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Code No: M0205 Set No. 1
IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2009

RELIABILITY ENGINEERING AND APPLICATION TO POWER SYSTEMS
(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answers any Five Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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*****
1. (a) Explain the rules for combining the probabilities of events?

(b) The probability of a man will be alive in 10 years is 0.85 and the probability that his
wife will be alive in 10 years is 0.9. Find the probability that in 10 years
(i) Both will be alive.
(ii) Only the man will be alive.
(iii) only the wife will be alive.
(iv) at least one will be alive. [8+8]
2. Consider the system shown ion figure in which success requires that at least one of the
paths, AB, CD, AED, CEB is good. Evaluate a general expression for system success
and the reliability of the system if each component has a reliability of 0.85 using cut set
method. [16]
A B
3.
C
1
(b) The hazard rate of a device is (t)= . Deduce
t
(i) The probability density function
(ii) The survivor function
(iii) The expected value, and
D
(a) Show that the expected value and standard deviation of an exponential distribution are
equal.
(iv) The variance [8+8]
1 of 2
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4. Consider the three state system shown in figure and the transitional probabilities
indicated. Evaluate
i) the limiting state probabilities associated with each state
ii) the average number of time intervals spent in each state if state 3 is defined as
an absorbing state. [16]
1
1/4 1/3
1/2
2 3
1/3
5. Derive the expressions for the frequencies of encountering and mean cycle times of
individual states of a two component repairable system. [16]
6. A system consists of two units of 25 MW and one unit of 50 MW. Each unit has a failure
rate of 0.02 failures/day and repair rate of 0.48 repairs/day.
(a) Using sequential addition method, determine the capacity outage cumulative
probability table.
(b) Now if the 50 MW unit is removed, determine cumulative probabilities of various
remaining capacity states. [10+6]
7. Define and explain various performance indices that are used for the composite system
reliability analysis. [16]
8. (a) Explain the basic reliability indices of radial networks.
(b) Consider a 3 load point radial distribution system shown below.
Supply A B C
X X X
L1 L2 L3
The failure rates and repair times of various components are given below.
Line (f/yr) r (hrs)

A 0.20 6.0
B 0.10 5.0
C 0.15 8.0
Evaluate the load point reliability indices of the system. [8+8]
2 of 2


*****
1. (a) Derive the expressions for the expected value and standard deviation of binomial
distribution.?
(b) A telephone exchange contains 10 lines. A line can be busy or available for calls and all
lines act independently. If the probability that a line will be busy during the noon period is
0.8, what is the probability of there being at least three free lines at any given time during
this period? What is the expected number of free lines during this period? [8+8]
2. Derive a general expression for the unreliability of the system whose reliability model is
shown in figure. Consider the case in which all parallel branches of this system are fully
redundant with an exception of that consisting of components 4, 5 and 6 for which any 2 of
the branches are required for system success. [16]
4
2
1 5
3
6
7
3. A system is composed of three elements. Component 1 is in series with the parallel redundant
combination of components 2 and 3 which are identical. 1=1 f/yr, 2= 3= 3 f/yr, 1=98 r/yr,
2= 3=50 r/yr.
(a) Calculate the reliability of this system for a mission of 1000 hr.
(b) What is the mean time to failure for this system? [16]
4. The state space diagram and transitional rates if f/hr of a continuous Markov process is shown
in figure. Calculate (a) The limiting probabilities of each state
(b) The availability of the system. [16]
0.5 1
0.5
0.01 0.01
2 3
0.5 0.01
1 of 2


5. A system contains two components. Both components are required for system success. If one
component fails, the other cannot fail while the failed component is being repaired. If the
component failure rates are 1= 2 = 0.1 f/yr and repair rates are 1 = 2 = 365 r/yr, determine
the probability of failure, the frequency of failure and the average down time of the system.
[16]
6. A system consists of two units of 25 MW and one unit of 50 MW. Each unit has a failure rate
of 0.01 failures/day and repair rate of 0.49 repairs/day.
(a) Using sequential addition method, determine the capacity outage cumulative
probability table.
(b) Now if the 50 MW unit is removed, determine cumulative probabilities of various
remaining capacity states. [8+8]
7. (a) Derive the probability and frequency of failure expression using ‘two weather model’.
(b) Explain how the reliability evaluation of large power system is performed. [8+8]
8. Consider the radial distribution system with circuit breaker shown in figure.
Supply 1 2 3 4
X
a b c d
A B C D
The failure rates and repair times of various components are given below.
Component (f/yr) r (hrs)

Section
1 0.20 4
2 0.10 4
3 0.10 4
4 0.30 4
Distributor
a 0.30 4
b 0.20 4
c 0.20 4
d 0.10 4
Evaluate the basic reliability indices of the system. [16]
2 of 2



*****
1. (a) Explain the general characteristics of the binomial distribution?

(b) A product is claimed to be 90% free of defects. What is the expected value and standard
deviation of the number of defects in a sample of 4? [8+8]
2. Consider the system shown in figure in which success requires that at least one of the paths,
AC, BD, AED, BEC is good. Evaluate a general expression for system success and the
reliability of the system if each component has a reliability of 0.95. [16]
A C
B D
3. (a) Define hazard rate? Explain various regions of the bath-tub curve.
(b) Explain MTTF, MTTR and MTBF. [8+8]
4. (a) Explain what is meant by limiting state probability and how it is evaluated for discrete
Markov chain model of a single component repairable system.
(b) Given initial transitional rate of one component repairable model
1/ 2 1/ 2
P=
1/ 4 3/ 4
Evaluate the probability of being in state 2 after ‘3’ time intervals given that it is started in
state 1 initially. [8+8]
1 of 2



