of products but the products are not up to the mark. As
companies do not know the demand of the Saudi products in market during that time so
they cannot take any marketing program to sell their products. People who come to
perform Hajj purchase many gift for their family and friends, but the local marketer fails
to take the opportunity of selling more products due to their lacking of marketing
programs. Now oil is the main source of economy for Saudi, but a reasonable amount
of GDP comes from Hajj. But previously Saudi was totally dependent on the revenue of
Hajj and Umrah. John (2010) stated that retailer product sellers are also getting
benefited as service provider from Hajj. He also compared the time with Christmas time
in USA. Luxurious goods are very expensive in the poor countries, so many Hajjis
3 News Channel of Arab World

purchase costly products in less cost from Saudi market. Researcher will be able to find
out more economic aspects of Hajj and Umrah. The government and the public
marketers both can be benefited from the selling at that time.

3. Tourism and Event management in Saudi Arabia

Shuja (2011) describes about some occasions which are important for information
technology management and the services from IT companies must be accurate
otherwise this will hamper the occasions. The service providers will provide different
types of services but they will be under the event management. Hard (2011) suggested
many qualities for event management because they need to define, plan, organize and
execute the overall plan of the event through their skills and personal qualities. Haugen
(2009) gave importance on the communication skill of event managers because they
need to handle people from different countries. Hajjis are from different nationalities,
cultures, values etc. so the communication skills must be up to mark otherwise the
event management will be under threats of losing opportunities. When the event
managers failed to plan and execute the plan perfectly or other cost related problems
can damage the occasion, this was said by Waldron et al (2010). Proper utilization of
resources, overall control over the activities and other managerial functions are needed
to make an event successful. Burns (2007) thinks that failure comes to managers when
they fail to identify the opportunities of the occasion. Lack of experience was thought as
main cause of failure said by Chambers (2003). Without experience event managers fail
to cope with the changing nature of event, they always cannot maintain the standard of
the work. From above discussion event managers can plan for a large scale event like
Hajj and it will help for the success of a large event by reducing obstacles.
Al Arabiya (2013) defined the Hajj as the major populated event and its event managers
can help other countries to host such other big events. Every year people come to
Mecca to perform the Hajj, so no other occasion is as big as Hajj. Hajjis from both rich
and poor countries and people of different ages come to perform Hajj. So, there is
always a concern regarding the health of Hajjis. Health ministry of Saudi Arabia focuses
on the health of this huge population gathered for Hajj, and government shows enough
concern for Hajj. Rattue (2012) explained that huge amount of Hajjis come to Saudi with

little health care and they get health treatment. Hard (2011) told that the people from
different lower income countries and poor countries came to Saudi Arabia and they
need to adjust. Approximately 200 000 Hajjis come from poor countries, it is seen that
very few of them has the health care to perform the process of Hajj, so the government
of Saudi Arabia ensures the health care.
The numbers of Hajjis are increasing over the years. Though the government has
increased many facilities to help the people who come to perform Hajj, still some
accidents and barriers are there. Different kinds of suggestions were given to the
administration for controlling the increasing pilgrims by the researcher. Research from
government can also help the event managers to find out the obstacles and solve the
problems as early as possible.

4. Importance of the Study

Long (2009) said that use of different types of technology has made easy way
communications for the Hajjis for last 80 years or more as Saudi Arabia became the
owner of Mecca and Medina in 1926. Using different technologies the government has
successfully managed the gathering of pilgrims. It is forbidden for those Hajjis from
Saudi Arabia who performed Hajj previous years and this decision helps the foreign
hajis to take places. Because increasing numbers of pilgrims make it complex for the
government. Turner (2013) informed that Saudi sultan put emphasis on the tourism
department to manage the tourists and Hajjis perfectly as it can bring different economic
opportunities for them.
Though some developed countries faced economic crisis over the year but the travel
and tourism sector was stable at that time. The employment opportunities were
decreasing at that time. Ghafour (2013) analyzed the World Travel and Tourism Council
(WTTC) report and Oxford economics and found that the GDP in tourism sector
increased for 3 years. GDP of Saudi Arabia increased last year as the world faces large
demand of tourism. Tourism and travel sector is growing more than other industrial
sectors all over the world which can be seen in the statistics of Turner (2013). He

showed that over 9% of world GDP came from tourism sector and the employment in
tourism was over 260 million people.
So it is seen that tourism sector is important factor in economy and the demand is
increasing day by day. To fulfill the demand of the people of all around the world, the
Visa problems, security problems must be solved, as well as the infrastructure and
communication system should be smooth. And it offers wide range of employment
opportunities all over the world. According to Kasman Kasman (2013) more than 10%
new employment was in tourism sector in 2012. International travel can help to develop
the economy if the obstacles and barriers in tourism become less, though it is
anticipated that in 2013 there will be more challenging situation for this sector. Proser
(2012) thinks that in long run the demand for travelling will increase and it will contribute
more to economy. A country now can use its manpower for tourism and travel sector. If
Saudi Arabia wants to develop the tourism sector for Hajj and other events it must
develop the communication system and have to fulfill the overall demand of the people.

5. Research Aims
Impact of Hajj on Saudi Arabias economy: what are the problems, how it can serve the
Hajjis in best possible way and manage such a large event. Research will explain the
overall present conditions of Hajj and its economic impacts as well as plans for future.

6. Research objectives
a) Understanding the existing strategies of sustainable event management
pertinent to the Saudi governments management of Hajj
b) To outline the potential future of the sustainable management of Hajj
c) To understand the barriers and success factors event organizers face in
moving the event MG events towards sustainability
d) To determine how tourism expenditures have had an impact on Non-Oil
economic growth in Saudi Arabia

7. Summary
This chapter focused on the Hajjs economic impacts through using the tourism sector
of Saudi Arabia. It shows how important event management is and how it can contribute
to the economy. By analyzing a large event like hajj, it is shown that Saudi Arabia has
great economic benefits from this kind of event. This introduction chapter was
combination of some background of the research, importance and rational of the study
and others. It provides overall picture of economy in tourism sector as it manages on of
the largest gatherings. And following chapter will discuss more about the objectives.

Chapter: Two
Literature Review

2.1. Introduction
In 1997 the input output operation table was disaggregated among the nine sectors
where one of the sectors exists named the tourism sector. According to Albqami (2004),
the service sector has the highest impact on the income and the employment though
the output income is relatively lower than the transportation sector. The economic
impact enquiry on Saudi economy about the tourists expenditure was introduced by
him. It has been found by the research that the tourists expenditure impact on the
output, income and employment were dignified by direct and indirect way. In the opinion
of Bashir and Ahmad (2005) the relationship among the expenditure in tourism and the
west Asian tourists profile and the Saudi growth was determined by the static closed
input output model. The research study discovered that some sectors have gain greater
economic advantage from the tourism sector, they are: entertainment, hotel and
restaurant, retail and wholesale trade and several business sectors. It is found that the
west Asian tourists spend more and more in the three sectors of the accommodation,
food and beverages and shopping, and they give their word about they will love to
revisit Saudi if they found the emotional and the experiential facet of tourism. Finally a
research suggest that it has found the foremost short and long tow arriving markets for
the welfare of the Saudi Arabian tourism industry.

According to Dritsakis (2004), he identified the tourism impact on the Saudi Arabian
economic growth. He revealed that the international receipt from the economic growth is
strongly directed by the unidirectional causality. In this regard the existing literature
review will help to explore the present policies of the Hajj management and the future
potentials of the Hajj management. Then the time will come for the evaluation and
management of the success and barrier factors the organization faces.

2.2. Understanding the existing strategies of sustainable

event management pertinent to the Saudi governments
management of Hajj
A long history is prevalent about the Hajj (Peters, 1994; Bianchi, 2004) and it was a time
when it organized informally where separate component was charged by the local family
tribes (Woodward, 2004). The pilgrims number became limited because of the limited
facilities of supporting amenities for the journey yet the size is still manageable. The
atmosphere had changed in 1932 after the establishment of the realm of Saudi Arabia
by Ibn Saud who was to become the king Abdul Aziz.

Figure 1: Holy place (Kaba /Baitullah) (Woodward, 2004)

The guardianship of the Holy sites was claimed by the Saudi Arabian royal family and
the state government statutes revealed that serving the two Holy mosque will be the
responsibility of the state and the take care of the pilgrims and the reconstruction of the
holy mosque will be the responsibility of the state with satisfactory service too.
Therefore the state has to provide security to the pilgrims so that they can easily
perform the Hajj and the Umrah beside to visit the prophets mosque in peace and calm
(Harrison, 2001).

2.2.1.

Management and association of Hajj

As a custodian of the two holy mosques the ministry of pilgrimage, which is supervised
by the supreme Hajj committee has the responsibility of Hajj management and have to
report to the king. The arrangement of the home and overseas is coordinated by it and
the planning, implementation and supervision is dealt by it. The health, defense and
aviation, information and culture, telecommunication and technology are some of the
sectors have a part to perform. The management of the mosques endowments and the
assets is cared by the ministry of Islamic affairs, call and guidances (El-Sheshtawy,
2010). The National Guard and the KSA Red Crescent co-operate with these parties in
the annual event and it is prominent and dynamic. A guaranteed insight to the public
costs that they will perform the rites efficiently and securely which is the financial
requisite of SR14 877 million (3967 million) for the religious sector revealed in the 8 th
development plan, which competed from 2005 to 2009 (Faris, 2010).

Figure 2: Present Management of Hajj

The contribution of the private enterprise should not be overlooked as they supplying
the regular tourists amenities for accommodation, transportation and other several
services. The second largest company of Saudi Arabia merges the two concept of
modernity and the tradition and started free Wi-Fi at the three sacred places, greeted as
Welcome news for the people who trust on I-phone for the guidances (Al Jazeera,

2009). In contrast Sikich (2010) said that, the commercial and the non-commercial
aspect should in well balanced form revealed strict guidelines of 25 point document that
religious duty will not turn into commercial aspects.

The strictly exercised official control is prevailed with a quota mechanism that will reveal
the entry of pilgrim into Saudi Arabia. By prominent to some formula of lottery, countries
are assigned one place for the thousand Muslim citizens. The applicants for the Hajj
visa must consult with the home nation consultancy for the permission and those
agencies will meet Saudi officials who urges pre-departure education consultancy of the
full trip. The historic Saudi Arabian travel companies which are handled by the Saudi
families for the hundred years are also licensed. At the time of the arrival of the pilgrims
the authority have to meet different expectations of different culture people and give
information and services with guidances where appropriate. There are over 60
reception of the authority to help the lost pilgrims and their complaints on the services
(Yan and Wall 2010).

The exceptional logistical service exists and they prove that they can handle the inflow
of the pilgrims and again there is superb evidence on how technology assists to run the
centurys old tradition. The government of how disclose the trend and scale of the
operation along the modern superhighway where the pilgrims go from Jeddah to Mecca
and the fleet consists of 15000 buses assigned to Hajj. These huge forecourts of
vehicles go toward Mina. Majority of the pilgrims are accommodated to the air
conditioned tents that expanses to the edges of the Mina valley. Hundreds of kitchens
are there to spread the food among the tents and thousands of fountains for drinking
water with wash facilities are located beside the tent of the pilgrims (Zemek and Schaff
1989).

Figure 3: Image of Mina, Source: (Yan and Wall, 2010)

In Mecca and Arafat there are thousands of clinics and they supply the medicine and
other to the pilgrims. Banks and booth of telephones surrounded the pilgrimage sites. To
spread a fine mist of water which will provide coolness to the body is located on the
plain of the Arafat4, atop of 30 foot poles thousands of pillars are placed and they are
approximately 50 feet apart from each other. Located among the pilgrim route there are
refrigerated trucks with millions of container which will provide chilled water. According
to Reiker and Martina (2010) there were 100000 security personnel to secure the safety
of the place with close circuit cameras assisted by the helicopters.

Though these facilities are arranged the pilgrims still faces some difficulties and
dangers. Because of the immense crowd the pilgrim can be affected by the injury and
disease. The pilgrims have to pass physically over 80 kilometers (Ahmed et al., 2006).
The movement of the huge crowd and the jostling to each other caused harm and
actually it happened at the time when rituals are enacted. There had been severe
accidents at the time of 1990 where 1400 people were died in the underground tunnel
which had been made to reduce the overcrowding. According to Al Jazeera (2009), in
2006 the occurrence left 345 people dead and 600 injured. To find the existing solution
4 A granite hill east of Mecca

to the problems and the vision of the official there has been a continuous research
about how to recover the problem and it is well appreciated. Specifically those for the
awareness, overstay and the incidents caused by the congestion (Smith, 2005). Another
prominent issue of the version is the capacity growth which will be discussed in the next
point where the issue of sustainability will also rise.

2.2.2.

Sustainable development management of the Hajj

Mecca and Medina which are the Holy cities are changing by time to time and
responded to the state of the art, but as previously described the turning point was the
accession of the king Abdul Aziz. There were huge amount of money invested in the
modernization of the Airport, accommodation, seaports, sanitation facilities etc. At an
initial cost of 27 billion the capacity of the mosques were increased than before and
the Grand mosques of Mecca and the Media prophets mosques capacity increased to 1
million and over a half million simultaneously at the time of 1990s. According to Royal
Embassy of Saudi Arabia the capacities at the time of 1930s were 48000 and 17000
respectively. Several modification on the structural sides were the creation of the
walkways at the Jamarat Bridge 5 which is consist of five levels and can pass 200000
pilgrims on a hour rate basis. To facilitate the completion of the stoning ceremony the
pillars were replaced by the long walls in 2004. After thinking about the comfort and the
safety of the pilgrims extra escalators, heat resistant floor tiles and the worlds biggest
air condition unit have been introduced. To reduce the road congestion private cars
have been banned and in some areas there are plans to introduce rail links to serve to
the main venues which will theoretically render services to 53000 people (Al Jazeera,
2009).

5 Is a pedestrian bridge in Mina, Saudi Arabia near Mecca Used by Muslims during
the stoning of the devil ritual of the Hajj

Figure 4: Perimeter of Hajj, Source: (Reiker and Martina, 2010)

The enlargement and the up gradation of the mosque supervised by the governor of
Mecca and Medina and one of the king Abdul Azizs son. The Holy city becomes some
of the most precious cities in the world after the Succession of the revolution of the
development in the particular region which offers the business world a rewarding
business opportunity and patronage opportunity to the indigenous Saudi investors and
the overseas or foreign investors. The king Abdul Endowment Project is an example of it
and it is contiguous to the Grand Mosques Abdul Aziz gate which is constructing of
about 40 high rise towers and there were hotels, convention center and facilities for
prayer approximately of 200000 people (Times Online, 2007).

There were several

functions in the iconic Abraj Al Bail Complex which is a sister concern of KAEP and
consists of Mecca clock royal hotel which is 577 meter high with 76 storeys and rooms
number are 858 where at the top a 40-metre clock which can be seen from 17
kilometers away from the clock and it is five times larger than the London big ben clock,
An Islamic museum and a lunar observation center also exist in the complex (Fairmont
Hotels & Resorts, 2008). The timetable of the running project which is the 130 billion
facelift for Mecca consisting of 40 main schemes will be completed within 2009
according to the reporters of the media. It will cover the area of 30000 square meters
and can accommodate 55000 pilgrims and the visitors can stay on the 11 residential
towers which have 7000 rooms and 30000 peoples prayer area. It can also include that

it has 1900 bathrooms and 560 parking car spaces and 40 for the buses (Arab News,
2008). With the intention of accommodating another 5 million pilgrims 400000 square
meters extension will be done on the Grand Mosque.

In the view of spreading Islam the mayor of Mecca has spoken publicly and reveals the
urgency of the change for the transportation, infrastructure megaprojects but he ensures
that the main part of the Hajj like the Kaaba and the Zamzam well 6 will not be touched.
In Nanto (2008) opinion that the probability of many more pilgrims will increased and for
that expansion of facilities is necessary and the performance improvement is inevitable
for the agencies involved, providing qualified cadres and the improved technologies
(Ministry of Economy and Planning, 2005, p. 654). The dynamic process of altering the
landscape will continue and the disconcerting of the mosques which are located in the
middle of the town and their immediate supportive neighborhood support it very much
(Orbasli, 2000). It seems that the Meccas Grand Mosque it an island surrounded by
well-equipped road networks and the pilgrims are very much comfortable in travelling to
and from the Grand Mosque and at the end of the market there were wall of luxurious
hotels (Woodward, 2004, p. 184). But the pilgrims at Medina have vanished because of
the servicing of the old districts (Bianca, 2000). According to Al Jazeera (2009),
everything is modernized and the denunciation of architectural historian will found
rarely. The nineteenth century divan Al Ajyad fortress in Mecca which makes way for the
multimillion dollar housing is exemplified by the annihilation in 2002 (Burns, 2007).

