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PRELIMINARY CHAPTER
What is criminal procedure?
Criminal procedure is the method prescribed by law for the apprehension and prosecution of
persons accused of any criminal offense and for their punishment, in case of conviction.
What is criminal procedure concerned with?
Criminal procedure is concerned with the procedural steps through which the criminal case passes,
commencing with the initial investigation of a crime and concluding with the unconditional release
of the offender. It is a generic term used to describe the network of laws and rules which govern the
procedural administration of criminal justice.
What are the sources of criminal procedure?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Spanish Law of Criminal Procedure

General Order No. 58, dated April 23 1900
Amendatory acts passed by the Philippine Commission
The various quasi acts, the Philippine Bill of 1902, the Jones Law of 1916, the TydingsMcDuffie Law, and the Constitution of the Philippines
5. The Rule of Court of 1940, and the 1964, 1985, and 1988 Rules on Criminal Procedure
6. Various Republic Acts (RA 240, Judiciary Act, RA 8249 creating the Sandiganbayan,
Speedy Trial Act)
7. Presidential Decrees
8. 1987 Constitution, particularly Art. III Bill of Rights
9. Civil Code (Art. 32, 33, 34)
10. Certain judicial decisions
11. RA 8393 The Speedy Trial Act
12. Circulars
13. The Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure (Dec 1, 2000)
What are the three systems of criminal procedure?
1.

2.

3.

Inquisitorial the detection and prosecution of offenders are not left to the initiative of
private parties but to the officials and agents of the law. Resort is made to secret inquiry
to discover the culprit, and violence and torture are often employed to extract confessions.
The judge is not limited to the evidence brought before him but could proceed with his
own inquiry which was not confrontative.
Accusatorial The accusation is exercised by every citizen or by a member of the group to
which the injured party belongs. As the action is a combat between the parties, the
supposed offender has the right to be confronted by his accuser. The battle in the form of
a public trial is judged by a magistrate who renders a verdict. The essence of the
accusatorial system is the right to be presumed innocent. To defeat this
presumption, the prosecution must establish proof of guilt beyond reasonable doubt
(moral certainty).
Mixed This is a combination of the inquisitorial and accusatorial systems. The
examination of defendants and other persons before the filing of the complaint or
information is inquisitorial.

The judicial set-up in the Philippines is accusatorial or adversary in nature. It

contemplates two contending parties before the court, which hears them impartially and
renders judgment only after trial.
Distinguish between criminal law and criminal procedure.

Criminal law is substantive; it defines crimes, treats of their nature, and provides for their
punishment. Criminal procedure, on the other hand, is remedial or procedural; it provides for the
method by which a person accused of a crime is arrested, tried and punished. Criminal law declares
what acts are punishable, while criminal procedure provides how the act is to be punished.
How are the rules of criminal procedure construed?
The rules of criminal procedure shall be liberally construed in favor of the accused and strictly
against the state to even the odds in favor of the accused against whom the entire machinery of the
state is mobilized.
What is jurisdiction?
Jurisdiction (in general) is the power or authority given by the law to a court or tribunal to hear and
determine certain controversies. It is the power of courts to hear and determine a controversy
involving rights which are demandable and enforceable.
Distinguish jurisdiction from venue.
Venue is defined as the particular country or geographical area in which a court with jurisdiction
may hear and determine a case. It means the place of trial. On the other hand, jurisdiction is the
power of the court to decide the case on the merits. Venue is thus procedural, while jurisdiction is
substantive. In civil cases, venue may be waived or stipulated by the parties. On the other hand,
jurisdiction is granted by law or the Constitution and cannot be waived or stipulated.
What is criminal jurisdiction?
Criminal jurisdiction is the authority to hear and try a particular offense and impose the punishment
for it.
What are the elements of jurisdiction in criminal cases?
1.
2.

The nature of the offense and/or the penalty attached thereto

The fact that the offense has been committed within the territorial jurisdiction of the
court.

What are the requisites for a valid exercise of criminal jurisdiction?

1.
2.
3.

Jurisdiction over the person

Jurisdiction over the territory
Jurisdiction over the subject matter

What is jurisdiction over the subject matter?

It is the power to hear and determine cases of the general class to which the proceedings in question
belong and is conferred by the sovereign authority which organizes the court and defines its powers.
Which law determines the jurisdiction of the court the law in force at the time of
the commission of the offense or the one in force as of the time when the action is
filed?
Jurisdiction is determined by the law as of the time when the action is filed, not when the offense
was committed. The exception to this rule is where jurisdiction is dependent on the nature of the
position of the accused at the time of the commission of the offense. In this case, jurisdiction is
determined by the law in force at the time of the commission of the offense.

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What is adherence of jurisdiction?
The principle of Adherence of Jurisdiction means that once jurisdiction is vested in the court, it is
retained up to the end of the litigation. It remains with the court until the case is finally
terminated. The exception to this is where
a subsequent statute changing the jurisdiction of a court is given retroactive effect, it can divest a
court of jurisdiction over cases already pending before it before the effectivity of the statute.

4.

In areas where there are no family courts, the cases falling under the jurisdiction of family
courts shall be adjudicated by the RTC

What is the meaning of the term regular courts?

Regular courts refer to civil courts as opposed to military courts or courts martial. Military courts
have no jurisdiction over civilians.

A was charged with an offense whose penalty was below 6 years. The case was filed
with the MTC. After trial, the MTC convicted him of an offense with a higher penalty.
A questioned the conviction, claiming that the MTC had no jurisdiction over the
offense since the penalty prescribed for it was higher than 6 years. Is A correct?

Which court has jurisdiction over a complex crime?

A is wrong. Jurisdiction over the subject matter is determined by the authority of the court to
impose the penalty imposable given the allegation in the information. It is not determined by the
penalty that may be meted out to the offender after trial but to the extent of the penalty which the
law imposes for the crime charged in the complaint.

What is territorial jurisdiction?

If during the proceedings, the court finds that it has no jurisdiction, how should it
proceed?
Where the court has no jurisdiction, lower courts should simply dismiss the case. On the other
hand, the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals may refer the case to the court of proper
jurisdiction.
What is the jurisdiction of Municipal Trial Courts in criminal cases?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Exclusive original jurisdiction over all violations of city or municipal ordinances

committed within their respective territorial jurisdiction;
Exclusive original jurisdiction over all offenses punishable with imprisonment
not exceeding 6 years regardless of the fine and other accessory penalties and civil
liability
Offenses involving damage to property through criminal negligence
Where the only penalty provided by law is a fine: exclusive original jurisdiction over
offenses punishable with a fine not exceeding P4,000
Election offenses: Failure to register or failure to vote
Special Jurisdiction to hear and decide petitions for a writ of habeas corpus or
application for bail in the province or city where the RTC judge is absent
BP 22 (?)

What is the jurisdiction of Regional Trial Courts in criminal cases?

1.

2.

Exclusive original jurisdiction in all criminal cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of
any court, tribunal or body, except those falling under the exclusive and concurrent
jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. All criminal cases where the penalty is higher than 6
years, including government-related cases wherein the accused is not one of those falling
under the jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan.
Other laws which specifically lodge jurisdiction in the RTC:
a.
b.
c.

3.

Law on written defamation or libel

Decree on Intellectual Property
Dangerous Drugs Cases except where the offenders are under 16 and there are
Juvenile and Domestic Relations Courts in the province

Appellate jurisdiction over all cases decided by MTCs in their respective territorial
jurisdiction.

Jurisdiction over the whole complex crime is lodged with the trial court having jurisdiction to
impose the maximum and more serious penalty on an offense forming part of the complex crime.

The requirement of territorial jurisdiction means that a criminal action should be filed in the place
where the crime was committed, except in those cases provided by Article 2 of the Revised Penal
Code.
How is jurisdiction over the person of the accused acquired?
Jurisdiction over the person of the accused is acquired upon his arrest or upon his voluntary
appearance or submission to the court.
Can jurisdiction over the person of the accused be waived?
Yes, unlike jurisdiction over the offense which is conferred by law or the Constitution, jurisdiction
over the person of the accused may be waived. For example, any objection to the procedure leading
to the arrest must be opportunely raised before the accused enters his plea, or it is deemed waived.
X was charged in court with an offense. X filed a motion to quash on the ground
that the court had no jurisdiction over his person because the arrest was illegal and
because the information was incomplete. Can X invoke lack of jurisdiction of the
court over his person?
No, X cannot invoke the lack of jurisdiction of the court. One who desires to object to the
jurisdiction of the court over his person must appear in court for that purpose only, and if he raises
other questions, he waives the objection.
Is the presence of the accused necessary in order for the court to act on a motion?
It is not necessary for the court to first acquire jurisdiction over the person of the accused to dismiss
a case or grant other relief. The outright dismissal of the case even before the court acquires
jurisdiction over the person of the accused is allowed, except in applications for bail, in which case,
the presence of the accused is mandatory.
RULE 110 PROSECUTION OF OFFENSES
How are criminal actions instituted?
Criminal actions shall be instituted as follows:
(a) For offenses where a preliminary investigation is required, by filing the complaint with the
proper officer for the purpose of conducting the requisite preliminary investigation.
(b) For all other offenses, by filing the complaint or information directly with the MTC or the
complaint with the office of the prosecutor.

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What is the effect of the institution of the criminal action on the period of
prescription of the offense?

Why should the complaint or information be in writing?

