1.

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

1. A 10-cm-diameter copper ball is to be heated from 100C to an average temperature of 150C
in 30 minutes Taking the average density and specific heat of copper in this temperature range
to be 8950 kg/m3 and 0.395 kJ/kgC, respectively, determine (a) the total amount of heat
transfer to the copper ball, (b) the average rate of heat transfer to the ball, and (c) the average
heat flux.
2. Consider a 150-W incandescent lamp. The filament of the lamp is 5-cm long and has a
diameter of 0.5 mm. The diameter of the glass bulb of the lamp is 8 cm. Determine the heat
flux, in W/m2, (a) on the surface of the filament and (b) on the surface of the glass bulb, and
(c) calculate how much it will cost per year to keep that lamp on for eight hours a day every
day if the unit cost of electricity is Rs 5/kWh
3. A 1200-W iron is left on the ironing board with its base exposed to the air. About 90 percent
of the heat generated in the iron is dissipated through its base whose surface area is 150 cm 2,
and the remaining 10 percent through other surfaces. Assuming the heat transfer from the
surface to be uniform determine (a) the amount of heat the iron dissipates during a 2-hour
period, in kWh, (b) the heat flux on the surface of the iron base, in W/m 2, and (c) the total cost
of the electrical energy consumed during this 2-hour period. Take the unit cost of electricity to
be Rs 5/kWh
4. A rigid closed tank is filled with 1 metric ton of liquid ammonia and is exposed to the sun. At 6
am, the liquid ammonia is at a temperature of 4C. By 3 pm, the temperature of the liquid
ammonia has increased by 2C. Determine the amount of heat energy that has been added to
the liquid ammonia
5. In a manufacturing plant, AISI 1010 carbon steel strips (7832 kg/m3) of 2 mm thick and 3 cm
wide are conveyed into a chamber at a constant speed to be cooled from 527C to 127C.
Determine the speed of a steel strip being conveyed inside the chamber, if the rate of heat being
removed from a steel strip inside the chamber is 100 kW.
6. A 230L water heater is initially filled with water at 10C. Determine how much energy needs to
be transferred to the water to raise its temperature to 50C. Evaluate the water properties at an
average water temperature of 30C.
7. 1.2 kg of liquid water initially at 15C is to be heated to 95C
in a teapot equipped with a 1200-W electric heating element
inside. The teapot is 0.5 kg and has an average specific heat of
0.7 kJ/kgK. Taking the specific heat of water to be 4.18
kJ/kgK and disregarding any heat loss from the
teapot,determine how long it will take for the water to be
heated.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Conduction
8. The inner and outer surfaces of a 4-m X 7-m brick wall of thickness 30 cm and thermal
conductivity 0.69 W/mK are maintained at temperatures of 26C and 8C, respectively.
Determine the rate of heat transfer through the wall, in W.
9. A wood slab with a thickness of 0.05 m is subjected to a heat flux of 40 W/m2. The left and
right surface temperatures of the wood slab are kept at constant temperatures of 40C and 20C,
respectively. What is the thermal conductivity of the wood slab?
10. The inner and outer surfaces of a 0.5-cm thick 2-m 3 2-m window glass in winter are 10C and
3C, respectively. If the thermal conductivity of the glass is 0.78 W/mK, determine the amount
of heat loss through the glass over a period of 5 h. What would your answer be if the glass were
1 cm thick?
11. An aluminum pan whose thermal conductivity is 237 W/mK has a flat bottom with diameter
15 cm and thickness 0.4 cm. Heat is transferred steadily to boiling water in the pan through its
bottom at a rate of 1400 W. If the inner surface of the bottom of the pan is at 105C, determine
the temperature of the outer surface of the bottom of the pan.
Convection
12. Air at 20C with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 20 W/m2K blows over a pond. The
surface temperature of the pond is at 40C. Determine the heat flux between the surface of the
pond and the air.
13. Hot air at 80C is blown over a 2-m 3 4-m flat surface at 30C. If the average convection heat
transfer coefficient is 55 W/m2K, determine the rate of heat transfer from the air to the plate,
in kW
14. An electric current of 5 A passing through a resistor has a measured voltage of 6 V across the
resistor. The resistor is cylindrical with a diameter of 2.5 cm and length of 15 cm. The resistor
has a uniform temperature of 90C and the room air temperature is 20C. Assuming that heat