For the historic and social fabric of the holy cities the ambitious programs seems to
have contrary consequences (Orbasli, 2007) the pressure by the government to put
resources on the pilgrimage zone and give emphasis on commercial and amenity
development in which the heritage built always comes second (Woodward, 2004, p.
184). The lower importance allotted to fortification puts constructions, localities,
environment and perhaps even the superiority of the mystical experience at some risk
from the intrusion and impingement of new and indifferent structures. The pilgrims and
6 A well located within the Masjid al Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. According to
Islam it is a miracaluous sources of water from god

the residents can feel disturb for the ongoing building works. The Saudi Arabian
government claims that the two mosques expansion is the symbol of great care to the
Hajj people and Umrah and thus opposes the formal decision of the political system
(Angeles, 2005, p. 53). The maximum participation of the pilgrimage and their comfort
ability will ensure that noticeable aspects are adapted from the modern era. The
Western Europe thinking about the heritage reservation and the attitude have been
diverges from it. In the context of the middle-east the concern to keep everything as it is
will not be understood by another culture. Whatever it can be stated that there is a limit
beyond which everything turns into destructive one.

2.3. Outlining the potential future of the sustainable

management of Hajj
There are some sectors in this segment which can be used as the potential segment for
the sustainable supervision of Hajj. It is not like that the changes among the Hajis after
their return are the result of the Hajj but it is the evidence that the impact of the Hajj is
more or less likely to the exposure to others from the various backgrounds of the Hajj.

A. Commitment

After the pilgrims return the Hajj can potentially affect the status of the pilgrims like the
social and the commitment status. It can indirectly change some of the point of view
which is mentioned above. According to Yamba (1995) the history says that the Hajj
brings the social prestige and many other opportunities to be the influential member of
the society. As pilgrims using the title Hajji or Hajjin they get respect everywhere and
treated with difference. However some criticize about that as the numbers of the
pilgrims are increasing day by day these concepts or tradition becomes prominent
(Scupin, 2012).

An index (Table 8, Row 1) has been constructed by the researcher that they have not
found any kind of impact about the Hajj effect on the social status and the management

of it. There are like 15 components are everything is related to it like the frequency of
the social visit by the respondents, their advice to the family and the distant friends
about the religion, be a part of different religious institution etc.

An extraordinary recommendation from Rao et al (2007) that the Hajjis tend to be

attached with the political affairs if they receive increased importance from the society.
In the real life there is no impact of the political engagement in the index (Table 8, Row
2) that is comprised of seven questions about the voting of election, the interest and
opinion of the national affairs, and any other political or the civil party membership. If the
Hajjis experienced the respect from the citizens are no longer respected more if they
are doing more times Hajj in that segment of social status and engagement. In the long
term the Hajjis change will draw attention it can be realized that their attitude has been
changed about the practice and belief of the religion and the perception about the
gender discrimination thus changes the social status of the Hajjis.

B. Disclosure

The Attitudes of the Hajjis about the belief on religious practice and tolerance with
gender dissimilarities has been changed on what aspects? Surely one cannot find out
that these changes are the consequences of the Hajj. But now-a-days researcher can
express the reasons of the increased exposure of them around the world (Fainstein and
Judd, 1999). The religious view also relate the question about the gender diversity and
knowledges and it has been separated from the formal knowledge because they will
vastly affected by the workings on the Hajj and their exposure channel.

There will be no increase on the formal knowledge rather than the experiential
knowledge of the Hajjis about the dissimilarities view on the religion and the world vastly
on the view of Islam.

In the case of the formal religious knowledge the Hajj has no impact about some of the
question like the detail daily prayer indicated in the Quran, 7 how many chapters there
are and what should be the perfect amount to start Zakat (religious tax) due to the
wealth in hand (Table 8, Row 3). The surprising news is that the Hajj is more practiced
as the religious knowledges than the schooling (Faulkner, 1987). The diversity of
opinion of knowledge within Islam increases by the standard deviation of 0.15 (Table 8,
Row 5). The eight questions index reflects the womens issue and the marriage and the
gender issues simultaneously. There are several components can be noticed and they
are the dowry system in Islam that whether it is acceptable or not, permission for
marriage to Non-Muslims and the quality of the womens life whether same in other
countries.

The index of the global knowledge has been increased by the Hajj about 0.08%
standard deviation (Table 8, Row 6). It is a prominent point for the researcher that it falls
slightly down at .07% standard deviation and in the restricted subsample it is about
12%. By the agreed upon comment of Gray (2002) that the awareness of the world is
reflected by the index of it. There are several question to be asked that which is the
biggest Muslim religion country, how many Nigerians are Muslims, who is Indias Prime
Minister, the bordering country of Pakistan, and the biggest two countries in the world,
finally is the UK or the USA is far away from Pakistan. It is the several change that
experiential knowledge point changes and the importance of the interaction with and
observation to the other groups. It can be examines that whether the Hajjis informational
knowledges are dependable on the size of the party and a kind of unequivocal test and
the surveillance. A range of different parties which is consists of 1-20 people and the
Hajjis used to travel with it. The group interaction channel may be very effective if the
smaller Pakistan parties are eager to contact with the non-Pakistanis. Hajjis who are to
belong from the smaller (below median) parties are the gainer in the sense that gather
three kinds of knowledge indices like- Gender, diversity and global (Heller, 2005). The
interaction between the Hajj and the small parties are described by the coefficient and
7 Central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be the verbatim word of
God

for the gender and the conventional level knowledge indices (smaller groups sizes effect
is 0.13 and 0.14 bigger standard deviations, where p-values of 0.07 and 0. 10) are very
much convenient. Capturing the positive view about the others countries shows a
greater increase among the smaller parties in the index similarly (a p-value of 0.06 and
the larger effect 0.14 standard deviation). The interaction between the group size and
the Hajj group and other tolerance guides are estimated by points, the interactions are
not significant as they are large enough to consider statistically. As like the evidence the
shifting trend are more prevailing between the localized small parties (Akyildiz et al,
2002). To include the other demographic panels and their key effect they have to face
the rigid interactions though the possibility is not there that the ruling of unobservable
differences between parties are the larger treatment for the smaller parties.

The Hajjis are well exposed to the countries and as well as the Saudis which is unlikely
not the single experience has being observed. As the influence of the Saudi view of the
Islam it can be seen that they move away from the localized view to religious practices
broadly, but the results reveal that the unlikely tolerance encouraged by the Hajj is
greater than the other sector on gender. Saudi Arabia is generally stricter on the gender
discrimination and less accepts the other schools of thought. Hajj impact on the gender
have receive more liberal attitude in line by the other Muslim countries (Amal, 2006).
There is a survey of the gender views among different countries and that reveals that
Saudi Arabians are more conservative than the Pakistanis and Indonesians are less
conservative than the Pakistanis.

In a relation to being exposed by others about the diversity and interaction about the
cooperation, a conjunction may be set to the exposure channel of the Islamic mean
(Bruce, 2004). During the Hajj what the pilgrims had learn they are encourage to
implement those in the real life they encounter, they can be different from the salience
view or the visible difference in their group in some ways, it can be in their behavior or in
the organization. In the opinion of Thomson (2005) this mergers between the prominent
force and their results about the pilgrims may differ varying from country to country. The
results of the tolerance may be the less likely which can evaluate from the social

interactions and the exposure in diversity which in result different from the more liberal
country like Turkey and Indonesia. It can be the merger effect more powerful than the
result of the gender mixing because the Hajj can turn the pilgrims into a more
conservative way than before. Though the importance given in this factor and also the
provincial (Daher, 2002); heterogeneity, the overall exposure which is globally can be
the important channel on which researcher examined the attitudes and beliefs of the
Hajjis.

There is a huge importance for Saudi Arabia that it can be the biggest attraction for the
tourist from the different countries but there was not prodigious support about this.
Though it might reflects the pragmatic situation of the present time. The economic value
has been maintained by the huge tourism and travel prospects and the local business
are likely to expand very quickly, where it is inspired by the visa relaxation from the
government (Kirby, 2003). After 2005, as a tourism destination it was hardly believe that
Saudi Arabia can achieve greater success. This kind of trend can be achieved by the
advancement in transport and infrastructure and low cost of it assist to achieve the
natural heritage attraction for different cultural people. The panel of the sector felt that it
should be a revolution in the sector so that Saudi Arabia can give modern facilities to
the tourists and be successful to build the image of world regional tourism center (Little,
2002). It seemed to be more significant that the need for the shopping center and the
convention center. To make the Saudi currency stable and recognized internationally it
is essential to increase the tourism expenditure on Saudi internationally. The inbound
tourism flows key pillars were the Safety, stability and security.

At the case of the industry sector, a favorable prospects for the national carrier was
there and the passenger volume and their service operating with an operative Internet
reservation system (Lynch, 1999). Though it was agreed upon that training program with
education in the tourism and the hospitality sector were enough but it will be needed in
future about efficient education for the airline, accommodation, and the retail industries.
Forwarding to the internet booking facility it was believed that it will be accepted
extensively. Using the internet as a source of information the hotel can offer the online

reservation and can gather valuable information about the prospect. In this case Maffi
(2002) told that, the countries prospects can be enhanced if the telecommunication
sectors develop, but the advantage of video call and conference call can become a
threat for the business travel. Many panelists believed that in future most of the
arrangement of Islamic travel would be done by the internet system. The development
in recent years and the effect of the globalization makes it happen that the different
assortment of products, services and distribution channel are available for the people,
which were previously impossible or prohibited economically or politically. There is a
substitution called the broadband communication for business travel and it might prove
a threat to the travel industry but Daddah (2004) shared his opinion that the experience
of video text services can be proved as an enjoyable moment and things for the traveller
as they can share things live from the tourist point. There are several international
databank with a lot of information about the customer and it can influence the
advertising impact and the traditional distribution channels.

There are some issues which are pointed by the both panels that internet uses are
unutilized because of the illiteracy rate of the kingdom. With this regard the people also
have less confidence by using the computer and its wired services. To limit the
availability of the video conferencing equipment there are the availability of it are scarce
except some hotels. If anything wrong happen and problem arises then the comments
made proposed areas on which several action might be taken so that the favorable
trends can be uphold by it. The investment from the public and the private is needed
because there is a potential long term growth ahead in future. The government is solely
responsible for the development of the infrastructure and the private sector can build the
hotels and restaurant with available shopping malls and the recreation centers.

By using the latest development of the technology the tourism product can be refined
according to the consumer demand. But Brenner and Theodore (2002) argued that the
way to attract the tourist outside the region is to portray the traditional aspect of the
country by the help of the creation of the new product. The necessity of the reservation
of tourism resources as a means to attract the customer is to protect the nature and the

site from the disappearances because of the urbanization and so called modernization.
The sector wise collaboration like the public and the private and their intense marketing
effort is needed badly. The place where the heavy promotion will be given must be the
GCC neighboring countries and it can be better if it becomes on a long term basis. And
then if some westernized tourists are become more attracted to this then the safety and
security of them is necessary with the cultural sensitiveness and religious point of view.

Even the backbone of the tourism is considered by the service sector and here is a
great chance of improvement exists and the standard can be developed (Khan, 2003).
Because of the increasing demand of the hotel, restaurants and travel industries they
are sometimes providing inferior services which are quiet disappointing. If there are
enough establishments of the education and training then the standards of the service
can be raised. In accordance to Henderson (2003) there should be some
establishments of various institutes and training center for the executives for the areas
of the hospitality and tourism. The principal cities should open the management and the
technical staff to increase the performance of the tourism and the hospitality sector. The
top universities should take courses related to this subject and teach the people about
the latest thought to improve the efficiency of hospitality. The top restaurants of the
countries and the hotels and travel agencies should urges to their employees to take a
degree on the tourism sector and get certified for the improved skill and competencies.

2.4. Understanding the barriers and success factors event

organizers face in moving the event MG events towards
sustainability
In this section the issues will analyze are related to the Hajj pilgrims movement. There
are several things left than the one has discussed here. In the case of the preparation of
this paper is to include the activities of the rituals and traditions which are considered to
be facing problem and their suggestion to solve the problem also given here. The below
listed topics are the rituals and activities to be followed:

A. The fact is here that the pilgrims have to wait several hours at the airport- generally
at the terminal of Hajj, right before their formalities related to the immigration can be
completed.

B. There are various kinds of activities that there are no needs to be overcrowded. In
every year for the reason of overcrowding many people lost for some days and even a
week from the tent and sometimes they are lost forever. There are various reasons for
what the pilgrims cannot reunite before the considerable time (Milhim, 2006). Most of
the pilgrims lost because they cannot remember the place to stay and cannot return to
the desired place by their own effort. Every pilgrim is being delivered with a wrist watch
as a evidence of the identification number of the pilgrims which is provided by the Hajj
managers (Mutawwifun8 and Munazzam). But what Yamin (2006) said about the wrist
watches that it has very limited data in the office and are not traceable easily by the
police and the help agencies. The local language is not the first language of the pilgrims
so that they become unable to talk. They will not get any kind of help unless they are
made contact via the Mutawwif office and this process is rare and only done in
emergencies.

C. there have some terrible incident happened like the rushes and the fire panic which
results the loss of several thousand lives. The Saudi government becomes indebted to
make inflammable tent in the Mina (a place to stay all about three or four days in the
tents) because of the horrible fire incident at the time of 1997 in the Mina city. In a
agreed upon statement by Nuwayi (2009) that this turn the zero fire occurrences in the
Mina. It has been also found that some of the pilgrims threw out their wrist watches
because of ignorance or irritation of it though there is a strong notice to wear the wrist
watches. Now-a-days if the wrist watch cannot be found with the lost person or even the
dead body the credentials of the person to gather becomes very difficult or sometimes
impossible to be found (Itani, 2005).

8 Training and consultancy center

D. now-a-days before the visa should grant to the pilgrims there is alternative to test the
physical fitness of the Hajjis. Some of the health requirements are enforced there like
the immunization against specific diseases (ITP, 2013). After that if some old people are
allowed to perform Hajj then they should be properly monitored by the Hajj committee to
save them from the potentially harmful bacteria.

E. there is some illegal intention of some people that they do not want to return to the
home country and they settled themselves in the Saudi Arabia or other neighboring
countries as illegal immigrants. To identify those people becomes a severe problem for
the country.

2.4.1.
Remedial steps to identification problems of the
pilgrims by the technology based services
What Cohen-Hattab (2010) said that the problems mentioned above and any other
associated problem with the Hajj can be overcome by the use of the wireless
technology a database systems. There is no proposal associated with it that it cannot be
performed any other way than the previous way nor the interest of the stakeholders or
any other peoples associated with it like the Mutawwifun and Munazzam.

a. Collecting the information of the pilgrim and delivering the RFID tags

There should some information restored about the Hajj participants and their health
condition at the time of the visa grant by the office of the Saudi diplomatic mission and
they can be held responsible. A distributed database system can be prepared which can
be called the Hajj database management system. The Hajj database and the
immigration process must be linked to each other which might be manageable for the
stakeholder on a various location like the terminal of the Hajj Collins-Kreiner (2010a).
There are some chief stakeholders among the various stakeholders like the ministry of
Hajj, Munazzam and Mutawwifun office, the valid immigration officers, and the key

stakeholders (police, Ameers9, and hospitals). In the Hajj database different

stakeholders should be granted a safe access to the database system. Such as: in the
office of the Munazzam he could be the owner and someone like the Mutawwifun could
be the administration officer and he should be the responsible person for the access to
the database and the Ammers can have the access to the Hajj pilgrims database as a
read-only access (Euromonitor, 2009). If any of the pilgrims is granted with the Hajj visa
then he or she could be provided by a RFID tags in his or her waist or on arm as
identification. The idea is slightly different from the previous where it has put on the
wrist, now it has to put on the waist or the upper arm of the pilgrims. Even it can be
attached with the pilgrims at the Wudhu (ablution) time. It is enforces strictly to use of
the arms by the repeated counseling of the Ammers.

b. The Collection of the added identical information in the processing of the pilgrims

At the time of the pilgrims arrival the officer at the airport terminal in the immigration
office will examine the pilgrim tag to retrieve the information about the pilgrim. There are
several steps to identify the pilgrims as for the security purpose like the biometric scans
such as, the retina, palms, eye lids and fingers. The collected information will be stored
in the Hajj database system for the further use of it when it is required.

c. Installation of the processors, sensors with the display screen

All of the equipment mentioned above should be installed at a huge number at all the
important location of the Hajj to get and transmit information from the hajjis like the
roads and the hospitals, and all the possible checkpoints for the pilgrims. It has been
suggested by Euromonitor (2008) that the dynamic tag readers and the scanners are
very much needed for the Ameers and the Mutawwifuns. In order to display information
and other warnings a large display can be settled on the important point. There are

9 Head/Leader or Director

many problems associated with the pilgrims identification and these can be solved if
this equipment can be installed at the right place.