The institution of the criminal action shall interrupt the running of the period of prescription of the
offense unless otherwise provided in special laws. The rule does not apply to violations of municipal
ordinances and special laws. The prescriptive periods for violations of special laws are interrupted
only by the institution of judicial proceedings for their investigation and punishment, while
violations of municipal ordinances prescribe after two months.

The complaint or information should be in writing so that the court has a basis for its decision, to
inform the accused of the nature and cause of the accusation to allow him to present his defense , and
so that nobody will forget the charge, given the fallibility of human memory.

Distinguish institution from commencement of an action.

A complaint is a sworn written statement charging a person with an offense, subscribed by the
offended party, any peace officer, or other public officer charged with the enforcement of the law
violated.

For offenses which require a preliminary investigation, the criminal action is instituted by filing the
complaint for preliminary investigation. The criminal action is commenced when the complaint or
information is filed in court.
Can the offended party go directly to court to file a criminal action?
No. Before a complaint is filed in court, there should have been a confrontation between the parties
before the Lupon chairman. The Lupon secretary must certify that no conciliation or settlement was
reached, attested to by the Lupon chairman. The complaint may also be filed if the settlement is
repudiated by the parties.
Are there exceptions when the parties may go directly to court?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Where the accused is under detention

Where a person has otherwise been deprived of personal liberty calling for habeas corpus
proceedings
Where actions are coupled with provisional remedies
Where the action may be barred by the statute of limitations

When are amicable settlements not allowed?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Where one party is the government

Where one party is a public officer or employee and the dispute relates to the performance
of his official functions
Offenses punishable by imprisonment exceeding 1 year or a fine exceeding P5,000
Where there is no private offended party
Where the dispute involves real properties located in different cities or municipalities
Disputes involving parties who reside in different barangays, cities, or municipalities
Other cases which the President may determine in the interest of justice or upon the
recommendation of the Secretary of Justice.

What is the form required for the complaint or information?

The complaint or information shall be in writing, in the name of the People of the Philippines and
against all persons who appear to be responsible for the offense involved.
Why should a complaint or information be in the name of the People of the
Philippines?
Criminal actions must be commenced in the name of the People because just as a crime is an outrage
against the peace and security of the people at large, so must its vindication be in the name of the
People. However, it the action is instituted in the name of the offended party or of a particular city,
the defect is merely of form and may be cured at any state of the trial.

What is a complaint?

Who may file a complaint?

The complaint may be filed by the offended party, any peace officer, or other public officer charged
with the enforcement of the law violated.
Who is the offended party?
The offended party is the person actually injured or whose feeling is offended. He is the one to
whom the offender is also civilly liable under Article 100 of the RPC.
If the offended party dies before he is able to file a complaint, can his heirs file it in
his behalf?
No. The right to file a criminal action is personal and abates upon the death of the offended party. It
is not transmissible to the heirs.
Can you file a criminal complaint against a juridical person?
No, a criminal action cannot lie against a juridical person. It the corporation violates the law, the
officer, through whom the corporation acts, answers criminally for his acts.
May criminal prosecutions be enjoined?
No. Public interest requires that criminal acts must be immediately investigated and prosecuted for
the protection of society.
What are the exceptions to the rule that criminal prosecutions may not be enjoined?
1.
2.

To afford adequate protection to constitutional rights of the accused

When necessary for the orderly administration of justice or to avoid oppression or
multiplicity of actions
3. Where there is a prejudicial question which is subjudice
4. When the acts of the officer are without or in excess of authority
5. Where the prosecution is under an invalid law, ordinance, or regulation
6. When double jeopardy is clearly apparent
7. Where the court had no jurisdiction over the offense
8. Where it is a case of persecution rather than prosecution
9. Where the charges are manifestly false and motivated by the lust for vengeance
10. When there is clearly no prima facie case against the accused and a motion to quash on
that ground has been denied
11. Preliminary injunction has been issued by the Supreme Court to prevent the threatened
unlawful arrest of petitioners.

If the complaint is not sworn to by the offended party, is it void?

No. A complaint presented by a private person when not sworn to by him is not necessarily void.
The want of an oath is a mere defect of form which does not affect the substantial rights of the
defendant on the merits.
When is a complaint required?
A sworn written complaint is required if the offense is one which cannot be prosecuted de
officio, or is private in nature (adultery, concubinage, abduction, seduction, acts of
lasciviousness, defamation consisting in the imputation of any of the above offenses), or where it
pertains to those cases which need to be endorsed by specific public authorities (AntiDummy Board with respect to the Anti-Dummy Law, National Water and Air Pollution Control
Commission with respect to the Anti-Pollution Law).
What is an information?
An information is an accusation in writing charging a person with an offense, subscribed by the
prosecutor and filed with the court.
What is the difference between a complaint and an information?
COMPLAINT
May be signed by the offended party, any peace
officer, or other public officer charged with the
enforcement of the law violated
Sworn to by the person signing it
May be filed either with the office of the
prosecutor or with the court

INFORMATION
Always signed by prosecuting officer
Need not be under oath since the prosecuting
officer filing it is already acting under his oath of
office
Always filed with the court

Who must prosecute criminal actions?

The general rule is that all criminal actions commenced by the filing of a complaint or information
shall be prosecuted under the direction and control of the prosecutor. However, in the Municipal
Trial Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts, if the prosecutor is not available, the offended party,
any peace officer, or other officer charged with the enforcement of the law violated may prosecute.
This authority ceases upon actual intervention by a prosecutor or upon elevation of the case to the
RTC.
Can a prosecutor be compelled to file a particular complaint or information?
No. A prosecutor is under no compulsion to file a particular criminal information where he is not
convinced that he has evidence to support the allegations thereof. The exercise of such judgment
and discretion may generally not be compelled by mandamus, except if the prosecutor shows evident
bias in filing the information and refuses to include a co-accused without justification. But before
filing for mandamus to compel a fiscal to include another co-accused in the information, the party
must first avail himself of other remedies such as the filing of a motion for inclusion.
To whom should you appeal the decision of the prosecutor?
The decision of the prosecutor may be modified by the Secretary of Justice or in special cases by the
President of the Philippines.

Is the prosecutor required to be physically present in the trial of a criminal case?

According to People v. Beriales (1976 case), he should be present. If he is not physically
present, it cannot be said that the prosecution was under his direction and control.
But in People v. Malinao and Bravo v. CA, it was held that the proceedings are valid even
without the physical presence of the Fiscal who left the prosecution to the private prosecutor under
his supervision and control.
After the case is filed in court, to whom should a motion to dismiss be addressed?
Once the information is filed in court, the court acquires jurisdiction. Whatever disposition the
prosecutor may feel should be proper in the case thereafter should be addressed for the
consideration of the court, subject only to the limitation that the court should not impair the
substantial rights of the accused or the right of the people to due process.
Where should a motion for reinvestigation be filed?
After a complaint or information has already been filed in court, a motion for reinvestigation should
be addressed to the trial judge and to him alone.
If, after he has filed the case, the prosecutor thinks that a prima facie case exists,
can he refuse to prosecute?
No, he cannot refuse to prosecute. He is obliged by law to proceed and prosecute the criminal
action. He cannot impose his opinion on the court.
What is the distinction between the control by the prosecution and the control by
the court?
Before a case is filed in court, the prosecution has control over the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.

What case to file

Whom to prosecute
The manner of prosecution
The right to withdraw the case before arraignment even without notice and hearing.

After a case is filed in court, the court has control over the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The suspension of arraignment

Reinvestigation
Prosecution by the prosecutor
Dismissal
Downgrading of the offense or dropping of the accused even before plea

What are the limitations on the control by the Court?

(SINNATRa)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Prosecution is entitled to Notice of hearing

The Court must Await the result of a petition for review
The prosecutions stand to maintain prosecution should be Respected by the court
The ultimate Test of the courts independence is where the prosecutor files a motion to
dismiss or withdraw the information

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6.
7.

The Court has authority to review the Secretarys recommendation and reject if it there is
grave abuse of discretion.
To reject or grant a motion to dismiss, the court must make its own Independent
assessment of the evidence.
Judgment is void if there is No independent assessment and finding of grave abuse of
discretion.

What are the crimes that must be prosecuted upon complaint of the offended party?
1.
Adultery and concubinage
2. Seduction, abduction, acts of lasciviousness
3. Defamation which consists in the imputation of an offense mentioned above
What is a private crime?
Private offenses are those which cannot be prosecuted except upon complaint filed by the aggrieved
party. Strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a private offense since all offenses are an outrage
against the State. They are denominated as private offenses only to give deference to the offended
party who may prefer not to file the case instead of going through the scandal of a public trial.
After a complaint for a private crime has been filed in court, what is the effect of
pardon by the offended party?
The pardon by the offended party will not have any effect on the prosecution of the offense. Once a
complaint has been filed in court, jurisdiction over the offense will be acquired and will continue to
be exercised by the court until termination of the case.
What is the meaning of the statement that compliance with the rule is
jurisdictional?
This means that the complaint filed by the offended party is what starts the prosecution, without
which the courts cannot exercise their jurisdiction. Compliance with the rule does not confer
jurisdiction because it is the law which confers jurisdiction upon the courts.
Can the father file a complaint on behalf of his daughter for concubinage?
No. The rule allowing the parents, grandparents, and guardians to file a complaint on behalf of the
minor applies only to the offenses of seduction, abduction, and acts of lasciviousness. A complaint
for adultery or concubinage may be filed only by the offended spouse.
If the offended party in abduction, seduction, and acts of lasciviousness is of age,
can her parents file the complaint for her?
No. If the offended party is already of age, she has the exclusive right to file the complaint unless she
becomes incapacitated. The parents, grandparents, and guardian only have exclusive, successive
authority to file the case if the offended party is still a minor.
If the offended party dies during the pendency of the case, is the criminal liability of
the accused extinguished?
No.
X filed a sworn complaint for acts of lasciviousness before the prosecutor. Before
the prosecutor could file the case in court, X died. Can the prosecutor still file the
information in court?
Yes. The desire of X to file the case is evident by her filing of her sworn complaint with the
prosecutor.