transfer by radiation is negligible, determine the heat transfer coefficient by convection.
15. A 5-cm-external-diameter, 10-m-long hot-water pipe at 80C is losing heat to the surrounding
air at 5C by natural convection with a heat transfer coefficient of 25 W/m2K. Determine the
rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural convection.
16. The boiling temperature of nitrogen at atmospheric pressure at sea level (1 atm) is -196C.
Therefore, nitrogen is commonly used in low temperature scientific studies since the
temperature of liquid nitrogen in a tank open to the atmosphere remains constant at -196C
until the liquid nitrogen in the tank is depleted. Any heat transfer to the tank results in the
evaporation of some liquid nitrogen, which has a heat of vaporization of 198 kJ/kg and a
density of 810 kg/m3 at 1 atm.
17. Consider a 4-m-diameter spherical tank initially filled with liquid nitrogen at 1 atm and
2196C. The tank is exposed to 20C ambient air with a heat transfer coefficient of 25
W/m2K. The temperature of the thin-shelled spherical tank is observed to be almost the same
as the temperature of the nitrogen inside.Disregarding any radiation heat exchange, determine
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the rate of evaporation of the liquid nitrogen in the tank as a result of the heat transfer from the
ambient air.
Radiation
18. Consider a person standing in a room maintained at 22C at all times. The inner surfaces of the
walls, floors, and the ceiling of the house are observed to be at an average temperature of 10C
in winter and 25C in summer. Determine the rate of radiation heat transfer between this person
and the surrounding surfaces if the exposed surface area and the average outer surface
temperature of the person are 1.4 m2 and 30C, respectively
19. The outer surface of a spacecraft in space has an emissivity of 0.8 and a solar absorptivity of
0.3. If solar radiation is incident on the spacecraft at a rate of 950 W/m2, determine the surface
temperature of the spacecraft when the radiation emitted equals the solar energy absorbed.
20. Consider a sealed 20-cm-high electronic box whose base dimensions are 50 cm X 50 cm placed
in a vacuum chamber.The emissivity of the outer surface of the box is 0.95. If the electronic
components in the box dissipate a total of 120 W of power and the outer surface temperature of
the box is not to exceed 55C, determine the temperature at which the surrounding surfaces
must be kept if this box is to be cooled by radiation alone. Assume the heat transfer from the
bottom surface of the box to the stand to be negligible.
Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms
21. Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 20C. Determine the total rate of heat transfer
from this person if the exposed surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the
person are 1.6 m2 and 29C, respectively, and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 6
W/m2 C
22. Consider steady heat transfer between two large parallel plates at constant temperatures of T1 =
290 K and T2 = 150 K that are L =2 cm apart. Assuming the surfaces to be black (emissivity =
1), determine the rate of heat transfer between the plates per unit surface area assuming the gap
between the plates is (a) filled with atmospheric air, (b) evacuated, (c) filled with fiberglass
insulation, and (d) filled with superinsulation having an apparent thermal conductivity of
0.00015 W/mK.
23. The inner and outer surfaces of a 25-cm-thick wall in summer are at 27C and 44C,
respectively. The outer surface of the wall exchanges heat by radiation with surrounding
surfaces at 40C, and convection with ambient air also at 40C with a convection heat transfer
coefficient of 8 W/m2K. Solar radiation is incident on the surface at a rate of 150 W/m2. If
both the emissivity and the solar absorptivity of the outer surface are 0.8, determine the
effective thermal conductivity of the wall.
24. A 5 cm diameter spherical ball whose surface is maintained at a temperature of 750C is
suspended in the middle of a room at 20C. If the convection heat transfer coefficient is 85
W/m2K. and the emissivity of the surface is 0.8, determine the total rate of heat transfer from
the ball.
25. An 800-W iron is left on the iron board with its base exposed to the air at 20C. The convection

heat transfer coefficient between the base surface and the surrounding air is 35 W/m2K. If the
base has an emissivity of 0.6 and a surface area of 0.02 m2, determine the temperature of the
base of the iron.
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