2.4.2.
The factors behind the success of the MG moving in
the direction of the sustainability
a. Diminish the waiting period at the Airport

If this can be happen that the information are can be retrieved from the from the Hajj
terminal via the pilgrim tag then it will save the time to check out the validity forms of the
pilgrims at the Airport. In this case the need for the custody passport from the
Mutawwifun will be no longer needed, and thus this arrangement the waiting period at
the airport will be over (Bish and Michie, 2010). And from then if the pilgrims wish to go
anywhere from Mecca to Medina or to Mecca to Jeddah the same procedure can be
used to identify the pilgrims. As a result the movement of the pilgrims will be boost up.

b. Tracing the individuals movement

The movement of the pilgrims and the Hajjis can be traced down by the monitors and
the sensors settled there and various can be collected regarding them and these will be
stored in the database management system. Everything will be considered from the
duration and intervals of the database and the store of the information, and it should be
done before the implementation plan. If any of the pilgrims are missing in any case then
the Ameers and the police including the Mutawwif will be informed and can be trace
down the last roaming place of the pilgrim(s). The database can provide the information
that in what time it tracked down the pilgrims last. So it can be sure that the pilgrims can
be searched down in small places. If any of the pilgrims cannot reach their destination
or forgot the way to go then the police of the unit can help them by using the pilgrims
tag and can reunite them to the groups which they belong. If any undone happen like
the unfortunate death of the pilgrims then the police can retrieve information about the
pilgrim that from which group the person belongs. If further unfortunate happen like the

tag cannot be found with the body then the biometric scan can help the police to retrieve
the information from the database. Another thing is if the body is not traceable then the
scan can also help to identify the information about him or her. But (Biggerstaff et al,
2009) said that the identification scan will not be very helpful if the body burnt severely
then the adequate measure will be the test of the DNA or the smaller portion of the
body. The thing is these technologies face the religious and the cultural obstacles
because of the attitude and the privacy of the pilgrims.

c. Taking care of the pilgrims and the extent of the diseases

It is not possible politically for the pilgrimage organization that they could prohibit the
entrance of the unhealthy and weak people to perform the Hajj (Dahdah, 2004). But
according to the opinion of the Brau et al. (2007) that if the data about the health
information can be stored at the database then it can be helpful for the organizers to
identify the potential health risks of the pilgrims. If anything urgent needed there then
the medic person can get valuable data from the databases.

d. Planning for the future pilgrimages in a well form

The collected data about the pilgrimage can be the useful resources for the planning of
the future pilgrimages. In the opinion of Faris (2010) that, many raised problems can be
solved by the help of previous data from the database. Such as, the easiest way to
enforce the prohibition on the pilgrimage is like the restriction among the individuals.
The thing is expected in the sector that the restriction can be applied for the smaller
portion of the Hajj. The quota problems are in a fixing way for the different countries.

e. Tracking the migrants who are illegal

On the basis of becoming the illegal immigrant many pilgrims come to Saudi to find
work or settle down there. The neighboring countries and the Saudi Arabia are

experiencing the illegal migrants problem increasingly day by day. To trace down the
illegal migrants is a near to impossible work for the government (Nuwayi, 2010). Again
to search these people the data in the Hajj management database can be very helpful.

2.5. Determining how tourism expenditures have had an

impact on Non-Oil economic growth in Saudi Arabia
By using the annual data of the year of 1970 to the year 2012, this paper will evaluate
the relationship impact of the two factors like the Expenditure on tourism (TOUREX)
and the real economic growth based of Non-oil (RNGDP). To extend the scrutiny in the
form of the amplified Dickey-fuller this can be utilized in the examination of all the
related variables of the time series. And in the time of the result in showed that the
series levels were all the type of non-stationary and the variables are first orderly cointegrated (Daher, 1999).

In the result it can be proposed that there is a relationship of co-integration between the
real non-oil GDP and the tourism expenditure and the case of Saudi Arabia can be hold
by the co-integration analysis.

Therefore the relationship which will become the

equilibrium can indicate that the determinants of the long run will be turn into the
National income (Thomson, 2010). In order to verify the causality of the variables and
the Grainger causality test is necessary with the Econometric evaluation. The indication
of the results is the statistical evidence for the long run relationship of the Non-oil GDP.
Also it has been identified that the granger may be the cause of the share of tourism
expenditure for the GDP. It is well consisted with the tourism expenditure model.
According to the findings there is a long term positive relationship with bilateral causes
between the tourism expenditure and the Non-oil expenditure.

Finally in the case of the Saudi Arabia it is proved that the model of Error correction can
establish the relation of the two variables among them the Real non-oil expenditure is
significant. It proposed an adjustment process of short run can be the process toward
the long run equilibrium (Dahdah, 2004). In summary it should be in focus that the

development plan must be based on the complements of the each other groups. Finally
the research opens the possibilities of another research from now considering it as a
base. To examine or analyze the consequences of the socio economic variables further
research will be badly needed.

If the growth sectors broadens in case of the improvement of infrastructure like the
construction and the real estate which is more likely to reinforce the non-oil growth
which can be 4.3% in the present year. After the two years of the successful expansion
the growth of the oil may be slow down to 2 percent in the year of 2013, as the total
global demand for oil become lesser the growth will remain week during increasing the
global supply. If the housing market continues it boost up from the low place then the
inflation can be picked up by 2 percent respectively. Saudi is trying to invest on the real
state sector and the tourism sector so that they can create a greater service hub for the
tourist and the investor and thats why they are incorporating some of the megaprojects
in the important point of the country like the Mohamed bin Rashid City. The employment
of the numerous projects will be boost up and accelerate the economy if the Saudi get
succeed in the World Expo 2020 bid. The production capacity of hydrocarbon by Abu
Dhabi is continuously expanding. In the meantime its diversification strategy for the
economy is the production of the petrochemicals, the aviation services, recyclable
energy and the Abu Dhabi cultural tourism.

On the other hand it reflects the UAEs confidence about the hydrocarbon exports and
its narrow connection with the international financial markets developing economies of
Asia. In the domestic way a significant medium-term risk is there which is related to the
probable modified creation of a boom-and-bust cycle. The troll over some of the GREs
and other companies might be difficult because of the less availability of the
international finance and mature debt can raise the overall cost of the borrowing from
the international market and the balance sheet pressures. Some of the banks might feel
the liquidity pressures because of their increase reliability on the foreign funds by the
wholesale. In particular part like the Asia the emerging markets are facing slow down
process because of the recession. India has the large part of the market share specially

called the part of the emerging Asia has a strong demand of the external side of the
world and this impact helps to reduce the weakness of the UAE on the economics of the
Europe and the sanctions on Iran. If a slowdown occurs in the economy of the emerging
Asia then the growth of the goods export will be slow down and will reduce the demand
of the foreign and the real state. In a statement of El-Sheshtawy (2010) expressed that
the prices decline of the hydrocarbon and if it is to be large and prolonged then it must
be the effect of the global recession. The chief source for the revenue of the
government and a prominent contributor to the export is the Hydrocarbon and the both
can be damaged by the effect of the fall in the price of the oil. The improved fiscal
position of the UAE and the significant foreign asset can be the protection against the
medium or short-lived shocks. Whatever if the price of the oil fall extensively and the
effect of it stays in long term then the consequences of the less fiscal spending and the
less GDP growth of the non-hydrocarbon might express the weakness of the balance
sheets of GREs and the other companies. The risk associated with the boom-bust
cycle can be reduced by the sufficient domestic policy of recover or reform. The rising
real estate price can accelerate the wheel of the renewed optimism and then the loose
condition of the liquidity can result the hasty decisions and re-leveraging by the GREs
and the private companies which can affect the health of the balance sheets related to
the interconnections of the GREs. If there is absence of the judicial policies this can
direct or result to the short term growth but the sacrifice if the medium term stability
(Hunter, 2003). There are also a couple of numbers of advantage risk on the point of
view. There would have a positive effect on the global growth and the oil prices if a
faster recovery occurs on the modern economies. If the price of the oil rises higher, it
can support the fiscal revenues of the government and the current account with the
external factor as far the confidence is maintained and the exports of oil is not
hampered. The sufficient policy of the macroeconomic environment and the lending
impediment by the GREs in the present situation of the current favorable economy can
lead a sustainable economic growth and without facing any undone in the
macroeconomic environment.

In the last year the kingdom began to extract the fiscal inducement which was put there
to uphold the crisis at the time of 2009. The combination between the federal and the
emirate governments the consolidated fiscal account will raise by 3 percent of the nonoil GDP, accelerate by the consolidation of the Dubai and the Abu Dhabi. The salary of
the federal employees have increased, and also the subsidies in the Abu Dhabi and the
transfers were more than the offsetting situation by the government and the outlays
related with that including the expenditure of Abu Dhabi. In association of the robust oil
revenues these consequences will lead to an increase of 9 percent profit in the fiscal
year. As a result of this the consequences of the break even oil price is considered to be
the measurement of the fiscal vulnerability for the shocks from the oil prices and it has
improved gradually by 2011 it is 84 to 74 in the last year.

In the year 2013 the continuity of the fiscal union of around 2% of the GDP of the non-oil
and it was preplanned (Itani, 2005). The rational capital expenditure is probably the best
factor to consider the fiscal merger (there is a large and modern and reasonably priced
program of housing in Abu Dhabi anyhow) and the expectation to increase the amount
of the transfers and subsidies, security and defense system spending, and also the
wage billing amount has a chance to increase. The appropriate fiscal step is to correct
the process continuously. At the time of the 2009 crisis when the economy was trying to
rise up then the spending pattern of the public rose dramatically and tried to mitigate the
effect of the falling private demand for the economy. The raising amount of the public
spending went to that levels and become very much higher than the amount necessary
to create a sustainable economy for the future generations, and to correct the long term
fundamental imbalance the fiscal consolidation was very much welcomed to create a
bridge towards success and is accepted warmly by the authority. The plans of the union
which is continuously improving can contribute to the implicit breakeven oil price to 71
this year, and reducing the risk of to use the accrued wealth of the Saudi on an event of
the rehabilitated huge deterioration in oil price (khan, 2003). Simultaneously the non-oil
economy also recovers the loss and gain advantage or advancement to the economy
and the planned withdrawal of the incentives. In country wise situation the swift pace of
the alliance intended to address the nations countries risk of the debt related task.

Mainly if the risk of the real estate market increases then it could be supported by the
fees related to the real-estate which can lead to revenue for the provision of the fiscal
alliances.

The fiscal policy of the medium term can also be encouraged. In the non-oil balance of
the Abu Dhabi and Dubai it is considered that the continued alliance of the non-oil
sector will go through 2017, to correct the long term intergenerational imbalances of the
fiscal policy for the UAEs concern, diminishing the risk associated with the oil prices,
and to identify the debt related concern for the case of Dubai. The reduction of the
energy subsidies in business can support the fiscal association, which can improve the
energy efficiency and can create financial spaces. Kashman and Kashman (2004)
revealed that several countries like the federal government, Abu Dhabi and Dubai have
made tremendous prosperity in mounting the medium-term for the fiscal frameworks
(MTFF). To improve the automation in budget and the forecasting of the revenue the
federal government takes some initiatives to start a medium term budget beside the
federal approach. A medium term model has been developed by Abu Dhabi like the
Macro fiscally model to identify the decision making of policy, at the same time Dubai
placed a three year framework plan to direct the budgeting procedure. Dubai should
continue the refined procedure of MTFFs and Abu Dhabi should concentrate in the
budget implementation.

The exchange rate of the monetary policy remains same

compare to USA. The interest rate of the CBU (central bank of UAE) can help to reduce
the impact on the economy and come back of the private sectors credibility after the
incidents of 2009. The level of exchange rate stays with the same level of fundamentals.
At the core of the crisis of 2009, there should be ongoing focus on the legacy issues
and impediment the new risk. The total debt of Dubai becomes significant at 142 billion
which is the 102 percent of the total GDP of which the government and the government
assured debt is 35 billion. The increased GREs of Dubai and their debt is approximately
93 billion, up compare to the 84 billion in March 2012, among which the 60 billion
pounds due for the year between 2013 and 2017. When the completion of the 2009
crisis debt for the GREs there are several maturities to consider like the Dubai
government debt to Abu Dhabi is about 20 billion and the Dubai financial support

related to CBU is dipping owed in 2014, and the restructure Nakheel will mature in
2015/16. To support the capabilities of the market the government of Dubai and the
GREs are continuously monitoring the refinancing the debt and communicate timely.

2.6. Conclusion
Therefore finally it can be assumed that there is a union-maneuvering causativeness
occurs which running through the tourism to the growth of the economy. The relative
performances have been developed economically and have achieved special skill in the
tourism sectors within the time period of 1980-2013. In case of the small countries the
tourism can be a growth increasing factor. On the other way if the small countries
become specialized in the tourism sector then it can grow faster than before. To
measure the effect of the economic growth the selection criteria can be used and define
the target market into a subset of customers. The exploration in the literature review is
the present tactics of the management of Hajj and future of the Hajj. According to the
diverse authors viewpoint this chapter includes the factors behind the success and the
reasons of failure. In the next portion of the research it will explore with the methodology
of the research subject and the application of it in the research.

Chapter: Three
Research Methodology

3.1. Introduction
Some discussion on research methodology was in 1st chapter. All the questions of that
chapter will be discussed here. In this chapter will also contain the way to make
research, which research methods are more appropriate and widely use, which are
chosen by the professional researcher for their work. To conduct research it is important
to collect data. For this study data regarding Hajj will be discussed, and common
methods of data collection will be there in this chapter. All information regarding the
methods of research as well as data collection will be presented here.

3.2. Research Design

Churchill (1979) thinks that at time of analyzing the data that are collected from primary
and secondary sources, researcher got help from the literature review. To make a
research design there should have some steps of design and the each step has limited
time to do the job. And every step should be done within given time.
From figure 5, it is clear that researcher use different types of method to conduct a
research. By observing the nature of research it looks that experimental method is more
suitable than other methods. Experimental method of research is called the method of
choice and it is widely used because it is more scientific approach of research than
other. According to Denzin and Lincoln (2000) all other methods are non-experimental,
mainly based on theory, so those are not appropriate for all sort of research and it is not
always possible to understand the situation with those methods. And he showed
experimental method of research as a best alternative.
This method needs lots of experiments in the laboratory so it has less connection with
the real life data collection or analysis or other works related to research design. This
feature is the main disadvantage of experimental method. Harrison (2012) focuses more
on the fact that cause precedes effects. Researcher found it helpful as it can study the
fact that what will happen if this is the cause.

Philosoph
y

Approach
es

Strategy

Positivis
m

Deducti
ve

Case
study
and
Survey

Choice
Quantitativ
e

Data
Collectio
n

Data
Analysis

Questionna
ire

Frequen
cy table
and chi
square

Figure 5: Research Design, Source: (Saunder et al., 2007, p. 132)

3.3. Research philosophy

Galillet (2012) informed that different parts of research design was described and
discussed by many writers. Research philosophy was seen as a core belief of
researcher by Levin (1998). Using different philosophies the researcher collect analyze
and make all the reports that are necessary for research. Johnson and Duberley (2004)
define research philosophy as the combination of some factors. The philosophy can be
applicable in real fields, will justify the data in positive manner and will be clearly defined
to all.

