SECTION 12

1UT5 compression members

Design of columns
Column is a compressive member, they are
of two types
1)Short column (fails by yielding)
2)Long column (fails by buckling)
Q. Calculate the design compressive load
for a column ishb350@72.4 kg/m, 3.5m
high. Column is restrained in direction and
position at both the ends.(uncased column)
Use steel fe410
Soln. Step1: Calc of design compressive
strength
For fe410, Fy=250N/mm2
The properties of ISHB350@72.4kg/m are
Bf=250mm
Tf=11.6mm
Tw=10.1mm
A=9221mm2
Izz=2510.5 x10^4 mm4
Iyy=14.65 x 10^4 mm4
h/bf=350/250=1.4
tf=11.6mm <40mm pg-44
Pw= pi^2EI/(Kl)^2
Buckling abt zz axis, buckling class is a
Buckling abt yy axis, buckling class is b
Izz will be always greater than Iyy
So for Pcr we will take minm value (Iyy) for
safe design.
Calculation for design compressive stress
abt yy axis.
Effective slenderness ratio y =kl/y
y =52.2mm from steel table
Kl=0.65l=0.65x3500
y =0.65x3500/52.2=43.58
fy = 250N/mm2
buckling class is b about yy axis
kl/y | fcd (Table) pg 41 interpolation value
fcd=201
Design compressive strength=
fcdxA=201.7x9221=1859.8KN
Calculation of design compressive stress
abt zz axis
Effective slenderness ratio y= kl/y

z= 146.5
kl=0.65l=0.65x3500
z= 0.65x3500/146.5 = 15.529
fy= 250N/mm2
Buckling class is a about z-z axis
kl/y | fcd (Table)
fcd=226.45N/mm2
Design compressive strength= fcdxA=2088.1
DCS is lesser value =1859.8KN
Alternate calculations
a)About y-y axis
fcd=pg-34 7.1.2.1
y =7.1.2.1 formula=0.49
alphay=0.34 for class b abt yy axis (pg-35)
fcd=202.11N/mm2
DCS= fcdxA=1863.65KN
b)About z-z axis
z=0.174
alphaz=0.21 for class a (pg 35)
fcd=227.34N/mm2
Design Compressive strength= fcdxA
=2096.3KN
Q. Calculate the design compressive
strength for the column section shown.
Effective length of column is 5.5m use fe410
Sol ISMC400@49.4
A=6293, H=400, Bf=100 tf=15.3 tw=8.6
Izz=15082.8 x10^4, Iyy=504.8x10^4
CG =24.2MM
Total c/s area= 6293x2 +500x6
=20586 mm^2
Izz for the whole section
Ybar=a1y1+a2y2/a1+a2 =280.83
Ybar=416-280.83=135.17mm
Izz=2x 15082.8 x 10^4 + (6293x2) (281.83400/2)^2 + (500 x 16^3)/12 + (500x16)
(135.17-16/2)^2 =51343.48 x 10^4 mm4
Iyy=2x504.8x10^4 + (2x6293)x(150+24.2)^2
+(16x500^3/12)=55869.28 x 10^4 mm4
Iyy>Izz(failure will occur abt zz axis
z=sqrt(Izz/A) = 157.92mm
Effective slenderness ratio=kl/ y
Kl=5.5
=5500/157.92=34.83 Pg 44
Buckling class c for channel section
z|fcd table pg 42
fcd = 204.72 N/mm2

2.DCS=fcd X A=4214.38KN
Q. Design a column 3.5 m long in a building
subjected to a factored load 550kN. Both
the ends of column are effectively restrained
in direction and position Use fe410
Soln Step1 Selection of column
Let fcd=130N/mm2
I section is used for column Iyy<Izz
Ry<Rz
c/s area=P/fcd=550x10^3/130=4230mm^2
Try ISHB 200@40.0 kg/m having cs
area=5094mm2
5094>4230 (ok)
Write properties h,tw,tf,bf
Izz=3721.8x10^4
Iyy-=994.6x10^4 mm4
Step2: Calc slenderness ratio and fcd
h/bf=200/200=1<1.2
tf=9mm<100mm
buckling abt zz axis buckling class is b
Buckling abt yy axis buckling class is c
Effective slenderness ratio
y =kl/y, y=44.2mm
kl=0.65l=0.65 x 3500
y =26.6<180 (ok)
buckling class is b about zz axis
kl/y,|fcd
fcd=219.06
about yy axis class is c
fcd=180.79N/mm2
Step3 Calc of DCLoad
Pd=fcd x A
=920.94>550 KN (Sfe)
Q. Design a built up column section 10m
long o carry factored axial load of 1080 KN.
Column is restrained in position but nt in
direction at both the ends. Provide single
lacing systems with bolted connection steel
grade fe410 and bolt 4.8
Soln step1 design of columns
Factored load=1080
c/s reqd=1080x 10^3/150(let compressive
stress 150)
=7200
c/s area of 1 column =1/2x7200=3600
try with 2 ISMC 300@35.8 kg.m plced back
to back