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An information for robbery with rape was filed against X. X moved to dismiss the
information on the ground that there was no complaint filed by the offended party.
Should the case be dismissed?
No. In robbery with rape, the complaint of the offended party is not necessary since the offense of
robbery is not a private offense. The prosecution can be commenced without the complaint of the
offended party.
When is a complaint or information deemed sufficient?
A complaint or information is sufficient if it states:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

the name of the accused

the designation of the offense given by the statute
the acts or omissions complained of as constituting the offense
the name of the offended party
the approximate date of the commission of the offense
the place of the commission of the offense

When is the error in the name of the accused not fatal to an information?
Error in the name of the accused will not nullify the information if it contains sufficient description
of the person of the accused.
When should the error in the name or identity be raised by the accused?
The error should be raised before arraignment, or else it is deemed waived.
X was charged with homicide. Can he be possibly be convicted of murder?
Yes. If the recitals in the complaint or information of the acts and omissions constituting the offense
actually allege murder, X can be convicted of murder. This is because it is the recital of facts and not
the designation of the offense that is controlling.
X was charged with estafa, but the recital of facts actually alleges theft. Can X be
convicted of theft?
Yes, because it is the recital, not the designation of the offense that is controlling.
X was charged with estafa, and the recital of facts allege estafa. Can X be convicted
of theft?
No. The two crimes have elements that are different from each other. To convict X of theft under an
information that alleges estafa would violate his right to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation against him.
X was charged with rape committed through force and intimidation. Can he be
convicted of rape where the woman is deprived of reason or is otherwise unconscious?
No. Where the law distinguishes between two cases of violation of its provision, the complaint or
information must specify under which of the two cases the defendant is being charged.
In what case can an accused not be convicted of a crime different from that
designated in the complaint or information even if the recitals allege the commission
of the crime?

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If it involves:
1.
2.
3.

a change of the theory of the trial

requires of the defendant a different defense
surprises the accused in any way

X fired his gun once, but the bullet killed two persons. He was charged with two
counts of homicide in one information. Can he be convicted under that information?
Yes. It falls under the exception to the rule. This is a compound crime in which one act results in
two or more grave or less grave felonies. The law provides only one penalty for the two offenses.

X was accused of illegal possession of firearms, but the information did not allege
that X did not have any license to possess the firearm. Is the information valid?

X was charged with both robbery and estafa in one information.

convicted of both offenses?

No. The absence of the license is an essential element of the offense. Therefore, it should be alleged
in the complaint or information.

It depends. If he objects to the duplicitous information before arraignment, he cannot be convicted

under the information. But if he fails to object before arraignment, he can be convicted of as many
offenses as there are in the information.

X was charged with illegal possession of opium. X contends that the information
was invalid for failure to allege that he did not have a prescription from a physician. Is
X correct?
No. The absence of the prescription is not an essential element of the offense and is only a matter of
defense. It need not be alleged in the information.
What are the offenses in which the particular place where the offense was
committed is essential?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Violation of domicile
Penalty on the keeper, watchman, visitor of opium den
Trespass to dwelling
Violation of election law (prohibiting the carrying of a deadly weapon within a 30-meter
radius of polling places)

What are the offenses in which the time of the commission of the offense is
essential?
1.
2.
3.

Infanticide
Violation of Sunday Statutes (Election Law)
Abortion

In what case is the name of the offended party dispensable?

In offenses against property, the name of the offended party may be dispensed with as long as the
object taken or destroyed is particularly described to property identify the offense.

Can he be

What is the principle of absorption?

In cases of rebellion, other crimes committed in the course of the crime are deemed absorbed in the
crime of rebellion either as a means necessary for its commission or as an unintended effect of
rebellion. They cannot be charged as separate offenses in themselves. The exception is when the
common crimes are committed without any political motivation. In such a case, they will not be
absorbed by rebellion.
If homicide or murder is committed with the use of an unlicensed firearm, how
many offenses are there?
There is only one offense murder or homicide aggravated by the use of unlicensed firearm. This is
by special provision of RA 8294. (Dissenting opinion of J. Sabio How can you complex when one
is an RPC offense/malum in se and the other is a violation of a special law/malum prohibitum?)
X was speeding on a highway when his car collided with another car. The other car
was totally wrecked and the driver of the other car suffered serious physical injuries.
How many informations or complaints should be filed against X?
Only one information should be filed for serious physical injuries and damage to property through
reckless imprudence. The information against X cannot be split into two because there was only one
negligent act resulting in serious physical injuries and damage to property.
Same case, but the injuries suffered by the driver were only slight physical injuries.
How many informations should be filed?

In what cases is the name of the offended party indispensable?

Two informations one for the slight physical injuries and the other for damage to property. Light
felonies cannot be complexed.

Slander, robbery with violence or intimidation.

When can a complaint or information be amended?

What is the rule on duplicity of offenses?

BEFORE PLEA, a complaint or information can be amended in form or in substance without leave of
court, except if the amendment will downgrade the offense or drop an accused from the complaint or
information. In such a case, the following requisites must be observed:

A complaint or information must charge only one offense, except when the law provides only one
punishment for various offenses (compound and complex crimes under Art. 48 of the RPC and
special complex crimes).
What is the effect of the failure of the accused to object to a duplicitous
information?
If the accused fails to object before arraignment, the right is deemed waived, and he may be
convicted of as many offenses as there are charged.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

must be made upon motion of the prosecutor

with notice to the offended party
with leave of court
the court must state its reason in resolving the motion
copies of the resolution should be furnished all parties, expecially the offended party

AFTER PLEA, only formal amendments may be made only with leave of court and when it can be
done without causing prejudice to the rights of the accused.

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When can a complaint or information be substituted?
A complaint or information may be substituted if at any time before judgment, it appears that a
mistake has been made in charging the proper offense, and the accused cannot be convicted of the
offense charged or of any other offense necessarily included therein, provided that he will not be
placed in double jeopardy.
What are the distinctions between amendment and substitution?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Amendment may involve either formal or substantial changes, while substitution

necessarily involves a substantial change.
Amendment before plea can be effected without leave of court, but substitution is always
done with leave of court since it involves the dismissal of the original complaint.
Where the amendment is only as to form, there is no need for a new preliminary
investigation or plea; in substitution, another preliminary investigation and plea is
required.
An amended information refers to the same offense charged or to one which necessarily
includes or is necessarily included in the original charge, hence substantial amendments
after plea cannot be made over the objection of the accused. Substitution requires that the
new information is for a different offense which does not include or is not necessarily
included in the original charge.

When are the rights of the accused prejudiced by an amendment?

1.
2.
3.

When a defense which he had under the original information would no longer be available
When any evidence which he had under the original information would no longer be
available
When any evidence which he had under the original information would not longer be
applicable to the amended information

What are substantial amendments?

After plea, substantial amendments are prohibited. These are amendments involving the recital of
facts constituting the offense and determinative of the jurisdiction of the court. All other matters are
merely of form.
Is an additional allegation of habitual delinquency and recidivism a substantial
amendment?
No. These allegations only relate to the range of the imposable penalty but not the nature of the
offense.
Is an additional allegation of conspiracy a substantial amendment?
Yes because it changes the theory of the defense. It makes the accused liable not only for his own
acts but also for those of his co-conspirators. (Old J. Sabio answer)
The new answer is: No, it is not a substantial amendment in the following example: X is charged
with murder as principal. Later, the complaint is amended to include two other persons who
allegedly conspired with X. Can X invoke double jeopardy on the ground that the amendment is
substantial? No. The amendment is merely a formal amendment because it does not prejudice
the rights of X, who was charged as a principal to begin with.
Is a change in the items stolen by the accused a substantial amendment?