Figure 6: Research philosophy paradigm, Adapted from Easterby-Smith et al., (1991, P.

27)

May (1997) thought that looking at the positive human attitude, if any decision is made
then it is the thought and reality of human. It is necessary to learn the attitude of human
being of a society if anyone wants to predict the overall situation of a society. Schiffman
and Kanuk (1997) described some methods of data collection, analysis, describe,
presentation which will help to find out best possible outcome. To know the maximum
result this research is used. The research is done on large samples and there are no
alternative for this research than conducting research with large populations. Different
types of method like survey, interviews, questionnaire etc. are used to collect the data.
Doyle et al. (2009) focuses on the phenomenology philosophy which generally research
with small population size but the research is made accurately and knowledge about the
sample is good. Sunders et al. (2007) suggested this phenomenology philosophy
because it is more helpful for knowing about the business functions as well as the role
of business in society and this philosophy helps the researcher more than others. Doyle
et al (2009) told the Hajj management to know about the economic aspects of Hajj from
the researcher who uses the phenomenology philosophy. Looking at the objectives of
this research it is clear that phenomenology philosophy is the best suited research
philosophy.

3.4. Research Approaches

There are some research approaches like deductive, non-empirical, qualitative,
quantitative and empirical approach which are used to conduct research. To know the
economic impact of Hajj, the researcher used the deductive approach. According to
Hussey and Hussey (1997) a study in which a conceptual and theoretical structure is
developed which is then tested by empirical observation; thus particular instances are
deduced from general inferences (p.19). No valid data are needed to prove the
statement that is given by using non-empirical research approach. Qualitative data are
collected through interview, telephone, physical visit etc. In quantitative research the
main focus of researcher are on the statistics and amount of outcomes of research but
qualitative focuses on the personal communications with the sample of the populations.
Through the deductive approach the researcher wants to find out the marketers view to
the Hajj and its economic aspects. This deductive research can give a general view of

the economic aspects of Hajj but it will not be suitable for the further research. To adjust
with the changing situation and for conducting the advance research of the changing
condition, the empirical research approach will be best suited approach for the Hajj
management. Laiamputtong (2009) suggested the empirical approach as it can identify
dynamic conditions and can work with this condition and provide good research results
to the researcher. Through empirical research it is possible to know about dynamism of
situation and the effects of dynamic situation.
Read more: Flick (2011) classified the research approaches in four kinds. They are:
descriptive, analytical, exploratory and predictive. He described it as a scientific method.
Esterby-Smith et al (2001) also suggested empirical approach for the researcher.
Empirical research approach is more scientific so collected data generally show right
result for the researcher.

3.5. Research Strategy

To conduct a research the researcher needs to have some strategy or plan to find out
the opportunities, difficulties, barriers and others of the case. Knox (2010) claimed
difference in the meaning of case study as the word can be used in different situations.
Yin (1994) thinks that case study is mainly based on the comparison of real environment
to the theoretical environment. It is a practical work to adjust thinking with the reality.
Through case study the researcher can find out the overall condition of the subject
matter. To find out the difficulties of a situation by using case study, a researcher needs
to know a lot about the case. Through this research the researcher will be able to
suggest some policies and plans to deal will the problems.

3.6. Research Choices

To know the economic impact of Hajj on Saudi Arabia both qualitative and quantitative
research are needed. Through qualitative research they will be able to learn the views
of business owners and the customers, their feedback, opportunities and threats etc.
and quantitative will be helpful to learn about the statistical factors of hajj. Through
qualitative method the researcher will know how and what impacts Hajj has on the

economy and quantitative method will give the statistical view of the impacts on
economy.
So there are some basic differences between the qualitative and quantitative
approaches of research, which are shown in (figure: 3). Babbie (2010) defined
quantitative method as way to collect all the data numerically and will justify the data
with the feedback of the sample that were selected from a target populations. He said
qualitative method as a way to learn about the opportunities and problems of a given
situation through interviews, emails, feedback etc. Anderson ET all (2011) also defined
the both method. He described the functions of quantitative research as totally
numerical and qualitative as totally theoretical. He suggested some research techniques
for quantitative approach as well as qualitative approach.

Figure 7: Differentiable factors between qualitative and quantitative research

Source: (Farzin, 2010)

3.7. Data Collection Methods

To conduct any research or to take any decision regarding the research there is no
alternative of data collection. Data are the basic things on which every decision
depends. The researcher used the data, analyze and interpret to take a decision.
Harrison et al. (2012) think that using the primary and secondary approach of data
collection is more helpful for the researcher to take any decision. Yeboah (2010)
classified data collection method as primary data collection, secondary data collection
and both. This research is based on the economic impact of Hajj on Saudi Arabia. Along
with the case study researcher needs to collect the primary data. To collect the primary
data researcher used the questionnaire as well as personal interviews, telephone
conversations, emails and physical visits to the authorities of Hajj management to know
how they manage all the activities, what is there strategy, what are opportunities and
difficulties and how the tourism sector can help the government to earn more revenue. It
will help to understand that tourism sector has huge impact on the non-oil economic
growth of Saudi Arabia. Different types of approaches and methods are used by the
researcher to collect information.
For quantitative data collection the questionnaire is best. All the questions of the
questionnaire should be on the economic aspects of Hajj. The Hajj management must
answer all the questions. Through the quantitative method of data collection, the
researcher will be able to identify the numbers of problems, opportunities in the Hajj
management. Making survey on the economic factors on the Hajj management can get
the idea of impact on Saudi economy. Along with management people the questionnaire
also will be answered by some other businessmen.
Chapter 4 will be on the analysis of collected data. The qualitative data will be
presented with different diagrams. After analyzing all the data it will be easier to take
decisions through the research and will get all the answers of questions.

3.8. Research Ethics

Mandatory research ethics form has been filled by researcher. The guidelines of the
course teacher were maintained all along the research. At the time of interviewing the

sample people general ethics were maintained and the feedbacks of the people were
satisfactory. Gomm (2008) put importance on the fact that the researcher will not abuse
the information and will keep secret. Researcher can ensure that no harm will be done
to the people who gave the feedback. Participants were helpful. And the privacy of the
information will be kept.

3.9. Data analysis

Though data has been analyzed in chapter 4, here there is a figure which can help the
researcher a lot to effectively analyze the data. Sanger (2012) described the fact that to
conduct different types of research, researcher needs different methods which are given
by different writers. Two common approaches such as frequency table and chi-square
analysis are used for this research that is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 8: Data analysis, (Sachdeva, 2009)

Different elements of the research can be presented perfectly using the cross
tabulation. The collected qualitative and quantitative data were presented in frequency
table according their category. Frequency table of the quantitative data helped the
researcher to analyze the data that were collected through questionnaire. To analyze
and summarize the collected data these bar graph, frequency tables, cross tabulation
and other helped the researcher. This help to present data and comparison between
data can be done easily as data is in graph or table.

3.10.

Summary

This chapter was totally on the methods of conducting the research. Among the various
researches method researcher has selected the best methods that helped to conduct
the research. Phenomenological Philosophy was the main method of this research
because it suits best this research. Different data collection and analyzing methods
were use. Non empirical method was used for general research but at the time advance
research the empirical method was used. To fulfill the research objectives the
exploratory, deduction method, qualitative and quantitative and other methods were
used. Data analysis and result of data analysis of this research will be shown through
next chapters.

Chapter: Four
Result analysis
4.1.

4.1. Introduction
Quantitative primary data was collected by author from the questionnaire survey
(Appendix: A). In the survey 40 managers and stakeholders of different ongoing and
experienced business participated from Saudi Arabia. It has been concentrated on
theme of question set, by the researcher to design questionnaire in order to find out the
economic impact of Hajj into a local communities. In this chapter the frequency table
and Chi square analysis will be conducted within the collected quantitative data. Then
within the compare and contrast of literature review the author presents discussion and
result findings on them. All those datas information will help the researcher to find out
the effective way to know the economic impacts of managing Hajj in local communities.

4.2. Frequency table analysis

This study is related to managers perception, impact of event management, current
strategy and future situation as well as finding barriers and success factors that
managers face to go on. Hence, all questionnaire data was gathered from different
types of stakeholders of managing event from Saudi Arabia, and the author got 40
responses from managers. The researcher used to provide the questionnaire set to the
managers through online media as well as phone.

In order to understand existing management strategy of Hajj, analyst gathered some

primary data from the managers. The first section was to know if the Mecca or Medina
is their permanent place of residence; the researcher proposed 3 options to all
respondents. If the researcher analyses the questionnaire (Q1), then it will be clear that
25 (which is 53% of all managers) respondents replied that they are permanent resident
and there were very least amount (5 members, about 12.5% of all the respondents) was
not interested anyone of the answers. Therefore, in the literature review Harrison (2001)
state the same way about the residence of the business owners and the purpose of
their business.

Frequen
cy
Valid

Percent

Valid

Cumulativ

Percent

e Percent

Yes

25

62.5

62.5

62.5

No

10

25.0

25.0

87.5

12.5

12.5

100.0

40

100.0

100.0

Neither
Total

Table 1: Frequency table of permanent residence of the respondents

The second interrogation was about if the answer is no, from which country they have
come to perform and do business of Hajj management.

3 participants are from

Indonesia, 1 from USA and 1 participant from UK as well as the remaining respondents
are from different countries. The third question was about if they ever invite their friends
or family to visit Saudi Arabia beyond Hajj. The researcher found (from Q3) 15
participants were answer positive, 11 respondents did not comment. The managers
were asked to answer which type of ticket (s) they use to sell at almost time of Hajj. If
researcher found less number of visitors then it will contribute less to the economy. On
the same way if there tickets can be sold in greater number then it will improve the
economy of the Saudi Arabia. They (20 respondents) answered that Individual tickets
are sold very great in number and family with spouse and children come to perform Hajj
replied 9 participants.

Freque
ncy
Valid

Individual

20

Percent
50.0

Valid

Cumulativ

Percent

e Percent

50.0

50.0

Family with
your spouse

11

27.5

27.5

77.5

22.5

22.5

100.0

40

100.0

100.0

Family with
your spouse
and children

I am not
here to
perform Hajj
Total

Table 2: Frequency table of which type of ticket(s) manager use to sell to perform
Hajj
In order to understand the potential future of Hajj management, the researcher arranged
the more questions. The question tried to find what season were they open for
business. The statement revealed that 29 respondents said for Hajj season, and very
least number of (4, 10%) participants said for the summer. That means managers prefer
better the opportunity of the pilgrims demanded service.
15 respondents said they play a business role to conduct or serve as hotel business.
Then 10 (25%) participants checked the categories that describe their business as
restaurant. Some also (4 respondents) answered they provide some other services.

Frequen
cy
Valid

Ski/
Recreation

Percent
1

2.5

Valid

Cumulativ

Percent

e Percent

2.5

2.5

Restaurant
Retail
Sales
Hotel
Condomini
um Rental
Real estate
sales
Others
Total

10

25.0

25.0

27.5

12.5

12.5

40.0

15

37.5

37.5

77.5

2.5

2.5

80.0

10.0

10.0

90.0

10.0

10.0

100.0

40

100.0

100.0

Table 3: Frequency table of business types in Mecca or Medina

Faris (2010) discussed about the category businesses in Saudi Arabia. The researcher
found from qualitative data that, all participants have strong perceived value on effect of
sustainable management of Hajj that it helps to provide the products or services
demanded in a more resourceful and environmentally friendly way (Sun and Stynes,
2004). They were concerned as to the best motives that influence the buying behaviour.
Question 9 of the survey was concerned with whether knowing the percentage of full
time employees. Among the participants, 24 of them answered they employ 60%-70%
employees for fulltime. And the 2 partakers replied that their fulltime employment is
80%-90% for all time. From this answer this subject is clear that almost companies
contribute to increase the employment rate into the country.

Frequ

Perce

Valid

Cumulativ

ency

nt

Percent

e Percent

Vali Less
d

than

10

25.0

25.0

25.0

61- 70%

24

60.0

60.0

85.0

71- 80%

10.0

10.0

95.0

5.0

5.0

100.0

40

100.0

100.0

60%

Greater
than
80%
Total

Table 4: percentage of employees who work full-time for the purpose to Hajj
management

The sixth enquiry statement was about to know their agreement of more development in
transportation, airport, accommodation and medical services should be enhanced. This
statement is agreed and strongly agreed by 22 (55%) respondents, there were very
least number (10 participants) who disagreed the statement.

Frequen
cy
Valid

Strongly
agree
Agree

Percent

Valid

Cumulativ

Percent

e Percent

10.0

10.0

10.0

18

45.0

45.0

55.0

Neither
Agree nor

20.0

20.0

75.0

15.0

15.0

90.0

10.0

10.0

100.0

40

100.0

100.0

Disagree
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Total

Table 5: Agreement of More development in transportation, airport,

accommodation and medical services should be enhanced or not

Likely, to attain the objectives of the research the researcher asked to reduce the
overcrowding in Saudi Kingdom, what measures they support (can choose more than
one). Among the 40 participants in the survey, 22 (55%) responded to protect Kingdom
form the illegal Hajjis and 9 recommended to increase the area of services and
accommodation of the pilgrims. That means they do not recommend (but only 1
participant) reducing the service quality to control overcrowding.

Frequen
cy
Valid Minimize the
quota

Percent

Valid

Cumulativ

Percent

e Percent

10.0

10.0

10.0

22.5

22.5

32.5

Increase the
area of
accommodatio
n

Reduce the
service quality
Price high

2.5

2.5

35.0

10.0

10.0

45.0

22

55.0

55.0

100.0

40

100.0

100.0

Strictly track
illegal pilgrims

None of the
above

Other (please
specify)
Total

Table 6: Frequency table of the notion to reduce the overcrowding in the Saudi
Kingdom, what measures managers support

After all what was found from the survey; the economic conditions of the Kingdom is
greatly influenced by the purchasing of anything from the country, especially foreign
Hajjis. This was the basic reason for them to conduct business in Saudi in the season of
Hajj. And some conscious managers review entailed that firstly they prefer the
environment. So, this dissertation must recommend that they may not have any option
against being environmentally friendly.

4.3. Chi-Square analysis

With help of descriptive statistics the chi-square analysis has done and overall results
were in Appendix () to find solution for economic impact of religious pilgrimage Hajj in

the local communities in Saudi Arabia. With the given notions of the participants the
performance will be compare in this analysis.

The author must have knowledge about the analysis method and calculated mean and
standard deviation to find out the economic impact of Hajj management in the local
communities. These results will be helpful to the researcher when he tends to identify
and make sense the relation between each section.

Attribute- 1: Relationship with event Hajj Season oriented organization to other

organizations
Null Hypothesis:
The level of Hajj Season oriented organization to other organizations is medium
Alternative hypothesis:
The level of Hajj Season oriented organization to other organizations is not
medium
Level of significance: 0.05

Table 7: Test Statistics of attribute -1

Q3
Chi-Square

Q6

Q7

3.308(a) 3.191( 9.160(a

Df
Asymp. Sig.

a)

12

.508

.526

.689

Result: significance p<0.05, the null hypothesis has been accepted.

Researcher found from the chi square analysis that the percentage of response towards
the level of Hajj Season oriented organization to other organizations is very good at
present. In the literature review many literature insisted that Hajj Season oriented
organizations are preferred to do business than to other organizations that are
performed in other seasons (Evans et al., 2009). From the survey questionnaires the
respondents states that current preference to Hajj Season oriented organization was
favorite to many of them but not managed properly in order to attain the competitive
advantage.
Table 8: Chi-Square Tests Q.03

Value

df

Asymp.
Sig. (2-

sided)
Pearson Chi-

3.308(a

.508

3.289

.511

.000

1.000

Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases

40

a 6 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
1.38.

Table 9:

Chi-Square Tests- Q.06

Asymp.
Sig. (2Value
Pearson ChiSquare

df

3.191(a
)

sided)

.526

Likelihood Ratio

3.023

.554

Linear-by-Linear

2.450

.118

Association
N of Valid Cases

40

a 6 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .63.