properties of single ISMC 300@35.8 kg/m

Area=4564
Gama y =26.1
Gama z =118.1
Izz=6362.6 x 10^4
Iyy=310.8
Cyy=23.6
Area provided =2x4564=9128>7200 (ok)
Min radius of gyration
=88.9
Bucking class is c pg 44
Interpolation
Fcd=122.65N/mm2
Design axial load=fcd x A=1119.54>180 (ok)
Izz for built up section =2x6362.6 x 10^4
=12725.2 x 10^4
Iyy for built up section
Iyy = Izz
a=91.55mm
2a=183.5mm
Provide 183.5 mm spacing b/w 2 channels
Step2: design of single lacing system
Pg-48 pg-50
Assume inclination =45 degree
a1=567
a1/gama y=567/26.1=21.72>50
maxm shear V1=2.5% of axial force=27kn
traverse shear in each plane
=V1/n=27000/2=13500 N
Compressive force in lacing bars =Vs/N
cosec theta=19091.88N
Lacing flats
Provide 50mm wide flats
Min. thickness of flat=1/40length of flat
=10.02
Use 12mm thick flat
Provide flat section 50ISF 12
Min radius of gyration
Gama =root I/A=3.46mm
l/gama=115.74<145
buckling class is c
l/gama | fcd
fcd=88.365 (pg 42)
DCS=Pd=Afcd=53019>190 (ok)
Tensile strength of flat is min of
A) 0.9 (B-dh)t (fu/gama mb)
3.dh=18=113.356KN

B) Ag fy/ gama mo =136.36kN

Min is 113356>19091.8 (safe)
Q.Design a built up section with four angels.
The column is 12m long and supports
factored axial compressive load of 700kn
Step1 design of column section
Assume DCL
Fcd=168N/mm2
Calc c/s section
=700x1000/168=4166.6mm2
Try ISA 90 X90 X6
Properties are
A=1047
Cyy =cxx=24.2mm
Gama z = gama y=27.7mm
Izz=Iyy=80.1x 10^4mm4
Area provided=4x1047=4188mm2
For fcd=168N/mm2 and buckling class c
Lambda=60
Lambda= leff/gama
Leff=7800
Gama =123.31mm
I=A gama^2=6419.7 x 10^4mm4
Izz=6419.7 x 10^4
Spacing of angles
S=2(120.67 +24.2)=289.76mm
Provide s=290mm
DCS=A fcd=703.58>700
Step2 design of double lacing system
Assume inclination =45 degree
Spacing of lacing bars a1= 200mm
a1/ gama 1=200/27.2=7.22<50
Maxm shear V1=2.5 % of axial force=17.5
Transverse shear=8.75kn
As double lacing provided
=1/2(V1/N codec theta)=6.187 Kn
Lacing flats
Let us provide 20mm dia bolt
Minm width of lacing flat=3 x 16=48mm
Provide 60mm wide flat
Minm thickness =4.71mm
Provide 8mm thick flat
Minm radius of gyration=t/2 root 3
=2.309mm
l/gama=85.74 <145 (pg 50)
l/gama |fcd
interpolate

fcd=127.39N/mm2
DCS Pd=A fcd=6.187
Tensile strength of flat is min of dh=22 for
20mm bolt
a) 89.74
b) 109.09
Minm tensile strength of flat=89.74 >6.187
kN