Yes because it affects the essence of the imputed crime and would deprive the accused of the
opportunity to meet all the allegations in preparation of his defense.
Is a change in the nature of the offense due to supervening event a substantial
amendment?
No, it is merely a formal amendment.
Can the court order the dismissal of the original complaint before a new one is filed
in substitution?
No. The court will not order the dismissal until the new information is filed.
Where should a criminal action be instituted?
a. In the court of the municipality or territory where the offense was committed or where any of its
essential ingredients occurred (Exception: Sandiganbayan cases)
b. If committed in a train, aircraft, or other public or private vehicle: in the court of any municipality
or territory where the vehicle passed during its trip, including the place of departure or arrival
c. If committed on board a vessel in the course of its voyage: in the court of the first port of entry or
of any municipality or territory where the vessel passed during the voyage, subject to the generally
accepted principles of international law
d. Crimes committed outside the Phil but punishable under Article 2 of the RPC: any court where the
action is first filed.
What is a continuing or transitory offense?
Transitory offenses are crimes where some acts material and essential to the crimes and requisite to
their commission occur in one municipality or territory and some in another. Continuing offenses
are consummated in one place, yet by the nature of the offense, the violation of the law is deemed
continuing. Examples are estafa, abduction, malversation, libel, kidnapping, violation of BP22.
How do you determine jurisdiction over a continuing crime?
The courts of the territories where the essential ingredients of the crime took place have concurrent
jurisdiction. But the court which first acquires jurisdiction excludes the other courts.
What are the rules on venue in libel cases?
a. The criminal action for libel may be filed in the RTC of the province or the city where the libelous
article is printed and first published.
b. If the offended party is a private individual, the criminal action may also be filed in the RTC of the
province where he actually resided at the time of the commission of the offense.
c. If the offended party is a public officer whose office is in Manila at the time of the commission of
the offense, the criminal action may be filed in the RTC of Manila.
d. If the offended party is a public officer whose office is outside Manila, the action may be filed in
the RTC of the province or city where he held office at the time of the commission of the offense.
Can the offended party intervene in the prosecution of the criminal action?
Yes, except if he has waived, has reserved his right, or has already instituted the criminal action. The
reason for this rule is because of Article 100 of the RPC which provides that every person criminally

liable shall also be civilly liable and also because there are certain offenses which cannot be
prosecuted except upon complaint of the offended party.
Do the offended parties have the right to move for the dismissal of a case?
No. The right belongs only to the government prosecutor who is the representative of the plaintiff.
Can the offended party file a civil action for certiorari in his own name if the RTC
dismisses an information?
Yes. In case of grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction, the petition may be filed
by the offended party because the offended party has an interest in the civil aspect of the case.
RULE 111 PROSECUTION OF CIVIL ACTION
What is the general rule?
The general rule is when a criminal action is instituted, the civil action for the recovery of the civil
liability arising from the offense charged under Article 100 of the RPC shall be deemed instituted
with the criminal action.
What are the exceptions?
The civil action is not deemed instituted in the following cases:
1.
2.
3.

When the offended party has waived the civil action

When the offended party has reserved the right to institute it separately
When the offended party has instituted the civil action prior to the institution of the
criminal action

8
The broader concept of civil liability means that every person criminally liable is also civilly liable.
This is because in a criminal offense, there are two offended parties the state and the private
offended party.
If the complaint does not contain an allegation of damages, is the offender still
liable for them?
Yes because every person criminally liable is also civilly liable. This is subject to the exception when
the offended party has waived or has reserved the right to institute the civil action separately.
When should the reservation be made?
The reservation should be made before the prosecution presents its evidence and under
circumstances affording the offended party a reasonable opportunity to make such reservation.
What is the reason for the rule requiring reservation?
The reason is to prevent double recovery from the same act or omission.
Can the accused file a counterclaim in the criminal case?
No.
In a BP 22 case, can the offended party make a reservation of the civil action?
No. The criminal action shall be deemed to include the civil action, and the offended party is not
allowed to make the reservation. The actual damages and the filing fees shall be equivalent to the
value of the check.

What is the civil action that is deemed instituted with the criminal action?

When is the separate civil action suspended?

Only the civil action for the recovery of civil liability arising from the offense under Article 100 of the
RPC, not the independent civil actions under Article 32, 33, 34 and 2176 of the Civil Code.

After the criminal action has been commenced, the separate civil action arising therefrom cannot be
instituted until final judgment has been entered in the criminal action.

What is the dual concept of civil liability?

If the criminal action is filed after the civil action was instituted, the civil action shall be suspended
in whatever stage it may be found before judgment on the merits. The suspension shall last until
final judgment is rendered in the criminal action.

This means that civil liability may arise from crimes or from quasi-delicts. Thus, a negligent act
causing damage may produce two kinds of civil liability one arising from crime and another from
quasi-delict. The only limitation is that the offended party may not recover twice from the same act.
What are the differences between a crime and a quasi-delict?
1.
2.
3.

Crimes affect public interest, while quasi-delicts are only of private concern
The RPC punishes or corrects the criminal act, while the Civil Code merely repairs the
damage by means of indemnification
Crimes are punished only if there is a law providing for their punishment, while quasidelicts include all acts where fault or negligence intervenes. Therefore, quasi-delict is
broader in scope.

What constitutes civil liability?

According to Article 104 of the RPC, it constitutes restitution, reparation, and indemnification for
consequential damages.
What is the basis for the broader concept of civil liability?

Nonetheless, the civil action may be consolidated with the criminal action at any time before
judgment on the merits upon motion of the offended party with the court trying the criminal action.
The evidence presented at the civil action shall be deemed reproduced in the criminal action without
prejudice to the right of the prosecution to cross-examine the witness presented by the offended
party in the criminal case and of the parties to present additional evidence. The consolidated
criminal actions shall be tried and decided jointly.
Exception: When there is a prejudicial question in a previously filed civil action, it should be
resolved first.
Are the independent civil actions also deemed suspended with the filing of the
criminal action?
No. Only the civil action arising from the crime under Article 100 is suspended. The independent
civil actions are not suspended and may continue even if the criminal action has been instituted.
However, the offended party may not recover twice from the same act. He should only get the bigger
award.

What is the effect of an acquittal on the civil action?

The general rule is the civil action is not necessarily extinguished by the acquittal of the accused.
Even if the accused is acquitted, the court can still award civil liability in the following cases:
1.
2.
3.

When the acquittal is based on reasonable doubt

When there is a declaration in the decision that the liability of the accused is only civil
When the civil liability is not derived from or based on the criminal act of which the
accused is acquitted.

However, if the decision contains a finding that the act from which the civil liability may arise does
not exist, the civil liability is extinguished.
Can you compel a judge by mandamus to award civil damages?

What are the elements of a prejudicial question?

1.
2.

When is an action for annulment of marriage prejudicial to a bigamy case?

An action for annulment of marriage is prejudicial to a bigamy case only if the accused in the bigamy
charge is also the one asking for annulment of the second (bigamous) marriage based on vitiation of
consent. This is because in such a case, if the court declares that the partys consent was indeed
vitiated and annuls the marriage, then it would also mean that the party did not willingly commit the
crime of bigamy. It would thus be determinative of the guilt or innocence of the accused.

Yes because every person criminally liable is also civilly liable and also because even if the accused is
acquitted, there are cases when he is still civilly liable.
What is the reason for allowing the civil liability to subsist in spite of the acquittal of
the accused?
This is because the parties in the criminal and civil action are different in the criminal action, the
party is the state, while in the civil action, the party is the private offended party. Also, the two
actions required different quantum of evidence. The criminal action requires proof of guilt beyond
reasonable doubt, while the civil action requires mere preponderance of evidence.
What are the independent civil actions?
The independent civil actions are those provided in Articles 32, 33, 34, and 2176 of the Civil Code.
They may proceed independently of the criminal action and shall require only a preponderance of
evidence.
What is the effect of the death of the accused on the criminal and civil actions?
If the accused dies after arraignment and during the pendency of the criminal action, both the
criminal and civil liability arising from the crime shall be extinguished. However, the independent
civil actions may be filed against the estate of the accused after proper substitution, and the heirs of
the accused may also be substituted for the deceased.

RULE 112 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

What is preliminary investigation?
Preliminary investigation is an inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is sufficient ground
to engender a well-founded belief that a crime has been committed and the respondent is probably
guilty thereof, and should be held for trial.
When is it required?
Before a complaint or information is filed, preliminary investigation is required for all offenses
punishable by imprisonment of at least 4 years, 2 months, and 1 day, regardless of the fine, except if
the accused was arrested by virtue of a lawful arrest without warrant. In such a case, the complaint
or information may be filed without a preliminary investigation unless the accused asks for a
preliminary investigation and waives his rights under Article 125 of the RPC.
What is the purpose of a preliminary investigation?
1.
2.

If the accused dies before arraignment, the case shall be dismissed, without prejudice to any civil
action that the offended party may file against the estate of the deceased.

3.

When the defendant is absolved of civil liability in a civil action, can a criminal
action still be filed against him?

4.

Yes. While every person criminally liable is also civilly liable, the converse is not true. Therefore,
even if the defendant is absolved of civil liability in a civil action, a criminal action can still be filed
against him. Besides, the state is a party in a criminal action, while only the private offended party is
a party in the civil action. Moreover, the quantum of evidence in the civil action is only
preponderance of evidence, while that required in the criminal action is proof beyond reasonable
doubt.
What is a prejudicial question?
A prejudicial question is one based on a fact separate and distinct from the crime but is so intimately
related to it that it determines the guilt or innocence of the accused.

The previously filed civil action involves an issue which is similar or is intimately related
with an issue raised in the subsequent criminal action
The resolution of the issue will determine whether or not the criminal action may proceed.

To determine if there is sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief that a crime

has been committed and the respondent is probably guilty thereof, and should be held for
trial.
To protect the accused from the inconvenience, expense, and burden of defending himself
in a formal trial unless the reasonable probability of his guilt shall have been first
ascertained in a fairly summary proceeding by a competent officer.
To secure the innocent against hasty, malicious and oppressive prosecution, and to protect
him from an open and public accusation of a crime, from the trouble, expenses and
anxiety of a public trial.
To protect the state from having to conduct useless and expensive trials.

What is the scope of preliminary investigation?

Preliminary investigation is merely inquisitorial and it is often the only means of discovering
whether the offense has been committed and the persons responsible for it to enable the fiscal to
prepare his complaint or information. It is not a trial on the merits and has no purpose but to
determine whether there is probable cause to believe that an offense has been committed and that
the accused is probably guilty of it. It does not place the accused in jeopardy.
Is the right to a preliminary investigation a fundamental right?
No, it is a statutory right and may be waived expressly or by silence. It is also not an element of due
process, unless it is expressly granted by law.

10
Can an accused demand the right to confront and cross-examine his witnesses
during the preliminary investigation?

1.

