31.

STEP BY STEP DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF

INDUCTION MOTOR
Step: 1 Represent the winding by their electrical equivalent:
Step: 2 Represent the stator core by its electrical equipment:
Xm = V/Im
R1 = V/I1 -

Representing flux setup

Representing the no load losses

Step: 3 Convert the actual rotating rotor circuit into an equivalent

stationary rotor circuit:

Step: 4 Converting original stationary rotor circuit into its equivalent

stationary rotor circuit:

Step: 5 Exact Equivalent circuit:

Step: 6 Approximate Equivalent circuit

31. b)
32. a)

CONSTRUCTION OF TURBO ALTERNATOR

Basically the turbo alternator consists of two parts

a. Stator
b. Rotor
Stator:
The outer cylindrical frame is called as yoke.
It is used for holding the armature stampings and windings in position.

 The magnetic path, which comprises a set of slotted steel laminations

called stator core pressed into the cylindrical space inside the frame.
The stator core provides the space (slots) for housing the three phase
stator windings.
CRGO laminations of 0.5 mm thickness are used to reduce the iron
losses.
To provide ventilation laminations are stacked in packets of about 10cm
thickness and a spacing of about 1 cm is provided between adjacent
packets.
Rotor:
The cylindrical or non salient pole rotor is adopted for Turbo alternator. (i.e.
The poles does not project out from the surface of the rotor)
The field winding being distributed in the slots, instead of being wound
as in salient poles.
The rotor is generally made up of chromium nickel steel or
chromium molybdenum steel.
The rotor consists of core and shaft generally forged (to shape metal by
heating in the fire) in one piece except in very large sizes.
Numbers of slots are milled out at the intervals along the outer periphery
of the field winding.
Rotors are distinguished as
(i) radial slot rotor
(ii) parallel slot rotor because rectangular conductors are used.

Normally two third of the rotor periphery is slotted to accommodate the

winding and the remaining one third unslotted portion acts as the pole is
called as tooth.

The field winding consists of copper strips laid flat in the slots and
insulated with moulded micanite or asbestos thus obtaining a solid
winding which will not shrink under the effects of centrifugal
stresses and temperature rise.

 A manganese bronze or steel wedge is driven into the mouth of each

slot for the purpose of keeping the winding in place.
The end connectors (overhang) of the field winding must be rigidly
supported by end bells to with stand large centrifugal forces to
which it is subjected under short circuit conditions.

33. a)

Principle of operation of synchronous motor

The synchronous motor is inherently not self starting.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Consider a 3-phase synchronous motor having two rotor poles NR and SR.
Then the stator will also be wound for two poles NS and SS.
The motor has direct voltage applied to the rotor winding and a 3-phase voltage

(iv)

applied to the stator winding.

The stator winding produces a rotating field which revolves round the stator at

(v)

synchronous speed Ns(= 120 f/P).

The direct (or zero frequency) current sets up a two-pole field which is stationary

(vi)

so long as the rotor is not turning.

Thus, there exists a pair of revolving stator poles (i.e., N S - SS) and a pair of

(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)

stationary rotor poles (i.e., NR - SR).

Suppose at any instant, the stator poles are at positions A and B.
It is clear that poles NS and NR repel each other and so do the poles SS and SR.
Therefore, the rotor tends to move in the anticlockwise direction.
After a period of half-cycle (or f = 1/100 second), the polarities of the stator
poles are reversed but the polarities of the rotor poles remain the same as shown in
Fig. (11.2 (ii)).

(xi)

Now SS and NR attract each other and so do NS and SR. Therefore, the rotor tends

(xii)

to move in the clockwise direction.

Since the stator poles change their polarities rapidly, they tend to pull the rotor

(xiii)

first in one direction and then after a period of half-cycle in the other.
Due to high inertia of the rotor, the motor fails to start.