Table 10: Chi-Square Tests- Q. 07

Asymp.
Sig. (2Value
Pearson Chi-

df

9.160(a

Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases

sided)

12

.689

11.829

12

.460

.373

.541

40

a 19 cells (90.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .
13.

Attribute-2: Determining how tourism expenditures have had an impact on NonOil economic growth in Saudi Arabia
Null Hypothesis:

The proper relationship of impact on Non-Oil economic growth in Saudi Arabia is

medium
Alternative Hypothesis:
The proper relationship of impact on Non-Oil economic growth in Saudi Arabia is
not medium
Level of Significance: 0.05
Test Statistics:

Table 11: Test Statistics for attribute 2

Q.04
Chi-

Q.05

Q.06

12.917(a)

8.500(a)

2.593(a)

15

10

.609

.580

.762

Square
df
Asymp.
Sig.

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less

than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is
5.5.
b. 3 cells (100.0%) have expected frequencies less
than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is
3.7.

Result: Since the significance p <0.05, the null hypothesis have been accepted.
The researcher found that the actual and valid association of impact on Non-Oil
economic growth in Saudi Arabia is medium from the analysis.
That the relationship of the impacts of this pilgrimage management into the local
community with creating good perceptions was valid was understood from the table that

the respondents agreed. It is being cleared that for valid relationship of pilgrims with the
current management could not utilize the possessions and time.
Table 12:Chi-Square Tests -Q. 04

Asymp.
Sig. (2Value
Pearson ChiSquare
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases

df

12.917(

sided)

15

.609

14.507

15

.487

3.433

.064

a)

10

a 24 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .
20.

Table 13: Chi-Square Tests - Q. 05

Asymp.
Sig. (2Value
Pearson ChiSquare

df

8.500(a
)

sided)

10

.580

Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases

11.229

10

.340

.105

.745

10

a 18 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .
20.

Table 14: Chi Suare Test-Q.07

Asymp.
Sig. (2Value
Pearson ChiSquare
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association

df

2.593(a

sided)

.762

2.683

.749

.066

.797

N of Valid Cases
10
a 12 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .
10.
Even the participants consented that they can utilize more opportunity to satisfy their
business needs with the information of the pilgrims culture that might be cause for
improvement of their management in future then the other seasonal competitors. The

government should restrict the illegal pilgrims in the kingdom to improve the betterment
of the Hajj management. Researcher found that approximately 60-70% employees are
employed fulltime that indicates a very good economic contribution to the Kingdom.
Along with, this dissertation discovered that installation of sensors, processors and
display screens has strengthened the security system. In order to improve the scale
level to high standards, they need to take appropriate steps like increasing the area for
accommodation and tracking illegal visitors

4.4. Summary
In this chapter, it is clear that the researcher concisely and precisely tried to explain
every detail of research results and explained about quantitative collected datas result
and analysis. Then, the researcher found about all answers from questions and
discussed on the basis of the result and literature review that analyzed in chapter 2 and
those are primary researched result and analysis.
The following chapter, the researcher will discuss all those answers and make some
recommendations. the researcher will make recommendations on this research,
followed by some future research scope by which the researcher can have a better and
advanced research in future of this research.

Chapter: Five
Discussions and
Recommendations

As per the outcomes of the study of chapter four, this chapter will discuss data in order
to fulfill these research objectives. Some recommendations will be made afterwards for
the cause of improving the present Hajj management scenario and thus achieving the
economic benefit to the kingdom.

5.1. Discussion
The objective of this research was to understand the existing strategy of managing Hajj
and the economic impacts of Hajj in the local communities in the Saudi Arabia.
Management of Hajj strategies that are currently being applied in Saudi Arabia (Chapter
2) has been discussed by many researchers, like El-Sheshtawy, (2010) Bianchi, (2004).

The researcher discussed the points of views of many authors and analyzed qualitative
and quantitative data of many managers in order to find out the current strategy. This
has been mentioned by El-Sheshtawy that the government of Saudi Arabia coordinates
arrangements in home and abroad, at the same time deals with planning,
implementation and supervision. The government is also a sovereign supplier of the
local communities when the environmental perspective is concerned. And in the chapter
4, the respondents reply shows that maximum number of respondents from quantitative
data analyzed felt the same way as El-Sheshtawy (2010) described as to the reason of
profit management. Maximum respondents (approximately 60%) replied that the drive
helps to bring profits from Hajj.

In the chapter 2 Bianchi, (2004) has also implied that by providing frequent tourist
facilities of residence, transport and other services, non-public business enterprises are
contributing. However, the businesses outside the tourism industries cannot be
neglected. Research study has revealed that the way Bianchi demonstrated has been
thought by the highest numbers of participants. The Hajj and sale of home products to
the Hajis are the biggest sources of revenue, as found by the researcher. In a nutshell,
the managers demonstrated their understanding that proper management of the Hajj

event is the source of revenue generation, albeit a few respondents showed perspective
that differs. Sun and Stynes (2004) described in chapter two that official government
control is grimly practiced, which begins from a quota mechanism that sets off the
pilgrims entry into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The dissertation points that these strict
mechanisms are now vital parts of the controlling strategy.

To analyze the potential future of the sustainable management of Hajj the researcher
decorated questionnaire with accumulation of some elements of main research
objectives. In the chapter 2, the statements of many authors i.e. Yamba, (1995); Scupin
(2012); Rao et al (2007) have been mentioned about the potential future status of Hajj.

It has been found by the researcher that performing Hajj can uplift the social status and
engagement of a pilgrim upon his or her return. This has been conferred by Yamba
(1995) in the literature review section. The dissertation shows that the pilgrims indeed
became a major player in their respective communities when they had returned. They
are more likely to be concerned about the political affairs and their engagement in
those. In the literature review, it has been stated that Scupin (2012) explained that the
pilgrims even feel comfortable to connect using electronic technology. One such
demonstration is that they look for information online. Current tourism products need to
be refined to cater to the consumer demand by utilizing the latest innovations in science
and technology, as this has been reviewed by Rao et al in 2007. This has been the
reason behind the governments use of security measures using the latest technology to
serve the Hajis. The study also revealed that managers are getting more interested to
getting engaged in the Hajj events for these reasons. However it has been figured out
that the service amenities provided by the hotels, stores, transportation and restaurants
are disappointing, although the generated revenue and tourism traffic have grown
substantially.

Finding out the problems and the barriers that the event organizers face in moving this
mass event towards sustainability is another objective of this research. Such factors
faced by the managers while going towards sustainability have been mentioned by

authors like Milhim, (2006); Nuwayi (2009); and Yamin (2006). Milhim, (2006) explained
and it has been mentioned in the 2 nd chapter that there have been several incidence of
stampedes and fire breaking out, which took the lives of thousands. The accidents in
1997 in Mina made a devastating image of this event. 65% of the respondents preferred
to pricier alternatives provided that they are of better quality and eco friendly, which
supports the researchers understandings.

In the literature review section, Nuwayi (2009) pointed out that there is no specific
health or age measures to get a pilgrimage visa. This understanding is supported by the
respondents views. The respondents also recommended that sustainable Hajj
management needs to be there for its environmental and economic importance as this
is beneficial for the targeted market group. This also helps to abide by the
environmental regulation.

5.2. Establish the logic

Proper management of Hajj has economic impacts on local communities this
dissertation was conducted to provide ground behind this logic. All the respondents
were asked about country or origin first up. 63% of the managers are residents of
Mecca or Medina. Then they were asked about their motives to select the countrys
business of Hajj management. 73% of the respondents wanted to choose the business
time in the Hajj season. From this, it is prominent that t6he managers prefer to
managing Hajj and making sure that the different components associated with pilgrims
rituals are available and will help to lead the market to gain a competitive advantage

5.3. Recommendation
The researcher highlighted some recommendations for sustainable Hajj management.
Some of the participants in the survey had little knowledge about the economic factor
contributing to the whole economy of the kingdom. Therefore more marketing effort is
needed. It is getting popular day by day to travel to the Saudi Arabia, so environmental

friendly factors should get more priority. The researcher has made the following
recommendations after analyzing all the factors:

The crowd management on the Jamrat Bridge should be made better. Adequate
measures should be taken there.

Plans need to be made in the Jamrat Bridge to set limits on the numbers of
people moving towards there. Plans might take into consideration the
deployment of Special Forces to the area in case of stampedes to disperse the
crowd.

The pilgrims individual and group behavior should be controlled.

Sophisticated e-commerce portals and sophisticated information system

research should be there to address the severe logistical challenge and business
opportunities posed by the millions of pilgrims who enter the country for Hajj and
Umrah.

More local and international agents should be licensed by the ministry of Hajj in
Saudi Arabia to arrange Hajj and Umrah for external pilgrims

The infrastructural development should be linked to the proper management of

Hajj. It should take into consideration everything required in the Hajj program,
from landing at the airport to the performing of Hajj activities. Facilitating the Hajj
will require significant infrastructure to serve the needs for roads and tunnels,
transportation (i.e. buses and fleets.)

The skills required to manage a program like Hajj should be strategically

leveraged. In that way it can be a source of competitive advantage.

Since the Hajj is an inherently a religious function, a Muslim who might not have
invested according to the Shariah should be made inclined to investing according
to the Shariah guidelines.

The managers should be made more enlightened about the governments plans on
sustainable Hajj management and for this proper information dissemination should be
there. Putting more focus on the consumer needs serves the market with more
perceived value as well, and in that way it substantiates the programs. The researcher
reveals that understanding the current status of tourism labor is important and to
empower the role of local human forces in Saudi tourism different implications are
required from different tourism stakeholders.

5.4. Future Research Scopes

The researcher has completed the research with a broader elaboration that puts focus
on a survey on the Hajjs economic impacts on local communities in Saudi Arabia. In
this study, the researcher put their best efforts to point out the exact aftermaths.
However, future researches are suggested in the following areas as there were some
limitations in this study:

The questions stated in the questionnaire might be effective and useful in

collecting information as they were designed to find the economic impacts of Hajj
on local societies. However they respondents might not have provided the actual
information.

Qualitative research might help benefit in some branches. Therefore to find out
the best acceptable outcomes, the author should look for more significant and
specific research.

This dissertation used only two statistical methods-frequency table analysis and
chi-square analysis. There might be other more effective methods for analyzing
the data as well.

Often without any intervention from the Hajj organizers, a lot of people join in Hajj
at the 11th hour from the Mecca and the surrounding regions, which causes
troubles in managing the Hajj event. What could be the possible ways of
managing these pilgrims better? There could be a better research scope for the
researcher on this.

Conducting another research on sustainable Hajj management might provide more

accurate result-the researcher believes this for the fact that he saw wide discrepancy in
some of the answers of the similar questions. Overall, some further research scopes
could be discovered by the author with a view to advancing the economy of the country.
The need to conduct various studies targeting managers who employ tourism and local
community is initiated. It will also help in understanding their perception and attitude
towards employing the Saudis in tourism sector and awareness about variety of benefits
attained by different stakeholders.

5.5. Summary
It is prominent from this chapter that every detail of the research result has been tried to
explain concisely and precisely. The researcher has also explained about the
quantitative datas result and analysis and the case study. Then the answers were found
from the questions and analyzed on the basis of the derived results and literature review
that have been analyzed in the 2 nd chapter. The primary researched result and analysis
are those mentioned in that chapter. The researcher will end up the study in the next
chapter.

Chapter: Six
Conclusions

When the question comes over tourism potential development, the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia (KSA) is a land of full of paradoxes. Its government imposed strong entry visa
procedures, which hinder the potentialilty of strong inbound tourist growth. Additionally
with the help of non-oil industries i.e. Hajj, the economy is growing strongly and fast.
Understandably, the Hajj pilgrimages play vital economic importance to the Saudi
economy. BMI stats show the number of tourists in 2010 was 12.9 million, which is
expected to be growing at a rate of 6.7% per year till 2014. In 2014, the outbound tourist
number is forecasted to be 16.7 million. This is of special consideration measuring the
large and rapid population existing in the KSA, which has an amazing land and marinebased natural heritage assets. In spite of it all, there is very little internal investment or
marketing effort on Saudi Arabias tourism industry. The government has also got across
the importance of diversifying their sources of economic resources away from the nonoil industries. In that process, tourism has been identified as a sector having much
potential. It has been figured out that this sector is of immense importance for the
economic growth. Therefore, the door is fully open for the international tourism investors
and developers as the market environment is focused to attract them. The pilgrims state
that they sense the emergence of Muslim fraternity when billions of Muslims get united
together for such an event. However, many outsiders have feared of the rise of a hostile
orientation towards the non-Muslims. Research studies show that the participation of
pilgrims in Hajj programs increases behavior which is common to the global Muslims
such as praying together and fasting.

On the other hand it decreases localized

behaviors and practices, such as using amulets and dowries. Participation in Hajj also
strengthens the economy of many ethnic groups and Islamic sects. It triggers positive
things such as female education, female employment and an attitude which is more
favorable to the unemployed portion of the society.

In the first chapter, the overall concept of the Hajj and its managing ways are analyzed.
The objectives of this study are stated in the literature review section. In the
methodology part the researcher has observed the result analysis and made some
recommendation to the sustainable Hajj management. It is apparent to the researcher

from all the qualitative and quantitative data that all the existing strategies of the Saudi
government are relevant to the potential of sustainable Hajj management. Within finding
the barriers and success factors lies the key to the sustainability of this spiritual event.
The economic impact of the Hajj is easily implacable to improve the gulf
competitiveness. Particularly for Saudi Arabia, the Hajj can create such competitiveness
that can draw world class service providers to it. Flourishing capabilities and skills
required to manage such an event can create strategic competitive advantage in
several ways. Firstly, the researcher has found that Hajj related policies and practices
are becoming a reference to the global health and safety professionals, because of the
nature of the program. Firms who are expert in providing service in this event can easily
gain reputation for themselves. These firms can fight for getting similar projects
worldwide. Secondly, the Hajj is also promoting the subsidiary businesses depending on
it, i.e. hotels, airlines and other transportation services. The study shows that the
pilgrims prefer to get all the amenities i.e. hotel accommodation, transportation and
other services under one overall Hajj package. There are several barriers as well. The
primary is that of crowd control. During the stoning towards the devil in Mina,
stampedes and tent fire are creating dangers. Hajj renders a historical identity for the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. During the pilgrims stay in Mecca and the traditional visit to
the Media afterwards, they need to be provided necessary food, house (mostly in tents),
water, transportation, sanitation, and public security and safety services. Infrastructural
development is also required in the two Hajj terminals which are the largest structure of
the world under a single roof. The government of Saudi Arabia must provide these
facilities with strategic placing of curative and preventative health and sanitation
facilities in major points of Hajj functions.

Finally, in the opinions of the managers entailed that government must also check the
illegal immigrants who stay in the KSA even after the Hajj is over. They also
recommended for more spacious accommodation system in the Hajj spots so that the
crowd is managed properly.

References
Ahmed Q. A, Arabi Y. M, Memish Z. A. (2006) Health risks at the hajj. The Lancet 367:
10081015
Akyildiz, I., S, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y. e Cayirci, E. A Survey on Sensor
Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 102-114, 2002
Al Arabia, (2013) Saudi Arabia declares hajj 2012 one of the most successful [online]
available at: http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/10/29/246430.html > [accessed at 16
July, 2013]
Al

Jazeera

(2009)

Hajj

Report

2009,

Available

at:

<http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/11 (accessed 21 June, 2013).