No. The preliminary investigation is not part of the trial. It is summary and inquisitorial in nature,
and its function is not to determine the guilt of the accused but merely to determine the existence of
probable cause.

2.

a.
b.

Is the lack of a preliminary investigation a ground for dismissing a complaint?

No. The absence of a preliminary investigation does not affect the jurisdiction of the court but
merely the regularity of the proceedings. The court cannot dismiss the complaint on this ground,
and it should instead conduct the investigation or order the fiscal or lower court to do it.

3.

What is the effect of the absence of a certification that a preliminary investigation

was conducted?
It is of no consequence. What is important is that there was actually an investigation, that the
accused was informed thereof and was allowed to present controverting evidence.
When should the right to preliminary investigation be invoked?

4.
5.

The accused should invoke it before plea, or else, it is deemed waived.

What if the court denies the invocation of the right to a preliminary investigation,
what is the remedy of the accused?
He must immediately appeal it to the appellate court. He cannot later raise the issue for the first
time on appeal.
If the complaint or information is amended, should a new preliminary investigation
be conducted?

The complaint shall state the address of the respondent and shall be accompanied by the
affidavits of the complainants and his witnesses as well as other documents to establish
probable cause. The affidavits must be subscribed and sworn before the prosecutor or
government official authorized to administer oath or notary public.
Within 10 days from the filing of the complaint, the investigating officer shall either:

6.

dismiss it if he finds no ground to continue the investigation; or

issue a subpoena to the respondent accompanied by the complaint and
affidavits.
The respondent shall have the right to examine the evidence, etc, etc.

Within 10 days from receipt of the subpoena, the respondent shall submit his counteraffidavit, the affidavits of his witnesses, and other documents in his defense. Affidavits
should also be sworn and subscribed. The respondent cannot file a motion to dismiss in
lieu of a counter-affidavit.
If the respondent cannot be subpoenaed or if he fails to file his counter-affidavit within 10
days, the investigating officer shall resolve the complaint based on the evidence submitted
by the complainant.
If there are facts and issued which need to be clarified, the investigating officer may set a
hearing. The parties can be present, but they cannot cross-examine. The hearing shall be
held within 10 days from the submission of the counter-affidavits or from the expiration of
the period of their submission. It shall be terminated within 5 days.
Within 10 days from the termination of the investigation, the investigating officer shall
determine whether or not there is probable cause to hold the respondent for trial.

Is a preliminary investigation a judicial proceeding?

Yes because there is an opportunity to be heard and the production and weighing of evidence upon
which a decision is rendered. Since it is a judicial proceeding, the requirement of due process in
judicial proceedings is also required in preliminary investigations.
What is the
investigation?

No.
If the complaint or information is substituted, should a new preliminary
investigation be conducted?

difference

between

criminal

investigation

and

preliminary

Yes.

Criminal investigation is a fact-finding investigation carried out by law-enforcement officers for the
purpose of determining whether they should file a complaint for preliminary investigation.
Preliminary investigation is conducted for the purpose of determining if there is probable cause to
hold a person for trial.

Who may conduct a preliminary investigation?

What is probable cause?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Provincial or city prosecutors and their assistants

Judges of the MTCs
National and Regional State Presecutors
Comelec with respect to election offenses
Ombudsman with respect to Sandiganbayan offenses and other offenses committed by
public officers
PCGG with respect to ill-gotten wealth cases

Can RTC judges conduct a preliminary investigation?

No. Although this should not be confused with the authority of the RTC to conduct an examination
for the purpose of determining probable cause when issuing a warrant of arrest.
What is the procedure in conducting a preliminary investigation?

Probable cause is the existence of such facts and circumstances as would excite the belief in a
reasonable mind, acting on the facts within the knowledge of the prosecutor, that the person charged
was guilty of the crime for which he was prosecuted.
Is the presence of counsel in the preliminary investigation mandatory?
No. Preliminary investigation is a summary proceeding and is merely inquisitorial in nature. The
accused cannot yet invoke the full exercise of his rights.
How does the investigating prosecutor resolve the findings after preliminary
investigation?
1.

If he finds probable cause to hold the respondent for trial, he shall prepare the resolution
and certify under oath in the information that:

a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
3.

4.
5.

he or an authorized officer has personally examined the complainant and his

witnesses;
that there is reasonable ground to believe that a crime has been committed and
that the accused is probably guilty thereof;
that the accused was informed of the complaint and of the evidence against him;
that he was given an opportunity to submit controverting evidence.

If he finds no probable cause, he shall recommend the dismissal of the complaint.

Within 5 days from his resolution, he shall forward the record of the case to the provincial
or city prosecutor of chief state prosecutor of the Ombudsman. They shall act on the
resolution within 10 days from receipt and shall immediately inform the parties of such
action.
No complaint of information may be filed or dismissed by an investigating prosecutor
without the prior written authority or approval of the provincial or city prosecutor or chief
state prosecutor or the Ombudsman.
If the investigating prosecutor recommends the dismissal of the complaint, but his
recommendation is disapproved by the provincial or city prosecutor or chief state
prosecutor or Ombudsman on the ground that probable cause exists, the latter may either:
a.
b.

by himself, file the information; or

direct another assistant prosecutor to file the information

without need for a new preliminary investigation.

6. The Secretary of Justice may, upon petition by a proper party or by itself, reverse or
modify the resolution of the provincial or city prosecutor, the chief state prosecutor, or the
ombudsman. In such a case, he shall direct the prosecutor concerned to either file the
information without need for a new preliminary investigation or to dismiss or move for its
dismissal if already filed in court.
If there was no preliminary investigation conducted, what is the remedy of the
accused?
(RICA P)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Refuse to enter plea

Insist on a preliminary investigation
File certiorari if refused
Raise it as an error on appeal
File a petition for prohibition

11
Can the accused file a motion to quash based on insufficiency of evidence?
No. He cannot pre-empt trial by filing a motion to quash on the ground of insufficiency of evidence.
Whether the function of determining probable cause has been correctly discharged by the prosecutor
is a matter that the trial court itself does not and may not pass upon.
Is the finding of a judge that probable cause exists for the purpose of issuing a
warrant of arrest subject to judicial review?
No. It would be asking the court to examine and assess such evidence as has been submitted by the
parties before trial and on the basis thereof, make a conclusion as whether or not it suffices to
establish the guilt of the accused.
What is the remedy of the complainant if the Secretary of Justice does not allow the
filing of a criminal complaint against the accused because of insufficiency of evidence?
He can file a civil action for damages against the offender based on Article 35 of the Civil Code. This
would require a mere preponderance of evidence.
What are the remedies of a party against whom a warrant of arrest has been issued?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(no certiorari)
What is the procedure in resolving a complaint when the preliminary investigation
is conducted by a judge?
1.
2.

What should the Secretary of Justice do if an information that has already been
filed in court is appealed to him?

It depends. If it is made in a preliminary investigation for the purpose of determining whether there
is reasonable ground to believe that the accused has committed the offense and should be held for
trial, it is an executive function. If it is made for the issuance of a warrant of arrest by a judge, it is a
judicial function.

the warrant if the arrest is by virtue of a warrant

the affidavits, counter-affidavits, and supporting evidence
the undertaking or bail and the order of release
the transcripts of the proceedings
the order of cancellation of the bail bond if the resolution is for the dismissal of
the complaint

3.

Within 30 days from the receipt of the records, the provincial or city prosecutor or the
Ombudsman shall review the resolution of the judge.

4.

They shall act on the resolution, expressly and clearly stating the facts and the law on
which it is based.
The parties shall be furnished with copies thereof.
They shall order the release of an accused who is detained if no probable cause is found
against him.

He should suspend proceedings and defer arraignment pending the resolution of the appeal.
Is the determination of probable cause a judicial or executive function?

Within 10 days after the termination of the preliminary investigation, the investigating
judge shall transmit the resolution of the case to the provincial or city prosecutor, or to the
Ombudsman for appropriate action.
The resolution shall state the findings of fact and law supporting his action together with
the record of the case which shall include:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

He should, as far as practicable, refrain from entertaining the appeal. The matter should be left to
the determination of the Court.
If the Secretary of Justice gives due course to the appeal, what should the trial judge
do?

post bail
ask for reinvestigation
petition for review
motion to quash the information
if denied, appeal the judgment after trial

5.
6.

What happens if the judge fails to resolve the case within 10 days from the
termination of the investigation?

12
This constitutes dereliction of duty and is a ground for dismissal of the judge.
What is the difference between preliminary investigation conducted by the
prosecutor and one conducted by the judge?
The prosecutor is not bound by the designation of the offense in the complaint. After preliminary
investigation, he may file any case as warranted by the facts. The judge cannot change the charge in
the complaint but must make a finding on whether or not the crime charged has been committed.
If the investigating judge did not issue a warrant for the arrest of the accused during
the preliminary investigation, what is the remedy of the prosecutor if he believes that
the accused should be immediately placed under custody?
He should file the information in court, so that the RTC may issue the warrant of arrest. He should
not file for mandamus because that could take two years to resolve.
What is a warrant of arrest?
A warrant of arrest is a legal process issued by competent authority, directing the arrest of a person
or persons upon grounds stated therein.

When is a warrant of arrest not necessary?

1.
2.
3.

Are John Doe warrants valid?

Generally, John Doe warrants are void because they violate the constitutional provision
that requires that warrants of arrest should particularly describe the person or persons to be
arrested. But if there is sufficient description to identify the person to be arrested, then the warrant
is valid.
What are the principles governing the finding of probable cause for the issuance of
a warrant of arrest?
1.