SECTION 14
Q. Design a column of effective length 5.9m
. It is subjected to a factored axial
compressive load of 2000kn. Provide 2
channels back to back connected with
battens. Use fe410.
Step 1 Design of column
Assuming the allowable compressive
stress=190N/mm2
c/s area=2000x10^3/190=10526.3mm2
Try 2 ISMC 350@42.1 kg/m
Properties are
A=5366 gama y =28.3mm gama z
=136.6mm
Izz=10,008 x 10^4
Iyy=430.6
Cyy=24.4mm
Area provided =2 x 5366=10732mm2
Effective slenderness ratio
=47.51 (pg 51 7.7.1.4)
Buckling class is C
Fcd=186.73N/mm2 interpolation
DCS=A fcd = 186.72 x 10732
=2003>2000
Izz for built up section =2x 10009 x 10^4
=20016x 10^4
Iyy=Izz
a=109.1mm
2a=218.2mm, provide spacing =220mm
Step2 Design of battens
Spacing of battens
c/gama y <0.7 x (kl/gama) (pg 51 7.7.3)
c<941mm
provide battens spacing 940mm
Step3 size of end battens
Overall depth of batten =effective depth
=268.8mm
Provide =270mm eff depth
4.Thickness of batten 1/50(220)=4.4mm

Provide 8mm thick batten plate

Provide 70mm overlap of battens on
channel flange for welding
Bf=100
Length of batten =220+70+70=360mm
Provide end battens of size (360x270x8)
#Size of intermediate battens
Overall depth=3/4x270=202.5mm
Provide 205mm depth of batten
Thickness of batten=8mm
Length of batten=360mm
Provide intermediate batten (360x205x8)
#Design forces
Vt=2.5 % of axial load=50kn
Longitudnal shear Vb=Vtc/NS=81.03KN
Bneding moment M=Vtc/2N=11.75KNm
#Check for shear for end battens
Shear stress=Vb/c/s
area=81.03x10^3/270x8=37.51 N/mm2
Bending stress=M/Z=(11.75 x 10^6)/
(8X270^2/6)= 120.88 N/mm2
#check for stresses for intermediate battens
Shear stress=Vb/cs area =49.41N/mm2
Bending stress=M/Z=
(11.75x10^6)/8x205^2/6
=209.69 N/mm2
Unit-2 Plate girder
Girder mainly used in bridges
Is a huge beam carrying heavy loads. Plate
girders are made of steel plates
Normally web thickness is less as
comapeed to flange thickness. Bending
stress will be carried by flange.
Q. calculate mP for section shown
Since section is symmetric
Area =2(500x24) + 8 (1500)=3600mm^2
y1 bar={ (8x750 x 750/2) + (500x24)
(750+24/2)}/18000 =633mm
y2 bar=633mm
Zp=A/2(y1 bar+y2 bar)=22788x 10^3mm^3
Mp= sigmay Zp=5697 KNm
Sigma y=250
Q. Design a welded plate girder 24m in
span and laterally restrained throughout. It
has to support a uniform load of 100KN/m
Step1: design forces

Superimposed load=100KN/m
Factored superimposed load=1.5 x
100=150kN/m
Total self wt of plate girder =wl/400
kN=144KN
Self wt of UDL=144/24=6KN/m
Factored self weight =1.5 x 6 =9KN/m
Total load on plate girder=150 +9 =159kN/m
Step2: Calcn of Mmax and Vmax
Mmax =wl^2/8=11.448
Vmax=wl/2=1908kN
Step3 Design of web plate
E= root(250/fy)=1=Ef
Optimum depth of plate girder, d
=(Mzk/fy)^0.33
Optimum depth is known as economical
depth
When intermediate transverse stiffness are
not to be provided
d/tw<-200 (pg 64)
let us d/tw=180
k=d/tw=180
d=(Mzk/fy)^0.33=1871.9mm
Take d=1800mm
Optimum web thickness,
tw=(Mz/fyk^2)^0.33=10.95
Thickness of web=12mm
Let us try web plate 1800x12mm in size
Step 4 Design of flange
Reqd area of flange Af=Mz gama
mo/fyd=27984mm2
Assume width of flange=0.3 times depth of
girder
Bf=0.3 x 1800=540mm
Provide bf=560mm
Thickness tf=Af/bf=49.97mm
Provide tf=50mm
Let us try 560mm x 50mm flange plate size
Step5 Classification of flangesFor the
flanges to be classified as plastic
b/tf<=8.4E
Outstand of flange, b=560.12/2=274mm
b/tf=274/50=5.48<8.4 (ok)
Hence flanges are plastic (Bb=1)
5.Step6 Check for bending strength