5. Use the frequency balance approach to evaluate the frequency of encountering and duration of
residing in each of the states shown in figure where rates are expressed in occ/yr. [16]
0.5 0.01
1 2
0.01
1.0 1.0
0.02 0.02
0.001
3 4
0.5 0.01
6. (a) Explain how loss of load expectation is computed with daily peak exceeding the available
capacity.
(b) Consider that there are two generating units of 25 MW each with a failure rate of each
unit is 0.01 failures per day and repair rate of 0.49 repairs per day. The load data is:
Daily Peak Load (MW) 57 52 46 41 34

Number of Occurrences 12 83 107 116 47
Compute the loss of load expectation. [8+8]
7. (a) Explain how probability of failure and expected frequency of failure at a bus can be
estimated for radial configuration of composite generation and transmissions system.
(b) Define and explain the various annualized Load Point Reliability Indices used for Bulk
Power Systems Reliability analysis. [16]
8. Consider a 3 load point radial distribution system shown below.
Supply A B C
X X X
L1 L2 L3
The failure rates and repair times of various components and the number of customers and
average load connected to each load point are given below.
Load Number of Average load

Line (f/yr) r (hrs)
Point Customers connected (KW)
A 0.20 6.0 L1 200 1000
B 0.10 5.0 L2 150 700
C 0.15 8.0 L3 100 400
Evaluate the performance reliability indices of the system. [16]

2 of 2


*****
1. (a) Explain the properties of the binomial distribution.
(b) The probability of A hitting a target is ½ and the probability that B hits is ¼. If each fire
once, what is the probability that the target is hit i) twice ii) only by A iii) only by B iv) not
at all? [8+8]
2. A system consists of four components in parallel. System success requires that at least three
of these components must function. What is the probability of system success if the
component reliability is 0.9? What is the system reliability if five components are placed in
parallel to perform the same function? [16]
3. (a) Show that the expected value and standard deviation of an exponential distribution are
equal.
1
(b) The hazard rate of a device is (t)= . Deduce
t
i) The probability density function
ii) The survivor function
iii) The expected value, and
iv) The variance [8+8]
4. (a) Consider the simple system shown in figure and find the limiting probability vector.
1/2 1
1/4
1/3
1/2
1/4
2 3/4
(b) Evaluate the limiting state probabilities associated with the states shown in the figure
1
1/3
1/4
2 3
1/3 1/3
Now if the state 3 is an absorbing state, evaluate the expected number of intervals the
system can reside in other states. [8+8]
1 of 2


5. A pumping station has two identical pumps connected in parallel, each capable of supplying
3000 gallons/hr. The failure rate and repair rate of each is 0.5 f/hr and 4 r/hr respectively.
Evaluate the frequency of encountering and duration of residing in each possible throughput
state. [16]
6. Consider a system containing five 40 MW units each with a forced outage rate of 0.01. The
system load model is represented by daily peak load variation curve shown in figure.
Compute LOLE. Assume peak load is 160 MW. [16]
160 MW
64 MW
0 100 %
7. (a) Explain how the effect of changing weather conditions is modelled.

(b) Two identical transmission lines operate in a two weather environment with a mean
normal weather of 10 days and a mean severe weather duration of 0.15 days. The line
failure rate is 0.00025/day in normal weather and 0.05/day in severe weather. The repair
rate is 1/day. Calculate the probability of double failure using weighted average method.
[8+8]
8. Consider the radial distribution system shown in figure
Supply 1 3 5 7
X
X X X X
2 4 6 8
L1 L2 L3 L4
The failure rates and repair times of various components are as given below.
Component (f/yr) r (hrs)
1 0.20 5
2 0.10 5
3 0.10 5
4 0.30 5
5 0.30 5
6 0.20 5
7 0.20 5
8 0.10 5
The total isolation and switching time is 1 hour. Evaluate the basic load point reliability indices.
[16]
2 of 2

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www.andhracolleges.

com The Complete Information About Colleges in Andhra Pradesh

Code No: M0205 Set No. 1

IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2009

1. (a) Explain the rules for combining the probabilities of events?

(iv) The variance [8+8]

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www.andhracolleges.com Engineering-MBA-MCA-Medical-Pharmacy-B.Ed-Law Colleges Information

Code No: M0205 Set No. 1

Line (f/yr) r (hrs)

Evaluate the load point reliability indices of the system. [8+8]

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Code No: M0205 Set No. 2

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Code No: M0205 Set No. 2

Component (f/yr) r (hrs)

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Code No: M0205 Set No. 3

IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2009

1. (a) Explain the general characteristics of the binomial distribution?

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Code No: M0205 Set No. 3

Daily Peak Load (MW) 57 52 46 41 34

Load Number of Average load

Evaluate the performance reliability indices of the system. [16]

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Code No: M0205 Set No. 4

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Code No: M0205 Set No. 4

7. (a) Explain how the effect of changing weather conditions is modelled.

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