If the rotor poles are rotated by some external means at such a speed that they interchange
their positions along with the stator poles, then the rotor will experience a continuous
unidirectional torque.
A synchronous motor cannot start by itself. In order to make the motor self-starting, a squirrel
cage winding (also called damper winding) is provided on the rotor.
The damper winding consists of copper bars embedded in the pole faces of the salient poles
of the rotor as shown in Fig. (11.4).
The bars are short-circuited at the ends to form in effect a partial squirrel cage winding.
The damper winding serves to start the motor.
(i) To start with, 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding while the rotor field winding is
left unenergized. The rotating stator field induces currents in the damper or squirrel cage
winding and the motor starts as an induction motor.
(ii) As the motor approaches the synchronous speed, the rotor is excited with direct current.
Now the resulting poles on the rotor face poles of opposite polarity on the stator and a strong
magnetic attraction is set up between them.
The rotor poles lock in with the poles of rotating flux. Consequently, the rotor revolves at the
same speed as the stator field i.e., at synchronous speed.
(iii) Because the bars of squirrel cage portion of the rotor now rotate at the same speed as the
rotating stator field, these bars do not cut any flux and, therefore, have no induced currents in

them. Hence squirrel cage portion of the rotor is, in effect, removed from the operation of the
motor.
It may be emphasized here that due to magnetic interlocking between the stator and rotor
poles, a synchronous motor can only run at synchronous speed. At any other speed, this
magnetic interlocking (i.e., rotor poles facing opposite polarity stator poles) ceases and the
average torque becomes zero. Consequently, the motor comes to a halt with a severe
disturbance on the line.

34.

Speed control of 3 phase induction motor

A 3-phase induction motor is practically a constant-speed machine, more

or less like a d.c. shunt motor.

The speed regulation of an induction motor (having low resistance) is

usually less than 5% at full-load.

Whereas d.c. shunt motors can be made to run at any speed within wide
limits, with good efficiency and speed regulation, merely by manipulating
a simple field rheostat, the same is not possible with induction motors.

speed reduction is accompanied by a corresponding loss of efficiency and

good speed regulation.

That is why it is much easier to build a good adjustable-speed d.c. shunt

motor than an adjustable speed induction motor.

Different methods by which speed control of induction motors is achieved,

may be grouped under two main headings :

1. Control from stator side

(a) by changing the applied voltage
(b) by changing the applied frequency
(c) by changing the number of stator poles
2. Control from rotor side
(d) rotor rheostat control
(e) by operating two motors in concatenation or cascade
(f) by injecting an e.m.f. in the rotor circuit.

Slip can be varied by changing the applied stator voltage.

If the voltage is reduced, torque is reduced as the square of the voltage.

For example, if the applied voltage is reduced from V to 0.9 V, the torque
will reduced from T to 0.81 T.

The torque speed characteristics at reduced stator voltage say 0.9V.

Since the torque is reduced to 81 per cent, the rotor cannot continue to
rotate at speed N1, its speed will be reduced, i.e., its slip will increase until
the increased rotor current will make up for the reduced sartor voltage
and produce the required load torque at a lower speed N 2.

This method of speed control is rarely the required used for industrial
three-phase motors because of the requirement of additional costly
voltage changing auxiliary equipment.

For small induction motors used in home appliance, voltage control

method of speed changing is often used.
Control of speed by changing supply frequency

The speed of an induction motor is directly proportional to supply

frequency.

By gradually changing supply frequency, speed can be increased or

decreased smoothly.

There are. however, several drawbacks in this system. Electricity supply

authorities supply power at a fixed frequency of 50 Hz.

Provision for supply at variable frequency can be made by the consumers

by having separate arrangements.

Frequency conversion equipments are, therefore, to be installed by the

industries at additional costs.

Variable frequency supply can be obtained from solid-state equipment, or

rotary converters, i.e. motor generator sets.

If speed control is to be achieved by changing frequency, the supply

voltage should also simultaneously by changed.

This is because if the supply frequency is reduced keeping the applied

voltage constant, the flux is increased (E = 4.44mf T).

If flux is increased, core-losses will reduced the efficiency.

On the other hand if the frequency is increased, flux will decrease, thereby
reducing the torque developed.

It is important, therefore, that the frequency changing device should

change frequency and voltage simultaneously as a direct ratio

That is, frequency is increased, the supply voltage must also increase and
if the frequency is decreased the supply voltage must also decrease
proportionately.

limited applications because of cost involved in arranging a variable

frequency power supply.

With the recent developments in semi conductor devices, frequency

control method of speed variation of induction motors is becoming
popular.