When may a warrant of arrest be issued?

2.

By the RTC
1.
2.
3.

4.

Within 10 days from the filing of the complaint or information, the judge shall personally
evaluate the resolution of the prosecutor and its supporting evidence.
He may immediately dismiss the case if the evidence fails to establish probable cause.
If he finds probable cause, he shall issue a warrant of arrest or a commitment order if the
accused has already been arrested by virtue of a warrant issued by the MTC judge who
conducted the preliminary investigation or if he was arrested by virtue of a lawful arrest
without warrant.
In case of doubt on the existence of probable cause, the judge may order the prosecutor to
present additional evidence within 5 days from notice and the issue must be resolved
within 30 days from the filing of the complaint or information.

When the accused is already under detention issued by the MTC

When the accused was arrested by virtue of a lawful arrest without warrant
When the penalty is a fine only

3.

There is a distinction between the objective of determining probable cause by the

prosecutor and by the judge. The prosecutor determines it for the purpose of filing a
complaint or information, while the judge determines it for the purpose of issuing a
warrant of arrest whether there is a necessity of placing him under immediate custody in
order not to frustrate the ends of justice.
Since their objectives are different, the judge should not rely solely on the report of the
prosecutor in finding probable cause to justify the issuance of a warrant of arrest. The
judge must decide independently and must have supporting evidence other than the
prosecutors bare report.
It is not required that the complete or entire records of the case during the preliminary
investigation be submitted to and examined by the judge. He must have sufficient
supporting documents upon which to make his independent judgment.

How should the complaint or information be filed when the accused is lawfully
arrested without warrant?

By the MTC

The complaint or information may be filed by a prosecutor without need for a preliminary
investigation provided an inquest proceeding has been conducted in accordance with existing rules.
In the absence of an inquest prosecutor, the offended party or any peace officer may file the
complaint directly in court on the basis of the affidavit of the offended party or peace officer.

1.
2.

What is the remedy of the person arrested without warrant if he wants a

preliminary investigation?

3.

If the preliminary investigation was conducted by a prosecutor, same procedure as above

If the preliminary investigation was conducted by the MTC judge and his findings are
affirmed by the prosecutor, and the corresponding information is filed, he shall issue a
warrant of arrest.
However, without waiting for the conclusion of the investigation, he may issue a warrant
of arrest if he finds after:
a.
b.

an examination in writing and under oath of the complainant and his witnesses
in the form of searching questions and answers that probable cause exists AND
that there is a necessity of placing the accused under immediate custody in
order not to frustrate the ends of justice.

What are the kinds of offenses that may be filed with the MTC for preliminary
investigation?
1.
2.

Those which are cognizable by the RTC

Those cognizable by the MTC where the penalty is at least 4 years, 2 months, and 1 day
regardless of the fine

Before the complaint or information is filed, he may ask for one provided that he signs a waiver of
his rights under Article 125 of the RPC in the presence of counsel. He may still apply for bail in spite
of the waiver. The investigation must be terminated within 15 days.
After the complaint of information is filed but before arraignment, the accused may, within 5 days
from the time he learns of his filing, ask for a preliminary investigation.
What is an inquest?
An inquest is an informal and summary investigation conducted by a public prosecutor in a criminal
case involving persons arrested and detained without the benefit of a warrant of arrest issued by the
court for the purpose of determining whether said persons should remain under custody and
correspondingly charged in court.

13

What are the guidelines to safeguard the rights of an accused who has been arrested
without a warrant?
1.
2.

The arresting officer must bring the arrestee before the inquest fiscal to determine
whether the person should remain in custody and charged in court or if he should be
released for lack of evidence or for further investigation.
The custodial investigation report shall be reduced to writing, and it should be read and
adequately explained to the arrestee by his counsel in the language or dialect known to
him.

A peace officer or private person may arrest without warrant:

1.
2.
3.

What is the procedure in cases not requiring a preliminary investigation?

1.
2.

If filed with the prosecutor, the prosecutor shall act on the complaint based on the
affidavits and other supporting documents submitted by the complainant within 10 days
from its filing.
If filed with the MTC:
a.

b.
c.

If within 10 days from the filing of the complaint or information, the judge finds
no probable cause after personally examining the evidence in writing and under
oath of the complainant and his witnesses in the form of searching questions
and answers, he shall dismiss the complaint or information.
He may require the submission or additional evidence, within 10 days from
notice. If he still finds no probable cause, he shall dismiss the case.
If he finds probable cause, he shall issue a warrant of arrest or a commitment
order and hold him for trial. If he thinks that there is no necessity for placing
the accused under custody, he may issue summons instead.
RULE 113 ARREST

What is arrest?
Arrest is the taking of a person into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense.
How is an arrest made?
Arrest is made by an actual restraint of the person to be arrested or by his submission to the custody
of the person making the arrest.
What does it mean when jurisprudence says that the officer, in making the arrest,
must stand his ground?
It means that the officer may use such force as is reasonably necessary to effect the arrest.
What is the duty of the arresting officer who arrests a person?
He must deliver the person immediately to the nearest jail or police station.
Within what period must a warrant of arrest be served?
There is no time period. A warrant of arrest is valid until the arrest is effected or until it is lifted.
The head of the office to whom the warrant was delivered must cause it to be executed within 10
days from its receipt, and the officer to whom it is assigned for execution must make a report to the
judge who issued it within 10 days from the expiration of the period. If he fails to execute it, he
should state the reasons therefor.
When is an arrest without warrant lawful?

When in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or
is about to commit an offense;
When an offense has just been committed, and he has probable cause based on personal
knowledge of facts and circumstances that the person to be arrested has committed it; and
When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment
or place where he is serving final judgment or is temporarily confined while his case is
pending or has escaped while being transferred from one confinement to another.

A police officer was chasing a person who had just committed an offense. The
person went inside a house, so the police officer followed. Inside the house, the police
officer saw drugs lying around. Can he confiscate the drugs? Can he use them as
evidence?
Yes. The plain view doctrine is applicable in this case because there was a prior valid intrusion, the
police officer inadvertently discovered the evidence, he had a right to be there, and the evidence was
immediately apparent.
What if the officer merely peeks through the window of the house and sees the
drugs can he confiscate them? Can he use them as evidence?
He can confiscate them, without prejudice to his liability for violation of domicile. He cannot use
them as evidence because the seizure cannot be justified under the plain view doctrine, there being
no previous valid intrusion.
When should an arrest be made?
It can be made on any day and at any time of the day and night.
Can an officer arrest a person against whom a warrant has been issued even if he
does not have the warrant with him?
Yes, but after the arrest, if the person arrested requires, it must be shown to him as soon as
practicable.
SECTION 14 BAIL
What is bail?
Bail is the security given for the release of a person in custody of the law, furnished by him or a
bondsman, to guarantee his appearance before any court as required.
What are the forms of bail?
Bail may be in the form of:
1.
2.
3.
4.

corporate surety
property bond
cash deposit
recognizance

What is recognizance?

Recognizance is an obligation of record, entered into before a court or magistrate duly authorized to
take it, with the condition to do some particular act, the most usual condition in criminal cases being
the appearance of the accused for trial.

14

When is bail a matter of right and when is it a matter of discretion?

1.
2.
3.

In the MTC, it is a matter of right before or after conviction, regardless of the offense.

4.

In the RTC, it is a matter of right before conviction, except for offenses punishable by death,
reclusion perpetua, or life sentence and the evidence of guilt is strong, in which case it is
discretionary. After conviction, bail is a matter of discretion regardless of the offense. The
application for bail may be filed and acted upon by the trial court as long as the original record of the
case has not been transmitted to the appellate court. However, if the decision of the trial court
changed the nature of the offense from non-bailable to bailable, the application should be addressed
and resolved by the appellate court.
When can the prosecution move for the cancellation or denial of bail of the accused?
If the penalty imposed by the trial court is imprisonment greater than 6 years, the prosecution may
move for denial or cancellation of the bail of the accused, with notice to the accused, upon showing
of the following circumstances:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

That he is a recidivist, quasi-recidivist, habitual delinquent, or committed the offense with

the aggravating circumstance of reiteracion.
The he has previously escaped from legal confinement, evaded sentence, or violated the
conditions of his bail without valid justification.
That he committed the offense while on probation, parole or conditional pardon
That the circumstances of his case indicate the probability of flight if released on bail; or
That there is undue risk that he may commit another crime during the pendency of the
appeal.

When is a bail hearing necessary?

Bail hearing is mandatory when bail is a matter of discretion. It is incumbent upon the prosecution
to show that the evidence of guilt is strong. Even if the prosecution is absent or refuses to present
evidence, the court cannot grant bail without conducting a hearing. The court must first be
convinced that the evidence does not warrant the denial of bail.
What is required of the judge who denies an application for bail?
The order should contain a summary of the evidence presented and the reason for the denial,
otherwise it shall be void. This is in order to safeguard the constitutional right to presumption of
innocence and also because there is a need for clear grounds before a person can be denied of his
liberty.

Notify the prosecutor of the hearing or require him to submit his recommendation
Conduct a hearing
Decide whether the evidence of guilt is strong based on the summary of evidence of the
prosecution
If the guilt of the accused is not strong, discharge the accused upon the approval of the
bailbond. If evidence of guilt is strong, the petition should be denied.

What are the guidelines in setting the amount of bail?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Financial ability of the accused

Nature and circumstances of the offense
Penalty for the offense
Character and reputation of the accused
Age and health of the accused
Weight of evidence against the accused
Probability of the accused appearing at the trial
Forfeiture of other bail
The fact that he was a fugitive from the law when arrested
Pendency of other cases where the accused is on bail

Where should bail be filed?