Al-Hamarneh A (2008) Islamic Tourism: A Long Term Strategy of Tourist Industries in the
Arab World After 9/11. Centre for Research on the Arab World. Available at: <
http://www.staff.unimainz.de/alharan/Islamic%20Tourism%20 >

(accessed 24 June

2013).
Amal Graafstra (2006). RFID Toys: Cool Projects for Home, Office, and Entertainment,
Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis.
Anderson, S.J. McCandless, P.M. Klausner, k. Taketa, R.

and Yerger, B.V. (2011)

'Tobacco Documents Research Methodology' BMJ Publishing Group, Vol 20, issue ii8II11
Angeles, R. (2005) RFID Technologies: Supply-Chain Applications and Implementation
Issues, Info. Sys. Mgmt. , Winter pp51-65,
Arab News (2008) King Launches Makkah Project, 25 September. Available at:
<http://www.arabnews.com> (accessed 25 June, 2013).
Armanios F (2004) Islam: Sunnis and Shiites. CSR Report for Congress, Congressional
Research Service, the Library of Congress

Babbie, E. R. (2010) The Practice of Social Research. Cengage Learning

Badone E, Roseman SR (2004) Intersecting Journeys: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage
and Tourism. University of Illinois Press: Urbana.
Bhardwaj S.M (1998) Non-haj pilgrimage in Islam: a neglected dimension of religious
circulation. Journal of Cultural Geography 17(2): 6988.
Bianca S. (2000) Urban Form in the Arab World, Thames and Hudson: London.
Bianchi R (2004) Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World. Oxford
University Press: Oxford.
Biggerstaff M, Kamimoto L, Finelli L, Balluz L. Self-reported influenza-like illness during
the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemicUnited States, September 2009 March 2010.
MMWR 2011; 11:3741.
Bish A, Michie S. Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviors
during a pandemic: a review. J Health Psychol 2010; 15:797824.
Brau, R., A. Lanza, and F. Pigliaru, (2012). How fast are small tourism countries
growing? Evidence from the data for 1980 - 2003, Tourism Economics, 13:603 - 13
Bremer T.S. (2004) Blessed with Tourists: The Borderlands of Religion and Tourism in
San Antonio, University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, NC.
Brenner, N. and Theodore, N. (2002) Cities and the geographies of actually existing
neoliberalism. Antipode34 (3), 34990.
Bruce Sterling (2004). When Blobjects Rule the Earth, Last accessed: 23 November
23, from www.boingboing.net/images/blobjects.htm
Burns P (2007) From hajj to hedonism: paradoxes of developing tourism in Saudi
Arabia. In Tourism in the Middle East: Continuity, Change and Transformation, Daher
RF (ed.). Channel View Publications: Clevedon; 215236.
Chambers, R. (2003). Challenging the profession - Frontiers for rural development.
London: Intermediate Technology Publications, p. 67.

Clingingsmith D., Khwaja A.I, Kremer M (2009) Estimating the importance of the hajj:
religion and tolerance in Islam's global gathering, The Quarterly Journal of Economics
August: 11331170
Cohen I. M, Ioannides D (2006) Global Jewish tourism: pilgrimages and remembrance.
In Tourism Religion and Spiritual Journeys, Timothy DJ, Olsen DH (eds). Routledge:
London and New York; 156171.
Cohen-Hattab K. 2010. Struggles at holy sites and their outcomes: the evolution of the
Western Wall Plaza in Jerusalem. Journal of Heritage Tourism 5(2): 125139.
Coleman S, Elsner J (1995) Pilgrimage: Past and Present in World Religion. Harvard
University Press: Cambridge.
Collins-Kreiner N. 2010a. The geography of pilgrimage and tourism: transformations
and implications for applied geography. Applied Geography 30(1): 153164.
Dahdah, Linda(2004) Bsous museum offers journey into Lebanons silk heritage. The
Daily Star, May 28, 2004.
Daher, Rami (1999) Gentrification and the politics of power, capital, and culture in an
emerging Jordanian heritage industry. Traditional Dwellings and Settlement Review, X
(II), 3347.
Daher, Rami (2000) Heritage conservation in Jordan: The myth of equitable and
sustainable development. In Irene Maffi and Rami Daher,CERMOC Document # 10:
Patrimony and Heritage Conservation in Jordan(pp. 1742). Beirut, Amman: CERMOC
(Center for Studies and Researches on the Contemporary Middle East.
Daher, Rami (2002) The heritage [in] between: The discourses of region and nation in
Bilad al Sham. The Eighth Conference of the International Association for the Study of
Traditional Environments (IASTE), Hong Kong, China, December 1215.
Digance J (2003) Pilgrimage at contested sites, Annals of Tourism Research 30(1):
143159.

Eade J. (1992) Pilgrimage and tourism at Lourdes, France, Annals of Tourism Research
19: 1832.
Eickleman D.F, Piscatori J (1990) Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration and the
Religious Imagination. Routledge: London.
El-Sheshtawy, Y. (2010) The Middle East city: Moving beyond the narrative of loss. In Y.
El-Sheshtawy (ed.)

Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope in a

Globalizing World (pp. 121). London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.
Euromonitor.

2008.

Halal

Tourism.

Euromonitor

Archives.

Available

at

http://www.euromonitor.com/Halal_Tourism (accessed 31 October 2008).

Euromonitor. 2009. Halal Tourism. Euromonitor Archives. [online] Available at:
http://www.euromonitor.com/Halal_Tourism (accessed 12 August 2013).
F. L. LEWIS, Wireless Sensor Networks, In D. J. Cook and S. K. Das, editors, Smart
Environments: Technologies, Protocols, and Applications, John Wiley., New York, 2004
Fainstein, S. and Judd, D. (1999a) Cities as places to play. In D. Judd and S. Fainstein
(eds) The Tourist City (pp. 26172). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Fainstein, S. and Judd, D. (1999b) Global forces, local strategies, and urban tourism. In
D. Judd and S. Fainstein (eds) The Tourist City (pp. 117). New Haven: Yale University
Press.
Fanstein, S. and Gladstone, D. (1999) Evaluating urban tourism. In D. Judd and S.
Fanstein (eds) The Tourist City (pp. 2134). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Faris, A., 2010. Crisis Solution: Administrative Corruption as a Model, The Mustaqbal
Center for Studies and Researches, U.K.
Farzin, A (2010) Introduction to project management frameworks. Economic cooperation
organization and United Nations in Iran: Tehran

Faulkner, B., "The Delphi Technique: A Tool for Forecasting and Strategic Planning." In
Strategic Planning for Tourism: Papers of the 1987 Australian Travel Research
Workshop. Perth: Australia Tourism Research Committee, 1987, pp. 44-81
Flick, U. (2011) Introducing Research Methodology: a Beginner's Guide to Doing a
Research Project. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Gaillet, L.L. (2012) Forming Archival Research Methodologies, Horsham West Sussex,
UK: Global Media
Ghafour, A. (2013) Tourisms cultural and economic impact stressed, Arab News,
[online] available at: < http://www.arabnews.com/news/454676> [accessed on 26 th July,
2013]
Gomm, R. (2008) Social Research Methodology: a Critical Introduction. 2nd ed.
Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan
Gray, Matthew (2002) Development strategies and the political economy of tourism in
contemporary Jordan. In George Joffe (ed.) Jordan in Transition 19902000 (pp. 308
29). London: Hurst & Company.
Hall, Colin (1996) Tourism and Politics: Policy, Power, and Place. England: John Wiley &
Sons.
Hard, R (2011) what is Events Management? About .com [online] available at: <
http://eventplanning.about.com/od/eventindustrytermsae/g/What-Is-EventsManagement.htm> [accessed at 18 July 2013]
Harrison, D. (Ed) "Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies".
CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 2001.
Harrison, M.P., Beatty, S. E., Reynolds, K.E., Noble, S.M. (2012) Why Customers Feel
Locked Into Relationships: Using Qualitative Research to Uncover The Lock-in
Factors. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice20:4, 391-406
Haugen,

K.

(2009)

Event

Management,

[online]

available

http://academia.edu/1267569/Event_Management> [accessed at 18 July 2013]

at:

<

Hazbun, W. (2002) Mapping the landscape of the new Middle East: The politics of
tourism development and the peace process in Jordan. In George Joffe (ed.) Jordan in
Transition 19902000 (pp. 33045). London: Hurst & Company. Tourism, Heritage and
Urban Transformation in Jordan and Lebanon 305305
Heller, R., 2005. Employee Empowerment: Management Giving Power to the People,
U.K.
Henderson, J.C. "Managing Tourism and Islam in Peninsular Malaysia", Tourism
Management, Vol 24, 2003, pp. 447-456.
Hunter, F. Robert (2003) The Thomas Cook archives for the study of tourism in North
Africa and the Middle East. Middle East Studies Association Bulletin26 (2), 15764.
Itani, Nabil (2005) The legal framework as preservation strategy: A comparative look at
the CHUD approach in Lebanon. City Debates 2005: Urban Heritage and the Politics of
the Present Perspectives from the Middle East. Beirut: American University of Beirut
(AUB).
ITP. "Sidestepping the Difficulties", Business Trends, 2003, http://www.itp.net/features,
accessed 05 August 2013.
Jha, N.K. (2008) Research Methodology. Horsham West Sussex, UK: Global Media
John L. E (2010) The Iranian Revolution: A Ten Year Perspective, in John L. Esposito,
ed., The Iranian Revolution: Its Global Impact, (Miami: Florida International University
Press), pp. 34-35.
Johnson, P and Duberley. J. (2004) Understanding Management Research, London:
SAGE.
Kasman, A. and Kasman, S. K. (2004), Cointegration and causality betwee n
tourism revenues and economic growth, ktisat letme ve Finans , 19: 122 - 131.
Kasman, A. and Kasman, S. K. (2013), Co-integration and causality between n
tourism revenues and economic growth, ktisat letme ve Finans , 19: 122 - 131

Khan, G. A. "Prince Sultan to Lead Saudi Delegation to Travel Show" Arab News, May
6, 2003. p. 5
Kirby, S. "Kingdom Set to Free Up Tourism Sector in Bid to Woo Westerners". Agency
France Press, May 7, 2003. p.3
Knox, S. (2010), "The death of brand deference: can brand management stop the
rot?", Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 14 No.7, pp.35-9.
Liamputtong, P. (2009) Qualitative Research Methods, (3rd Ed.), Australia: Oxford
Little, J. and S. Ferries, 2002. Self- Funding Improvement Teams. Industrial
Management, 44(6).
Long, D.E. (2009) The Hajj and Its Impact on Saudi Arabia and the Muslim World,
[online] available at : < http://www.susris.com/articles/2006/ioi/061226p-hajj-long.html >
[accessed on 26th July, 2013]
Long, L. D (2012) Saudi Arabian Information Resource [online] available at: <
http://www.saudinfo.com/main/y5204 > [accessed on 18 th July, 2013]
Lynch, Michel (1999) State Interests and Public Spheres, the International Politics of
Jordans Identity. New York: Columbia University Press.
Maffi, Irene (2002) New museographic trends in Jordan: The strengthening of the
nation. In George Joffe (ed.) Jordan in Transition 19902000 (pp. 20824). London:
Hurst & Company.
Milhim, Y.S., 2006. Empowerment as a Contemporary Administrative Concept. Arab
Organization for Administrative Development, Cairo
Mintel (2005) Religious Tourism, Mintel: London.
Mohammad Yamin (2006), Wireless Systems to Manage Large Congregations,
Proceedings of Keynote Addresses, Tutorials and Invited Lectures, Proceedings of 2nd
International Conference on Wireless Communications and Sensor Networks, Dec 1719, 2006, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad

Nanto, D.K., 2008. The us Financial Crisis: Lessons from Japan. CRS Report for
Congress, USA
Nuwayi, C., 2009. Islamic Banking Products. A Haven in Crisis. Al-Qabas, al-Dawhah.
Omer, M (2006), Pilgrim Management System, Information Sciences and Engineering
Phillips, P. C. B. and P. Perron (1988), Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series
Regression, Biometrika , 75(2), 335 346.
Proser A. (2010) Pilgrimage and Buddhist Art, Yale University Press: New Haven, CT.
Rao, R., R. Eisenberg and T. Schmitt, 2007. Improving Disaster Management. National
Academy of Science, Washington D.C.
Rashid, N (2012) The Economics of Saudi Pilgrimages, al-monitor.com, [online]
available

at:

<

http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/business/2012/11/saudi-arabias-

pilgrimage-season-economic-gains-and-unharvested-potential.html> [accessed on 2 nd
August 2013]
Rattue, P (2012) Hajj Pilgrimage Management Example For Worldwide Health Security
[online]

available

at:

<

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240527.php

>

[accessed on 15th July, 2013]

Reiker and Martina (2010) Symposium thematic introduction. Social Science Fourteenth
Annual Symposium: The Transformation of Middle Eastern Urban Landscapes: From
Modernism to Neoliberalism, The American University of Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt,
May 1215, 2010.
Robinson, Mike (1999) Tourism development in de-industrializing centers of the UK:
Change, culture, conflict. In M. Robinson and P. Boniface (eds) Tourism & Cultural
Conflict (pp. 12960). Oxford: CABI Publishing.
Sachdeva, J.K. (2009) Business Research Methodology. Horsham West Sussex, UK:
Global Media

Sachdeva, J.K. (2009) Business Research Methodology. Horsham West Sussex, UK:
Global Media
Sanger,

N.

(2012)

'Identity

Constructions;

Feminist

Research

Methodologies' Psychology Press, vol 47, p- 784

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2007), Research methods for business
students. 4th ed. London: Prentice Hall.
Shuja, A.K (2011) Service Management: Implementation and Operation, ITIL Service
Operation: London, UK
Sikich, G.W., (2010) All Hazard Crisis Management Planning. Logical Management
Systems, Corp, USA.
Singer, A. A new Approach to Low Cost RFID Tags, Semiconductor Intl., Feb. 2005.
Skapinker, M. 2012) 'Research Methodology' The Financial Times Limited, vol: 45,
issue: 4
Smith, P.M. (2000) Rules And Tools for Leaders. A Very Publishing Group, New York.
Sun, Y. Y., & Stynes, D. J. (2004). Economic impact of the pictured rocks national
lakeshore and the estimation Errors.

Proceedings of the 2004 North- eastern

Recreation Research Symposium, NE, 326, 98- 102.

Thompson C. A., Radio Frequency Tags for Identifying Legitimate Drug Products
Discussed by Tech Industry, Amer. J. Health-Sys. Pharm., 61, 14. July 15, pp14301431, 2004 Current Directions Inc (2005). Introduction to Radio Frequency Identification
Control, 12: 231 - 254.
Timothy D, Nyaupane GP (eds)(2009) Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing
World: A Regional Perspective. Routledge: New York.

Waldron, M. W. Vsanthakumar, J. and Arulraj, S. (2010) Improving the organization

and

management

of

extension,

[online]

available

at:

<

http://www.fao.org/docrep/w5830e/w5830e0f.htm > [accessed on 2 nd August, 2013]

Yan, M & G. Wall (2010) Economic Perspectives on Tourism in China, Tourism and
Hospitality Research , vol. 3, pp . 257- 275
Yeboah, D.A. (2010) Research Methodologies in Public Health, 2nd ed. Basingstoke,
Hampshire: Nova Science
Zemek, R. and D. Schaff, (1989) The Service Edge: 101 Companies that Prophet from
Customer Care. New American Library, New York

Appendix- A: Survey Questionnaire

Participant Information and consent.
By completing and submitting your answers to this questionnaire you are voluntarily
consenting to those answers being used as part of a research project into the economic
impact of Hajj, and religious tourism, in local communities in Saudi Arabia.
The research is a small scale study being conducted by Ziyad Al-Sultan as part of his
Master of Science degree in events management, at Leeds Metropolitan University
(UK). Neither your name nor any other personal details will be included in the
dissertation.
The research will be published as a Masters dissertation. Copies will be held by the
university and the student, but it will not be published elsewhere without seeking your
prior consent to that publication.
If you wish to withdraw from your participation in this project please inform Ziyad
directly, by email (z.al-sultan9742@student.leedsmet.ac.uk), or via the person who gave
you this questionnaire. You may also contact Ziyads supervisor if you have any
questions. He is Dr Ian R Lamond (email: i.lamond@leedsmet.ac.uk)

Questionnaire

Please answer as many of those questions that apply to you as you can.
1

Is Mecca or Medina your permanent place of residence?

a) Mecca
b) Medina

1a

c) Neither
If neither, which country did you travel from to come to perform Hajj?