Plastic section Modulus

Zpz=(560x50)(900+50/2)x2
=51800x 10^3mm3
Zp=A/2(y1+y2)
Moment capacity Md=Betab Zpz fy/gama
mo=11448 KNm
Step7 Shear capacity of web
Let us use simple post critical method
d/tw=1800/12=150
d/tw=150
Elastic critical shear stress
Tcr,c = K pi^2E/12(1-u^2)(d/tw)^2
Kv=5.35
Tcr,c=42.98N/mm2
Lambda w=root Fyw/cube root 3 tcr,c
=1.832
Tb>1.2
Shear force corresponding to web buckling
Vcr=Tb Av=43.09x (12x1800)
=930.744 <1908 (not safe)
Revise section
Increase web thickness from 12mm to
16mm
d/tw=1800/16=112.5<200E
d/tw=112.5<345Ef^2
calc as above
Vcr=Tb Av=2201.7>1908 (safe)
Step8 check for lateral torsion buckling
Laterally restrained hence not required
Step9 flange to web connection
q=VQ/Ib
Iz=55702.6 x 10^6 mm4
B=1m
q=0.887 kN/mm
there are 2 welded connections
q2 =0.4435
provide weld of size=10mm
effective throat thickness Tt=0.7s=7mm
strength of stop weld
fwd=Lw Tt fyw/root3 gama mw
lw=1
fwd=0.808kN/mm>0.4435kN/mm
End bearing stifners
Assume b1=125mm
x2=50x2.5=125mm

Fw=(125x125)x16x250/1.1
=909kN<1908kN
Hence bearing stiffeners are required
Maxm Reaction=1908kN
Mx width of flat=560-16/2=272mm
Effective area of
stiffener=(2x224x16)+(40x16x16)=17408m
m2
Moment of inertia of stiffener
Iz=13319.09x10^4mm4
Radius of gyration
Gama=root I/A=87.47mm
Kl/gama=14.41 pg66
Buckling class is c, fcd=225.67N/mm2
Buckling
resistance=fcdxA=3928.46>1908kN (safe)
UT3Roof truss

SECTION 15
Q. design an Isection purlin for an industrial
building situated in the outcuts of Allahabad
Spacing of truss c/c=6m
Span of truss=12m
Slope of truss=30 degree
Spacing of pestlin c/c1.5m
Intensity of wind pressure=2kn/m2
Soln Step1 calculation of loads on purlin
Wt of galvanized corrugated iron sheet=
130x1.5=195N/m
Assume self wt of purlin=100N/m
Total dead load=195 +100=295N/m
The dead load acts vertically downwards
Component of DL parallel to roof=295 sin
30=147.5 N/m
The component of DL normal to roof=195
cos 30=255.47 N/m
Wind load=2x1.5=3000n/m
Total load on purlin=3000+255.47=3255.47
Factored load normal to roof =1.5 x 3255.47
=4883.2
Factored load parallel to roof=1.5 x
147.5=221.25
Step2 calcn of BM
Muu=Mzz=wl/10=((4883.2x6)x6)/10 =17.57
Mvv=Myy=wl/10=221.25x6x6/10=0.796
Step3 design of flexure
Zp req=Mzx gamma mo/beta b x fy+2.5
d/b

=94.85 x 10^3mm3
Try iswb 150@17kg/m having Zpe=126.86x
10^3mm3
Zez=111.9 x 10^3
Zey=19x10^3mm3
Radius at root=8mm
Step4 check type of section
E=1
b/tf=7.14<9.4E
d/tw=22.22<84E
section is plastic
step5 check for design bending strength
Mdz=Bbx Zpzxfy/gama mo=28.83
Mdz
Mdy=227.27
Step6 check for overall member strength
Mx/Mdx +My/Mdy<=1
0.707<=1
Step 7 check for deflection
Permissible deflection
delta=l/180=6000/180=33.33
Actual deflection
delta=5wl^4/384EI=32.7mm
Q write a short note on diff types of loadings
for roof truss
a)dead load
wt of sheet=0.2 kn/m2, wt of purlin =0.15
wt of bracing=0.015, self wt of truss=span/3
+5)x10
if span 18 m=0.11, total dead load=0.475
b)live load LL
slope grater than 10 degree 75 kg/m2
tan theta=4.5/9=1/2, theta=26.5, LL=41.87
c)Wind load
WL=(Cpe-Cpi)Apd
2 types of internal wind force
A)internal pressure
b)suction
UT4 water tanks
There are 3 types of water tanks
1)Rectangular 2)Cylindrical3)Pressure steel