It may be filed with the court where the case is pending. In the absence of the judge thereof, bail
may be filed with any RTC or MTC judge in the province, city, or municipality. If the accused is
arrested in a province, city, or municipality other than where the case is pending, bail may also be
filed with and RTC of said place, or if no judge is available, with any MTC judge therein.
But where bail is a matter of discretion or where the accused seeks to be released on recognizance,
bail may only be filed in the court where the case is pending.
Any person in custody who is not yet charged may apply for bail with any court in the province, city
or municipality where he is held.
What is the remedy of the accused if he is denied bail?
He should file a special civil action in the CA, not the SC within 60 days.
Does an application for bail bar the accused from questioning the validity or his
arrest, the validity of the warrant, or the manner of conducting the preliminary
investigation?
No, provided that he raises these questions before plea.

If there is a likelihood that the accused would jump bail, what should the court do?
1.
2.
3.

Increase the amount of bail

Require periodic reports of the accused to court
Warn him that the trial may proceed in absentia

What is a capital offense?

A capital offense is an offense which, under the law existing at the time of its commission and of the
application for admission to bail, may be punished with death.
What are the duties of the trial judge in case an application for bail is filed?

RULE 115 RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED

What are the rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

To be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved beyond reasonable doubt;

To be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him;
To be present and defend in person and by counsel at every stage of the proceedings, from
arraignment to promulgation of judgment;
To testify as a witness in his own behalf but subject to cross-examination on matters
covered by direct examination;
To be exempt from being compelled to be a witness against himself;

6.
7.
8.
9.

15

To confront and cross-examine the witnesses against him at the trial;

To have compulsory process issued to secure the attendance of witnesses and production
of other evidence in his behalf;
To have a speedy, impartial, and public trial;
To appeal in all cases allowed and in the manner prescribed by law.

Due Process

a.
b.
2.

What are the two aspects of the right to due process?

1.
2.

Substantive due process this refers to the intrinsic validity of the law
Procedural due process one that hears before it condemns, proceeds upon inquiry, and
renders judgment only after trial and based on the evidence presented therein.

Is it necessary to have trial-type proceedings in order to satisfy the requirement of

due process?
No. There is no need for trial-type proceedings in order to satisfy due process. What is important is
that there was an opportunity to be heard. Notice and hearing are the minimum requirements of
due process.
In general, what are the requirements of procedural due process?
1.
2.
3.
4.

There must be an impartial and competent court with judicial power to hear and
determine the matter before it;
Jurisdiction must be lawfully acquired over the person of the defendant or over the
property subject of the proceeding;
The defendant must be given an opportunity to be heard;
Judgment must be rendered upon lawful hearing.

In criminal cases, what are the requirements of procedural due process?

The requirements in criminal cases are more stringent. They are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The accused must have been heard by a court of competent jurisdiction;

He must have been proceeded against under orderly processes of the law;
He may be punished only after inquiry and investigation;
There must be notice to the accused;
The accused must be given an opportunity to be heard;
Judgment must be rendered within the authority of a constitutional law.

When an accountable public officer fails to account for funds or property that
should be in his custody, he is presumed to be guilty of malversation;
Persons in possession of recently stolen goods are presumed guilty of the
offense in connection with the goods.

Self-Defense One who invokes self-defense is presumed guilty. The burden of proving
the elements of self-defense (unlawful aggression, reasonable necessity of the means used
to prevent or repel it; lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the one defending
himself) belongs to the accused.

What is a reverse trial?

Usually, the prosecution presents its evidence to establish the guilt of the accused first. But a reverse
trial happens if the accused admits the killing but claims self-defense. He must first establish the
elements of self-defense in order to overturn the presumption that he was guilty of the offense.
Right to be present at the trial
What are the requisites of a valid trial in absentia?
1.
2.
3.

The accused has already been arraigned;

He has been duly notified of the trial
His failure to appear at the trial is unjustifiable.

Can the right to be present at the trial be waived?

Yes, except in the following situations, where the presence of the accused at the trial is required:
1.
2.
3.

Arraignment;
During promulgation of judgment, except if it is for a light offense;
When the presence of the accused at the trial is necessary for purposes of identification,
unless he admits beforehand that he is the same person charged.

Right to Counsel
Is there a difference between the right to counsel during custodial investigation and
the right to counsel during the trial?

Presumption of Innocence

Yes. In custodial investigation, the right to counsel can only be waived in writing AND with the
assistance of counsel. The counsel required in custodial investigation is competent and independent
counsel, preferably of his own (the suspects) choice.

What is the meaning of the right of presumption of innocence?

During the trial, the right to counsel means the right to effective counsel.

The right means that the presumption must be overcome by evidence of guilt beyond reasonable
doubt. Guilt beyond reasonable doubt means that there is moral certainty as to the guilt of the
accused. Conviction should be based on the strength of the prosecution and not on the weakness of
the defense. The significance of this is that accusation is not synonymous with guilt.

The requirement is stricter during custodial investigation because a trial is done in public, while
custodial investigation is not. The danger that confessions will be extracted against the will of the
defendant during custodial investigation does not really exist during trial.

What are the exceptions to the constitutional presumption of innocence?

During trial the purpose of counsel is not so much to protect him from being forced to confess but to
defend the accused.

1.

Presumptions If there is a reasonable connection between the fact presumed and the
fact ultimately proven from such fact
Examples:

Why is the right to counsel afforded during trial?

The right to counsel is embraced in the right to be heard.
When should the right to counsel be invoked?

16
The right to counsel may be invoked at any stage of the proceedings, even on appeal. However, it
can also be waived. The accused is deemed to have waived his right to counsel when he voluntarily
submits himself to the jurisdiction of the Court and proceeds with his defense.
But in US v. Escalante and People v. Nang Kay (p. 532 of Herrera Textbook), the Court held that the
defendant cannot raise the question of his right to have an attorney for the first time on appeal. If
the question is not raised in the trial court, the prosecution may go to trial. The question will not be
considered in the appellate court for the first time when the accused fails to raise it in the lower
court.
Is the duty of the court to appoint counsel-de-oficio mandatory at all times?
No. The duty to appoint counsel-do-oficio is mandatory only up to arraignment.
Does the mistake of counsel bind the client?

There are two reasons:

1.
2.

For humanitarian reasons: To prevent the State, with all its coercive powers, from
extracting testimony that may convict the accused.
For practical reasons: The accused is likely to commit perjury if he were compelled to
testify against himself.

Who may invoke the right against self-incrimination, and when can they invoke the
right?
1.
2.

An ordinary witness may invoke the right, but he may only do so as each incriminating
question is asked.
The accused himself may invoke the right, and unlike the ordinary witness, he may
altogether refuse to take the witness stand and refuse to answer any and all questions.

As a rule, the mistake of counsel binds the client. Therefore, the client cannot question a decision on
the ground that counsel was an idiot. However, an exception to this is if counsel misrepresents
himself as a lawyer, and he turns out to be a fake lawyer. In this case, the accused is entitled to a
new trial because his right to be represented by a member of the bar was violated. He was thus
denied of his right to counsel and to due process.

But, once the accused waives his right and chooses to testify in his own behalf, he may be
cross-examined on matters covered in his direct examination. He cannot refuse to answer
questions during cross-examination by claiming that the answer that he will give could
incriminate him for the crime with which he was charged.

Is the right to counsel absolute?

However, if the question during cross-examination relates to a crime different from that
with which he was charged, he can still invoke the right and refuse to answer.

No. The right of choice must be reasonably exercised. The accused cannot insist on counsel that he
cannot afford, one who is not a member of the bar, or one who declines for a valid reason, such as
conflict of interest. Also, the right of the accused to choose counsel is subject to the right of the state
to due process and to speedy and adequate justice.
When can the accused defend himself in person?
The accused can defend himself in person only if the court is convinced that he can properly protect
his rights even without the assistance of counsel.
Right to be a Witness on His Own Behalf

Can the accused or witness invoke the right against self-incrimination if he is asked
about past criminality?
It depends. If he can still be prosecuted for it, questions about past criminal liability are still covered
by the protection of the right against self-incrimination. But if he cannot be prosecuted for it
anymore, he cannot invoke the right.
What are the rights of the accused in the matter of testifying or producing evidence?
1.

What is the weight of the testimony of an accused who testifies on his own behalf
but refuses to be cross-examined?

a.
b.
c.

The testimony will not be given weight. It will not have probative value because the prosecution was
not given a chance to test the credibility of the testimony through cross-examination.
Right Against Self-Incrimination
What is the scope of the right against self-incrimination?
The right against self-incrimination covers testimonial compulsion only and the compulsion to
produce incriminating documents, papers, and chattels. It does not cover the compulsion to
produce real or physical evidence using the body of the accused.
Is there an exception to the right against self-incrimination?
The right cannot be invoked when the State has the right to inspect documents under its police
power, such as documents of corporations.
What is the rationale for protecting the right against self-incrimination?

Before the case is filed in Court but after he has been taken into custody or otherwise
deprived of his liberty

d.
2.

the right to be informed of

his right to remain silent and to counsel
the right not to be subjected to force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other
means which vitiate free will
the right to have evidence obtained in violation of these rights rejected

After the case is filed in court

a.
b.
c.
d.

to refuse to be a witness
not to have any prejudice whatsoever result to him by such refusal
to testify in his own behalf subject to cross-examination by the prosecution
while testifying, to refuse to answer a specific question which tends to
incriminate his for some crime other than that for which he is being
prosecuted.