Do you ever invite your friends or family to visit Saudi Arabia beyond Hajj?
a) Yes
b) No

2a

c) Prefer not to answer

If Yes, how many years after did you perform Hajj?
a) 1 to 3 years
b) 4 to 6 years

c) 7 or more years
3

d) Not applicable
Which type of ticket(s) do you use to perform Hajj
a) Individual
b) Family, with spouse
c) Family with spouse and
children

d) I am not here to perform Hajj

Are you a member of a professional organisation (for example a Labour
union, business association or trade association)?
a) Yes
b) No

c) Prefer not to answer

If you are have a business in Mecca or Medina please circle the
descriptions that best fit your business from the list below.
a) Ski/ Recreation
b) Restaurant
c) Retail sales
d) Hotel
e) Condominium Rental
f)

Real estate sales

g) Other (Please specify)

5a
5b

_________________________
Please indicate your total number of employees for the fiscal year 2012
What percentage of those employees are full-time?
a) Less than 50%
b) 50% to 60%
c) 61% to 70%
d) 71% to 80%

5c

e) Greater than 80%

Please circle all those seasons you open for business?
a) Winter season
b) Summer season
c) Hajj Season
d) All three

5d

Which services do Pilgrims most like?

a) Public
b) Private

5e

What percentage of the people you serve during the following seasons
come as Pilgrims to visit Mecca/Medina?
a) Winter season____________
b) Summer Season__________

c) Hajj Season______________
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement:
More development in transportation, airport, accommodation and medical
services should be enhanced? (Please circle the number that most closely
fits your opinion)
1
2
3
4
5
Strongly
Agree
Neither
Disagree
Strongly
agree
Agree Nor
Disagree
Disagree
To reduce the overcrowding in the Saudi Kingdom, what measures do you
support. (Please circle all those that apply)
a) Minimize the quota
b) Increase the area for
accommodation
c) Reduce the service quality
d) Increase to price
e) Strictly track any illegal
pilgrims
f)

Non-of the above

g) Other (please specify)

7a

________________________
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement:
Installation of Sensors, Processors and Display Screens has strengthened
the security system? (Please circle the number that most closely fits your
opinion)
1
2
3
4
5
Strongly
Agree
Neither
Disagree
Strongly
agree
Agree Nor
Disagree
Disagree
What type of action do you think can be taken to improve the management
of Hajj?

Thank you very much for completing this questionnaire.

Appendix- B: Questionnaire survey with the collected data

Participant Information and consent.

By completing and submitting your answers to this questionnaire you are voluntarily
consenting to those answers being used as part of a research project into the economic
impact of Hajj, and religious tourism, in local communities in Saudi Arabia.
The research is a small scale study being conducted by Ziyad Al-Sultan as part of his
Master of Science degree in events management, at Leeds Metropolitan University
(UK). Neither your name nor any other personal details will be included in the
dissertation.
The research will be published as a Masters dissertation. Copies will be held by the
university and the student, but it will not be published elsewhere without seeking your
prior consent to that publication.
If you wish to withdraw from your participation in this project please inform Ziyad
directly, by email (z.al-sultan9742@student.leedsmet.ac.uk), or via the person who gave
you this questionnaire. You may also contact Ziyads supervisor if you have any
questions. He is Dr Ian R Lamond (email: i.lamond@leedsmet.ac.uk)

Questionnaire

Please answer as many of those questions that apply to you as you can.
1

Is Mecca or Medina your permanent place of residence?

d) Mecca (25)
e) Medina (10)
1a

f) Neither (5)
If neither, which country did you travel from to come to perform Hajj?
a.
USA (1)
b.

Canada

c.

UK (1)

d.

France

e.

Indonesia (3)

f.

South Africa (2)

g.

Japan (1)

h.

India

i.

Others (2)

Do you ever invite your friends or family to visit Saudi Arabia beyond Hajj?
d) Yes (15)
e) No (14)

2a

f) Prefer not to answer (11)

If Yes, how many years after did you perform Hajj?
e) 1 to 3 years (17)
f)

4 to 6 years (10)

g) 7 or more years (4)

3

h) Not applicable (9)

Which type of ticket(s) do you use to perform Hajj
e) Individual (20)
f)

Family, with spouse (11)

g) Family with spouse and

children (9)
h) I am not here to perform Hajj
4

(0)
Are you a member of a professional organisation (for example a Labour
union, business association or trade association)?
d) Yes (27)
e) No (8)

f) Prefer not to answer (5)

If you are have a business in Mecca or Medina please circle the
descriptions that best fit your business from the list below.
h) Ski/ Recreation (1)
i)

Restaurant (10)

j)

Retail sales (5)

k) Hotel (15)
l)

Condominium Rental (1)

m) Real estate sales (4)

n) Other (Please specify) (4)
Transportation, Clothing, water,
electronics
5a
5b

_________________________
Please indicate your total number of employees for the fiscal year 2012
What percentage of those employees are full-time?
f) Less than 60% (10)
g) 61% to 70% (24)
h) 71% to 80% (4)

5c

i) Greater than 80% (2)

Please circle all those seasons you open for business?
e) Winter season (7)
f)

Summer season (4)

g) Hajj Season (25)

h) All three (4)
5d

Which services do Pilgrims most like?

c) Public (28)

5e

d) Private (12)
What percentage of the people you serve during the following seasons
come as Pilgrims to visit Mecca/Medina?
d) Winter season____________
e) Summer Season__________

f) Hajj Season______________
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement:
More development in transportation, airport, accommodation and medical
services should be enhanced? (Please circle the number that most closely
fits your opinion)
1
2
3
4
5
Strongly
Agree (18)
Neither
Disagree (6)
Strongly
agree (4)
Agree Nor
Disagree (4)
Disagree (8)

To reduce the overcrowding in the Saudi Kingdom, what measures do you

support. (Please circle all those that apply)
h) Minimize the quota (3)
i)

Increase the area for

accommodation (7)

j)

Reduce the service quality (1)

k) Increase to price (4)

l)

Strictly track any illegal

pilgrims (22)

m) Non-of the above (3)

n) Other (please specify)
7a

________________________
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement:
Installation of Sensors, Processors and Display Screens has strengthened
the security system? (Please circle the number that most closely fits your
opinion)
1
2
3
4
5
Strongly
Agree (5)
Neither
Disagree (6) Strongly
agree (19)
Agree Nor
Disagree (3)
Disagree (7)
What type of action do you think can be taken to improve the management
of Hajj?

Appendix- C : Contribution to GDP

Appendix- D: Table one

Appendix- E: Table Two

Appendix- F: Table Three

Appendix- G: Table 5

Appendix- H: Table Six

Appendix- I: Table Seven

Appendix- J: Table eight

Appendix- K: Data calculation of Frequency table analysis by SPSS

Frequencies

Notes

Q1

Valid

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

40

10

40

40

40

40

30

Mean

1.50

5.60

1.90

2.13

1.73

1.45

3.8

Std. Error of Mean

.113

.777

.128

.190

.129

.113

.26

Std. Deviation

.716

2.459

.810

1.202

.816

.714

1.64

Variance

.513

6.044

.656

1.446

.666

.510

2.71

Minimum

Maximum

Missing

Frequency Table

Q1

Frequency

Valid

Yes

25

Percent

62.5

Valid Percent

62.5

Cumulative
Percent

62.5

No

No
Comments

Total

10

25.0

25.0

87.5

12.5

12.5

100.0

40

100.0

100.0

Q2

Frequency

Valid

Missing

Total

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative
Percent

USA

2.5

10.0

10.0

UK

2.5

10.0

20.0

Indonesia

7.5

30.0

50.0

South
Africa

5.0

20.0

70.0

Japan

2.5

10.0

80.0

Others

5.0

20.0

100.0

Total

10

25.0

100.0

System

30

75.0

40

100.0

Q3

Frequency

Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative
Percent

Yes

15

37.5

37.5

37.5

No

14

35.0

35.0

72.5

No
Comments

11

27.5

27.5

100.0

Total

40

100.0

100.0

Q4

Frequency

Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative
Percent

1-3 years

17

42.5

42.5

42.5

4-6 years

10

25.0

25.0

67.5

7-10 years

10.0

10.0

77.5

No
comments

22.5

22.5

100.0

Total

40

100.0

100.0

Q5

Frequency

Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative
Percent

Individual

20

50.0

50.0

50.0

Family with your

spouse

11

27.5

27.5

77.5

Family with your

spouse and
children

22.5

22.5

100.0

40

100.0

100.0

Total

Q6

Frequency

Valid

Yes

27

Percent

67.5

Valid Percent

67.5

Cumulative
Percent

67.5

No

20.0

20.0

87.5

No
Comments

12.5

12.5

100.0

40

100.0

100.0

Total

Q7

Frequency

Valid

Ski/ Recreation

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative
Percent

2.5

2.5

2.5

Restaurant

10

25.0

25.0

27.5

Retail Sales

12.5

12.5

40.0

15

37.5

37.5

77.5

Condominium
Rental

2.5

2.5

80.0

Real estate
sales

10.0

10.0

90.0

Others

10.0

10.0

100.0

40

100.0

100.0

Hotel

Total

Q9

Frequency

Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative
Percent

50- 60%

10

25.0

25.0

25.0

60- 70%

24

60.0

60.0

85.0

70- 80%

10.0

10.0

95.0

80- 90%

5.0

5.0

100.0

40

100.0

100.0

Total

Q10

Frequency

Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative
Percent

Public

28

70.0

70.0

70.0

Private

12

30.0

30.0

100.0

Total

40

100.0

100.0

Q11

Frequency

Valid

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative
Percent

Winter
season

17.5

17.5

17.5

Summer
season

10.0

10.0

27.5

Hajj season

29

72.5

72.5

100.0

Total

40

100.0

100.0

Q12

Frequency

Valid

Strongly
agree

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative
Percent

10.0

10.0

10.0

18

45.0

45.0

55.0

Neither
Agree nor
Disagree

20.0

20.0

75.0

Disagree

15.0

15.0

90.0

Agree

Strongly
Disagree

Total

10.0

10.0

40

100.0

100.0

Q13

100.0

Frequency

Valid

Strongly
agree

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative
Percent

19

47.5

47.5

47.5

Agree

12.5

12.5

60.0

Neither
Agree nor
Disagree

17.5

17.5

77.5

Disagree

15.0

15.0

92.5

Strongly
Disagree

7.5

7.5

100.0

40

100.0

100.0

Total

Appendix- L: Chi Square analysis of Attribute-1 Data calculation

Crosstabs

Notes

Output Created

04-SEP-2013 12:17:13

Comments

Input

Data

D:\Downloads\mv\Rango\SPSS\Spss\
Sept4_Macca.sav

Filter

<none>

Weight

<none>

Split File

<none>

N of Rows in Working
Data File

Missing Value
Handling

Definition of Missing

Cases Used

Syntax

Resources

40

User-defined missing values are

treated as missing.

Statistics for each table are based on

all the cases with valid data in the
specified range(s) for all variables in
each table.

CROSSTABS /TABLES=Q1 BY Q3
Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13
Q14 /FORMAT= AVALUE
TABLES /STATISTIC=CHISQ CORR
/CELLS= COUNT EXPECTED
/COUNT ROUND CELL .

Elapsed Time

0:00:00.00

Dimensions
Requested

Cells Available

116508

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid

Missing

Percent

Total

Percent

Percent

Q1 * Q3

40

100.0%

.0%

40

100.0%

Q1 * Q4

40

100.0%

.0%

40

100.0%

Q1 * Q5

40

100.0%

.0%

40

100.0%

Q1 * Q6

40

100.0%

.0%

40

100.0%

Q1 * Q7

40

100.0%

.0%

40

100.0%

Q1 * Q9

40

100.0%

.0%

40

100.0%

Q1 * Q10

40

100.0%

.0%

40

100.0%

Q1 * Q11

40

100.0%

.0%

40

100.0%

Q1 * Q12

40

100.0%

.0%

40

100.0%

Q1 * Q13

40

100.0%

.0%

40

100.0%

Q1 * Q14

40

100.0%

.0%

40

100.0%

Q1 * Q3

Crosstab

Q3

Yes

Q1

Yes

Count

10

25

9.4

8.8

6.9

25.0

10

3.8

3.5

2.8

10.0

Expected
Count

1.9

1.8

1.4

5.0

Count

15

14

11

40

15.0

14.0

11.0

40.0

Count

Expected
Count

No
Comments

Total

Count

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Total

Expected
Count

No

No
Comments

No

3.308(a)

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

.508

Likelihood Ratio

3.289

.511

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.000

1.000

N of Valid Cases

40

a 6 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.38.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

.000

.159

.000

1.000(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.052

.162

-.319

.752(c)

N of Valid Cases

40

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q1 * Q4

Crosstab

Q4

1-3 years

Q1

Yes

Count

25

10.6

6.3

2.5

5.6

25.0

10

4.3

2.5

1.0

2.3

10.0

Expected
Count

2.1

1.3

.5

1.1

5.0

Count

17

10

40

17.0

10.0

4.0

9.0

40.0

Expected
Count

Total

No comments

Count

No
Comments

7-10 years

11

Expected
Count

No

4-6 years

Total

Count

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

5.924(a)

.432

Likelihood Ratio

6.635

.356

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.700

.403

N of Valid Cases

40

a 9 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .50.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.134

.122

-.834

.410(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.070

.145

-.431

.669(c)

N of Valid Cases

40

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q1 * Q5

Crosstab

Q5

Individual

Q1

Yes

Count

Total

Family with
your spouse
and children

25

12.5

6.9

5.6

25.0

10

5.0

2.8

2.3

10.0

Expected
Count

2.5

1.4

1.1

5.0

Count

20

11

40

20.0

11.0

9.0

40.0

Count

Expected
Count

No
Comments

Family with
your spouse

15

Expected
Count

No

Total

Count

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

7.943(a)

.094

Likelihood Ratio

7.094

.131

Linear-by-Linear
Association

3.172

.075

N of Valid Cases

40

a 5 cells (55.6%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.13.

Symmetric Measures

Value

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

.285

.163

1.834

.074(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

.262

.158

1.674

.102(c)

N of Valid Cases

40

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q1 * Q6

Crosstab

Q6

Yes

Q1

Yes

Count

Expected
Count

No

Count

Expected
Count

No

Count

No
Comments

No

Total

19

25

16.9

5.0

3.1

25.0

10

6.8

2.0

1.3

10.0

Comments

Total

Expected
Count

3.4

1.0

.6

5.0

Count

27

40

27.0

8.0

5.0

40.0

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

3.191(a)

.526

Likelihood Ratio

3.023

.554

Linear-by-Linear
Association

2.450

.118

N of Valid Cases

40

a 6 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .63.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

.251

.158

1.596

.119(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

.258

.158

1.648

.108(c)

N of Valid Cases

40

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q1 * Q7

Crosstab

Q7

Ski/
Recreation

Q1

Yes

Count

Restaurant

Retail Sales

Condominiu
m Rental

Hotel

Real est
sales

No

No
Comments

Total

Expected
Count

.6

6.3

3.1

9.4

.6

Count

Expected
Count

.3

2.5

1.3

3.8

.3

Count

Expected
Count

.1

1.3

.6

1.9

.1

Count

10

15

1.0

10.0

5.0

15.0

1.0

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

9.160(a)

12

.689

Likelihood Ratio

11.829

12

.460

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.373

.541

N of Valid Cases

40

a 19 cells (90.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .13.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

.098

.157

.606

.548(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

.035

.159

.213

.832(c)

N of Valid Cases

40

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q1 * Q9

Crosstab

Q9

50- 60%

Q1

Yes

Count

25

6.3

15.0

2.5

1.3

25.0

10

2.5

6.0

1.0

.5

10.0

Expected
Count

1.3

3.0

.5

.3

5.0

Count

10

24

40

10.0

24.0

4.0

2.0

40.0

Expected
Count

Total

Count

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Likelihood Ratio

80- 90%

14

Count

No
Comments

70- 80%

Expected
Count

No

60- 70%

Total

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

3.760(a)

.709

5.227

.515

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.356

N of Valid Cases

40

.551

a 9 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .25.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.096

.127

-.592

.557(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.105

.143

-.649

.521(c)

N of Valid Cases

40

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q1 * Q10

Crosstab

Q10

Public

Q1

Yes

Count

25

17.5

7.5

25.0

10

7.0

3.0

10.0

Expected
Count

3.5

1.5

5.0

Count

28

12

40

28.0

12.0

40.0

Count

Expected
Count

No
Comments

Total

Total

18

Expected
Count

No

Private

Count

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

4.095(a)

.129

Likelihood Ratio

5.359

.069

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.232

.630

N of Valid Cases

40

a 3 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.50.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.077

.128

-.477

.636(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.014

.149

-.085

.933(c)

N of Valid Cases

40

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q1 * Q11

Crosstab

Q11

Winter
season

Q1

Yes

Count

Total

Total

19

25

4.4

2.5

18.1

25.0

10

1.8

1.0

7.3

10.0

Count

Expected
Count

.9

.5

3.6

5.0

Count

29

40

7.0

4.0

29.0

40.0

Count

Expected
Count

No
Comments

Hajj season

Expected
Count

No

Summer
season

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

.844(a)

.932

Likelihood Ratio

.743

.946

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.326

.568

N of Valid Cases

40

a 7 cells (77.8%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .50.