SECTION 16
Q design water tank 70,000 litres

Capacitit =70m3
Depth=2.35m 150mm gap
Area=70/2.35=29.78, length=6.9m
Width=29.78/6.9=4.317m, total width=
4.46m
Capacity=672.31>70 (ok)
Step2 thickness of plate
1mm width of plate, unit wt=10kn/m3
Spanof plate=1.22m, TANK ASSUME
FILLED
Ht of water 2.5m, wt o water=30.5n
Self wt=1/20th of water column=1.525
Total wt=32.025
Maxm bending moment=4883.8mm
Allowable stress in bending in plate
Elastic stage=0.66fy, as is
805=0.8x0.66fy=132
Section modulus=M/sigma=36.9mm3
Let thickness of bottom plate be t mm
1/6 x t2=36.9, t=14.87 prov 16mm thick plate
Step3: design of tee covers
Span=1.22m, wt of wter column=37.21
Self wt of bottom plate=0.096
Wt pf bottom plate=1.88kn
Total wt on tee cover=39.369
Max BM=4.803 (wl/10), Izz=372.6x10^4
Z reqd=36.386x 10^3mm3
Z at top and Z at bottom greater than Zreq
Cat1 A beam simply supported udl 60 depth
=500mm.design beam.
Step1 calc of max bm and sf
Step2
Trial section
Sigma bc= sigma bt=0.66fy=165
Fy=250, section modulus z=M/sigma
ISWB@779N/m
ApH=z-z, Ap=4719.33mm2
Provide 10 percent more 1.1x above= 5191
Width of plate B=5191/16=324.4
Total width 10 percent more, B-1.1x324.4
Coverplate 360mm wide and 16mm thick
Step3 check for outstand

Outstand width= dist b/w flange end to

cover plate end
Allowable outstand=1/2(360-200)=80mm
Max allowable outstand= (360200)=80mm, max allowable=16t=256
Step4 Check for bending stress
Using 20mm dia rivet
Gross area of each flange=15.4x200
+16x360=8840
Net area=8840-21.5(16+15.4)=8164.9
Gross moment of inertia I xx=93377.6
Sigma bc,cal=My/I=M/z=150
Sigma bt ,cal=sigma bc cal xgross area/net
area,
Step5 check for shear
Tav,cal=V/dTw-65.21
Step6 check for def;ection
Delta max=5wl^4/384EI, EI=195196
Delta max=0.026=26mm
Step7 design of riveted joint
P=4IR/VB tp (h+tp)
strength of rivet R
Max pitch in tension flange=16t = 200mm
Provide pitch 190mm
Limit State mEthod
Q design by limit state method 66.67 load
Step1 calc of Mp
Ds=i+1=2
Load factor (lambda)=collapse load
/working load
At position of plastic hinge fully plastic
moment occur, Mp=lambda wl2/11.656
=214.49
Step2 Design of flexure
Mu=Md Pg-53
Zp=943.7x10^3 gama mo=1.1
ISLB400@56.9
Zp=1099.45, Md=249.87
Step3 Check for shearRz x 5 +Mp-100..
Ra=Rc=207.1
Rb=585.8

Vba=585.8/2=292.9, Vd=(pg59)
Vd=419.89
Ultimate SF Vu=292.9
Vu/Vd=0.697>0.6 pg 70
Mdv=Md-B(Md-Mfd)
B=(2V/Vd 1)^2
Mfd=Zfd Fy/gama mo
Zfd=Zpz-Zpw
Zpw=bd^2/4=320 x 10^3
Zpz=1099.45x 10^3
Zfd=779450
Mfd=177.14, Mdv=238.56
Mdv> Mp OK
Q simply supported steel joist I section udl
40kn inclusive self wt
Step1 max bm and sf
Mu and Vu (1.5 time)
Step2 Design fro fflexure
Md=Mu= pg53 formila, Zp=132x 10^3
ISLB200@19.8
Izz=1696.6 Ze=169.7
Step3 To check type of section
b/tf=9.4E pG-18
E=swrt(250/fy)=1
Outstand of flange b=bf/2=50mm
b/tf=50/7.3=6.84<9.4E
d/tw=500-2(16.8)/5.4=30.8<84E
Section plastic
d/tw=30.8<67E pg 53
Step4 Check for deflection
L/300=4000/300=13.33mm
Maxm Deflection delta max=5wl^4/384EI
=9.82mm
Step5 check for shear
Vu=30Kn
Vd=Av fyw/sqrt3 gama mo=141.7KN
Step6 Checkf or high low shear
Vu /Vd=30/141.71=0.21
Step7 Check for shear lag effect
Lo/20=4000/20=200mm