Symmetric Measures

Value

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.091

.161

-.566

.575(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.104

.162

-.642

.525(c)

N of Valid Cases

40

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q1 * Q12

Crosstab

Q12

Strongly
agree

Q1

Yes

Count

Expected
Count

No

Count

Expected
Count

No

Count

Neither Agree
nor Disagree

Agree

Disagree

Strongly
Disagree

Total

25

2.5

11.3

5.0

3.8

2.5

25.0

10

1.0

4.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

10.0

Comments

Total

Expected
Count

.5

2.3

1.0

.8

.5

5.0

Count

18

40

4.0

18.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

40.0

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

7.767(a)

.457

Likelihood Ratio

10.370

.240

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.037

.847

N of Valid Cases

40

a 13 cells (86.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .50.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.031

.183

-.191

.850(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.074

.169

-.460

.648(c)

N of Valid Cases

40

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q1 * Q13

Crosstab

Q13

Minimize
the quota

Q1

Yes

Count

Increase
the area of
accommod
ation

Reduce the
service quality

Price high

Strictly track
illegal
pilgrims

13

Total

Expected
Count

No

2.5

5.6

.6

2.5

13.8

1.0

2.3

.3

1.0

5.5

Count

Expected
Count

.5

1.1

.1

.5

2.8

Count

22

4.0

9.0

1.0

4.0

22.0

Count

Expected
Count

No
Comments

Total

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

3.976(a)

.859

Likelihood Ratio

5.476

.706

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.131

.717

N of Valid Cases

40

25

10

40

a 12 cells (80.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .13.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

.058

.171

.358

.722(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

.082

.162

.507

.615(c)

N of Valid Cases

40

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q1 * Q14

Crosstab

Q14

Strongly
agree

Q1

Yes

Count

25

11.9

3.1

4.4

3.8

1.9

25.0

10

4.8

1.3

1.8

1.5

.8

10.0

Expected
Count

2.4

.6

.9

.8

.4

5.0

Count

19

40

19.0

5.0

7.0

6.0

3.0

40.0

Count

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Total

Expected
Count

Total

Strongly
Disagree

Count

No
Comments

Disagree

12

Expected
Count

No

Neither Agree
nor Disagree

Agree

8.639(a)

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

.374

Likelihood Ratio

9.301

.318

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.059

.809

N of Valid Cases

40

a 14 cells (93.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .38.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.039

.131

-.239

.812(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.006

.148

-.038

.970(c)

N of Valid Cases

40

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Appendix- M: Chi Square analysis of attribute 02 Data calculation

Crosstabs

Notes

Output Created

04-SEP-2013 12:16:15

Comments

Input

Data

D:\Downloads\mv\Rango\SPSS\Spss\
Sept4_Macca.sav

Filter

<none>

Weight

<none>

Split File

<none>

N of Rows in Working
Data File

Missing Value
Handling

Definition of Missing

Cases Used

Syntax

40

User-defined missing values are

treated as missing.

Statistics for each table are based on

all the cases with valid data in the
specified range(s) for all variables in
each table.

CROSSTABS /TABLES=Q2 BY Q3
Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13
Q14 /FORMAT= AVALUE
TABLES /STATISTIC=CHISQ CORR
/CELLS= COUNT EXPECTED
/COUNT ROUND CELL .

Resources

Elapsed Time

0:00:00.00

Dimensions
Requested

Cells Available

116508

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid

Missing

Percent

Total

Percent

Percent

Q2 * Q3

10

25.0%

30

75.0%

40

100.0%

Q2 * Q4

10

25.0%

30

75.0%

40

100.0%

Q2 * Q5

10

25.0%

30

75.0%

40

100.0%

Q2 * Q6

10

25.0%

30

75.0%

40

100.0%

Q2 * Q7

10

25.0%

30

75.0%

40

100.0%

Q2 * Q9

10

25.0%

30

75.0%

40

100.0%

Q2 * Q10

10

25.0%

30

75.0%

40

100.0%

Q2 * Q11

10

25.0%

30

75.0%

40

100.0%

Q2 * Q12

10

25.0%

30

75.0%

40

100.0%

Q2 * Q13

10

25.0%

30

75.0%

40

100.0%

Q2 * Q14

10

25.0%

30

75.0%

40

100.0%

Q2 * Q3

Crosstab

Q3

Yes

Q2

USA

UK

Indonesia

No

Total

Count

Expected
Count

.4

.6

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.4

.6

1.0

Count

1.2

1.8

3.0

Expected
Count

South Africa

Japan

Others

Total

Count

Expected
Count

.8

1.2

2.0

Count

Expected
Count

.4

.6

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.8

1.2

2.0

Count

10

4.0

6.0

10.0

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

5.139(a)

.399

Likelihood Ratio

6.869

.231

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.025

.875

N of Valid Cases

10

a 12 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .40.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.053

.264

-.149

.885(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.036

.315

-.102

.921(c)

N of Valid Cases

10

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q2 * Q4

Crosstab

Q4

1-3 years

Q2

USA

UK

Indonesia

Japan

Others

Total

7-10 years

No comments

Total

Count

Expected
Count

.4

.2

.2

.2

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.4

.2

.2

.2

1.0

Count

1.2

.6

.6

.6

3.0

Count

Expected
Count

.8

.4

.4

.4

2.0

Count

Expected
Count

.4

.2

.2

.2

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.8

.4

.4

.4

2.0

Count

10

Expected
Count

South Africa

4-6 years

Expected
Count

4.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

12.917(a)

15

.609

Likelihood Ratio

14.507

15

.487

Linear-by-Linear
Association

3.433

.064

N of Valid Cases

10

a 24 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .20.

Symmetric Measures

Value

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

.618

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

.169

Approx.
T(b)

2.221

Approx. Sig.

.057(c)

10.0

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

.585

N of Valid Cases

.232

2.042

.075(c)

10

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q2 * Q5

Crosstab

Q5

Individual

Q2

USA

UK

Total

Family with
your spouse

Family with
your spouse
and children

Count

Expected
Count

.5

.2

.3

1.0

Count

Expected

.5

.2

.3

1.0

Count

Indonesia

Count

1.5

.6

.9

3.0

1.0

.4

.6

2.0

Count

Expected
Count

.5

.2

.3

1.0

Count

1.0

.4

.6

2.0

10

5.0

2.0

3.0

10.0

Expected
Count

South Africa

Count

Expected
Count

Japan

Others

Expected
Count

Total

Count

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

df

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

8.500(a)

10

.580

Likelihood Ratio

11.229

10

.340

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.105

.745

N of Valid Cases

10

a 18 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .20.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

.108

.335

.308

.766(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

.097

.349

.276

.789(c)

N of Valid Cases

10

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q2 * Q6

Crosstab

Q6

Yes

Q2

USA

UK

Indonesia

Expected
Count

.9

.1

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.9

.1

1.0

Count

2.7

.3

3.0

1.8

.2

2.0

Count

Expected
Count

.9

.1

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

Japan

Total

Count

Expected
Count

South Africa

No

Others

Count

Expected
Count

Total

Count

Expected
Count

1.8

.2

2.0

10

9.0

1.0

10.0

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

2.593(a)

.762

Likelihood Ratio

2.683

.749

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.066

.797

N of Valid Cases

10

a 12 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .10.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.086

.117

-.243

.814(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.177

.164

-.510

.624(c)

N of Valid Cases

10

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q2 * Q7

Crosstab

Q7

Ski/
Recreation

Q2

USA

Count

Restaurant

Total

Retail Sales

Real estate
sales

Hotel

UK

Indonesia

South Africa

Japan

Others

Total

Expected
Count

.1

.3

.1

.4

.1

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.1

.3

.1

.4

.1

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.3

.9

.3

1.2

.3

3.0

Count

Expected
Count

.2

.6

.2

.8

.2

2.0

Count

Expected
Count

.1

.3

.1

.4

.1

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.2

.6

.2

.8

.2

2.0

Count

10

1.0

3.0

1.0

4.0

1.0

10.0

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

df

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

19.861(a)

20

.467

Likelihood Ratio

16.233

20

.702

Linear-by-Linear
Association

3.112

.078

N of Valid Cases

10

a 30 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .10.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.588

.135

-2.056

.074(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.668

.151

-2.539

.035(c)

N of Valid Cases

10

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q2 * Q9

Crosstab

Q9

50- 60%

Q2

USA

UK

Indonesia

South Africa

60- 70%

Total

Count

Expected
Count

.1

.9

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.1

.9

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.3

2.7

3.0

Count

Expected
Count

.2

1.8

2.0

Japan

Others

Total

Count

Expected
Count

.1

.9

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.2

1.8

2.0

Count

10

1.0

9.0

10.0

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

4.444(a)

.487

Likelihood Ratio

3.729

.589

Linear-by-Linear
Association

2.125

.145

N of Valid Cases

10

a 12 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .10.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.486

.202

-1.572

.154(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.473

.207

-1.518

.168(c)

N of Valid Cases

10

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q2 * Q10

Crosstab

Q10

Total

Public

Q2

USA

UK

Indonesia

Count

Expected
Count

.7

.3

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.7

.3

1.0

Count

2.1

.9

3.0

1.4

.6

2.0

Count

Expected
Count

.7

.3

1.0

Count

1.4

.6

2.0

10

7.0

3.0

10.0

Expected
Count

South Africa

Count

Expected
Count

Japan

Others

Expected
Count

Total

Private

Count

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

5.238(a)

.388

Likelihood Ratio

6.672

.246

Linear-by-Linear
Association

2.130

.144

N of Valid Cases

10

a 12 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .30.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

.487

.204

1.575

.154(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

.580

.202

2.016

.079(c)

N of Valid Cases

10

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q2 * Q11

Crosstab

Q11

Winter
season

Q2

USA

UK

Indonesia

Hajj season

Total

Count

Expected
Count

.3

.7

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.3

.7

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.9

2.1

3.0

South Africa

Japan

Others

Total

Count

Expected
Count

.6

1.4

2.0

Count

Expected
Count

.3

.7

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.6

1.4

2.0

Count

10

3.0

7.0

10.0

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

2.063(a)

.840

Likelihood Ratio

2.853

.723

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.807

.369

N of Valid Cases

10

a 12 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .30.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.299

.240

-.888

.401(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.271

.272

-.796

.449(c)

N of Valid Cases

10

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q2 * Q12

Crosstab

Q12

Strongly
agree

Q2

USA

UK

Indonesia

South Africa

Japan

Others

Total

Total

Neither Agree
nor Disagree

Agree

Disagree

Strongly
Disagree

Count

Expected
Count

.1

.3

.3

.1

.2

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.1

.3

.3

.1

.2

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.3

.9

.9

.3

.6

3.0

Count

Expected
Count

.2

.6

.6

.2

.4

2.0

Count

Expected
Count

.1

.3

.3

.1

.2

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.2

.6

.6

.2

.4

2.0

Count

10

Expected
Count

1.0

3.0

3.0

1.0

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

22.222(a)

20

.329

Likelihood Ratio

20.732

20

.413

Linear-by-Linear
Association

2.027

.155

N of Valid Cases

10

a 30 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .10.

Symmetric Measures

Value

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.475

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

.227

Approx.
T(b)

-1.525

Approx. Sig.

.166(c)

2.0

10.0

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

N of Valid Cases

-.311

.355

-.926

.382(c)

10

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q2 * Q13

Crosstab

Q13

Increase
the area of
accommod
ation

Q2

USA

UK

Reduce the
service quality

Total

Price high

Strictly track
illegal
pilgrims

Count

Expected
Count

.2

.1

.2

.5

1.0

Count

Indonesia

South Africa

Japan

Others

Total

Expected
Count

.2

.1

.2

.5

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.6

.3

.6

1.5

3.0

Count

Expected
Count

.4

.2

.4

1.0

2.0

Count

Expected
Count

.2

.1

.2

.5

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.4

.2

.4

1.0

2.0

Count

10

2.0

1.0

2.0

5.0

10.0

Expected
Count

Chi-Square Tests

Value

df

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

13.667(a)

15

.551

Likelihood Ratio

15.048

15

.448

Linear-by-Linear
Association

2.316

.128

N of Valid Cases

10

a 24 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .10.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

.507

.255

1.665

.134(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

.424

.302

1.326

.221(c)

N of Valid Cases

10

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Q2 * Q14

Crosstab

Q14

Strongly
agree

Q2

USA

UK

Indonesia

Disagree

Strongly
Disagree

Expected
Count

.5

.1

.1

.2

.1

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

.5

.1

.1

.2

.1

1.0

Count

1.5

.3

.3

.6

.3

3.0

1.0

.2

.2

.4

.2

2.0

Count

Expected
Count

.5

.1

.1

.2

.1

1.0

Count

Expected
Count

Japan

Neither Agree
nor Disagree

Agree

Count

Expected
Count

South Africa

Total

Others

Count

Expected
Count

Total

Count

Expected
Count

1.0

.2

.2

.4

.2

2.0

10

5.0

1.0

1.0

2.0

1.0

10.0

Chi-Square Tests

Value

Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)

df

23.333(a)

20

.273

Likelihood Ratio

17.820

20

.599

Linear-by-Linear
Association

.455

.500

N of Valid Cases

10

a 30 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .10.

Symmetric Measures

Asymp.
Std.
Error(a)

Value

Approx.
T(b)

Approx. Sig.

Interval by Interval

Pearson's R

-.225

.183

-.653

.532(c)

Ordinal by Ordinal

Spearman
Correlation

-.205

.256

-.592

.570(c)

N of Valid Cases

10

a Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.

c Based on normal approximation.

Appendix- N: Histogram of frequency table analysis

Histogram

Q
1
2250

Frequncy

1150
50.511.52Q
M
e
a
n
=
1
.
5
S
t
d
.
D
v
0
7
1
6
N
4
0
12.533.5

Q
2
43

Frequncy

21
M
e
a
n
=
5
.
6
S
t
d
.
D
v
2
4
5
9
N
1
0
002468
Q
210

Q
3
2105

Frequncy

150
M
e
a
n
=
1
.
9
S
t
d
.
D
v
0
8
1
N
4
0
0.511.52Q
32.533.5

Q
4
2105

Frequncy

150
M
e
a
n
=
2
.
1
S
t
d
.
D
v
0
2
N
4
0
0012Q
4345

Q
5
2105

Frequncy

150
M
e
a
n
=
1
.
7
2
S
t
d
.
D
v
0
8
1
6
N
4
0
0.511.52Q
52.533.5

Q
6
3250

Frequncy

2105
150 SM
e
a
n
=
1
.
4
5
t
d
.
D
v
0
7
1
4
N
0
0.511.52Q
62.533.5

Q
7
1152

Frequncy

96
3002468
M
e
a
n
=
3
.
8
2
S
t
d
.
D
v
1
6
4
7
N
4
0
Q
7

Q
9
2250

Frequncy

1150
50012Q
M
e
a
n
=
1
.
9
5
S
t
d
.
D
v
0
7
4
9
N
4
0
9345

Q
1
0
4300

Frequncy

2100
M
e
a
n
=
1
.
3
S
t
d
.
D
v
0
4
6
N
4
0
0.511Q
.51
022.5

Q
1
3250

Frequncy

2105
150 SM
e
a
n
=
2
.
5
t
d
.
D
v
0
7
8
3
N
4
0
0.511.5Q
212.533.5

Q
1
2
2105

Frequncy

150
M
e
a
n
=
2
.
7
S
t
d
.
D
v
1
5
9
N
4
0
012Q
31
2456

Q
1
3
2250

Frequncy

1150
5012Q
M
e
a
n
=
3
.
7
8
S
t
d
.
D
v
1
5
4
N
4
0
31
3456

Q
1
4
2105

Frequncy

150
M
e
a
n
=
2
.
S
t
d
.
D
v
1
3
8
7
N
4
0
012Q
31
4456