What are immunity statutes?

The immunity statutes are classified into two use immunity statutes and transactional immunity
statutes.

Use immunity prohibits the use of a witness compelled testimony and its fruits in any
manner in connection with the criminal prosecution of the witness. (Therefore, the witness can still
be prosecuted, but the compelled testimony cannot be used against him.)
Transactional immunity grants immunity to the witness from prosecution for an offense to
which his compelled testimony relates. (Here, the witness cannot be prosecuted at all.) Examples
are state witnesses and those who furnish information about violations of the Internal Revenue
Code, even if they themselves offered bribes to the public official.

17
What is the right to compulsory process?
It is the right of the accused to have a subpoena and/or a subpoena duces tecum issued in his behalf
in order to compel the attendance of witnesses and the production of other evidence.
What happens if a witness refuses to testify when required?

What is the effect of the refusal of the accused to refuse to testify in his behalf?

The court should order the witness to give bail or even order his arrest, if necessary. Failure to obey
a subpoena amounts to contempt of court.

As a general rule, the silence of the accused should not prejudice him.

Right to Speedy, Public, and Impartial Trial

However, in the following cases, an unfavorable inference is drawn from the failure of the accused to
testify:

How should the trial be conducted?

1.
2.

If the prosecution has already established a prima facie case, the accused must present
proof to overturn the evidence of the prosecution.
If the defense of the accused is alibi and he does not testify, the inference is that the alibi is
not believable.

Is DNA testing covered by the right against self-incrimination?

No (recent SC ruling).
Right of Confrontation
What is the meaning of the right of confrontation?
It means that the accused can only be tried using those witnesses that meet him face to face at the
trial who give testimony in his presence, with the opportunity to cross-examine them.
What are the reasons for the right?
1.
2.

To allow the court to observe the demeanor of the witness while testifying.
To give the accused the opportunity to cross-examine the witness in order to test their
recollection and credibility.

Can the right of confrontation be waived?

Yes, it can be waived either expressly or impliedly. It is waived impliedly when an accused waives
his right to be present at the trial. The right of confrontation may also be waived by conduct
amounting to a renunciation of the right to cross-examine. When the party was given an
opportunity to confront and cross-examine an opposing witness but failed to take advantage of it for
reasons attributable to himself alone, he is deemed to have waived the right.
What happens to the testimony of a witness who dies or becomes unavailable?
It depends. If the other party had the opportunity to cross-examine the witness before he died or
became unavailable, the testimony may be used as evidence. However, if the other party did not
even have the opportunity to cross-examine before the subsequent death or unavailability of the
witness, the testimony will have no probative value. (An opportunity to cross-examine is all that
is necessary in order to allow the use of the testimony of the witness. There need not be an actual
cross-examination, as long as there was an opportunity to do so.)
Right to Compulsory Process

The trial should be speedy, public, and impartial.

What is the meaning of the right to speedy trial?
The right means that the trial should be conducted according to the law of criminal procedure and
the rules and regulations, free from vexations, capricious, and oppressive delays.
When should the arraignment and pre-trial be held?
According to the Speedy Trial Act and Circular 38-98, arraignment and pre-trial if the accused
pleads not guilty should be held within 30 days from the date the court acquires jurisdiction of the
person of the accused.
Within how many days should the trial be completed?
In no case shall the entire period exceed 180 days from the first day of trial, except as otherwise
authorized by the Court Administrator.
What is the remedy of an accused whose right to speedy trial is violated?
The accused has the following remedies:
1.
2.
3.
4.

File a motion to dismiss on the ground of violation of his right to speedy trial. (For
purposes of double jeopardy, this has the same effect as an acquittal.) This must be done
prior to trial, or else, it is deemed a waiver of the right to dismiss.
File for mandamus to compel a dismissal of the information.
If he is restrained of his liberty, file for habeas corpus.
Ask for the trial of the case.

What is the limitation on the right of an accused to a speedy trial?

The limitation is that the State should not be deprived of its day in court. The right of the State/the
prosecution to due process should be respected.
The prosecution and the complainant fail to attend the first hearing. The court
postpones the hearing to another date. Is there a violation of the right to speedy trial?
No. The right to speedy trial is violated when there are unjustified postponements of the trial, and a
long period of time is allowed to elapse without the case being tried for no justifiable reason.
What is the meaning of the right to a public trial?

18
It means that anyone interested in observing the manner that a judge conducts the proceedings in
his courtroom may do so.

4.
5.

reading it in the language or dialect known to him, and

asking him whether he pleads guilty or not guilty.

Why should a trial be conducted in public?

Can there be an arraignment without the presence of the accused?

The trial should be public in order to prevent abuses that may be committed by the court to the
prejudice of the defendant. Moreover, the accused is entitled to the moral support of his friends and
relatives.

No. The accused must be present at the arraignment and must personally enter his plea.

Is there an exception to the requirement of publicity?

If the accused refuses to plead or makes a conditional plea, a plea of not guilty shall be entered for
him.

Yes. The court may bar the public in certain cases, such as when the evidence to be presented may
be offensive to decency or public morals, or in rape cases, where the purpose of some persons in
attending is merely to ogle at the parties.

What is the effect of the refusal of the accused to enter a plea?

X is charged with homicide. He pleads guilty but presents evidence to establish selfdefense. What should the court do?

Is it okay to hold the trial in the chambers of the judge?

The court should withdraw the plea and enter a plea of not guilty.

Yes. There is no violation of the right to a public trial, since the public is not excluded from
attending the trial.

When should the arraignment be held?

In so-called trials by publicity, when can the publicity be considered prejudicial to

the accused?

The general rule is that the accused should be arraigned within 30 days from the date the court
acquires jurisdiction over the person of the accused. The time of the pendency of a motion to quash
or for a bill of particulars or other causes justifying suspension of the arraignment shall be excluded
in computing the period.

To warrant a finding of prejudicial publicity, there must be allegations and proof that the judges
have been unduly influenced, not simply that they might be, by the barrage of publicity.
Right to Appeal, When Allowed

However, in the following cases, the accused should be arraigned with a shorter period:
1.

Is the right to appeal a fundamental right?

No. The right to appeal is a statutory right, except in the case of the minimum appellate jurisdiction
of the Supreme Court granted by the Constitution. Anyone who seeks to exercise the right to appeal
must comply with the requirements of the rules.
Can the right to appeal be waived?

2.
3.

Where the complainant is about to depart from the Philippines with no definite date of
return, the accused should be arraigned without delay and his trial should commence
within 3 days from arraignment.
The trial of cases under the Child Abuse Act requires that the trial should be commenced
within 3 days from arraignment.
When the accused is under preventive detention, his case shall be raffled and its records
transmitted to the judge to whom the case was raffled within 3 days from the filing of the
information or complaint. The accused shall be arraigned within 10 days from the date of
the raffle.

Yes, it can be waived expressly or impliedly.

Can the lawyer of the accused enter a plea for him?

What is the effect of the flight of the accused on his right to appeal?

No. The accused must personally enter his plea.

When the accused flees after the case has been submitted to the court for decision, he will be deemed
to have waived his right to appeal from the judgment rendered against him.

What is the importance of arraignment?

RULE 116 ARRAIGNMENT AND PLEA

Where should the accused be arraigned?
The accused must be arraigned before the court where the complaint was filed or assigned for trial.
How is arraignment made?
Arraignment is made:
1.
2.
3.

in open court
by the judge or clerk
by furnishing the accused with a copy of the complaint or information

Arraignment is the means for bringing the accused into court and informing him of the nature and
cause of the accusation against him. During arraignment, he is made fully aware of possible loss of
freedom or life. He is informed why the prosecuting arm of the State is mobilized against him. It is
necessary in order to fix the identity of the accused, to inform him of the charge, and to give him an
opportunity to plead.
During the arraignment, is the judge duty-bound to point out that an information is
duplicitous?
No. The judge has no obligation to point out the duplicitousness or any other defect in an
information during arraignment. The obligation to move to quash a defective information belongs
to the accused, whose failure to do so constitutes a waiver of the right to object.

19

X was tried for murder without having been arraigned. At the trial, Xs counsel
presented witnesses and cross-examined the prosecution witnesses. It was only after
the case was submitted for decision that X was arraigned. X was convicted. Can X
invoke the failure of the court to arraign him before trial as a ground for questioning
the conviction?

After arraignment BUT BEFORE TRIAL, the accused may still be allowed to plead guilty to a lesser
offense, after he withdraws his plea of not guilty. In such a case, the complaint or information need
not be amended.

No. The failure of the court to arraign X before trial was conducted did not prejudice the rights of X
since he was able to present evidence and cross-examine the witnesses of the prosecution. The error
was cured by the subsequent arraignment.

When the penalty imposable for the offense is at least 6 years and 1 day or a fine exceeding P12,000,
the prosecutor must first submit his recommendation to the City or Provincial Prosecutor or to the
Chief State Prosecutor for approval. If the recommendation is approved, the trial prosecutor may
then consent to the plea of guilty to a lesser offense.

Is the accused presumed to have been arraigned in the absence of proof to the
contrary?

What should the court do when the accused pleads guilty to a capital offense?

Yes. In view of the presumption of regularity in the performance of official duties, it can be
presumed that a person accused of a crime was arraigned, in the absence of proof to the contrary.
However, the presumption of regularity is not applied when the penalty imposed is death. When the
life of a person is at stake, the court cannot presume that there was an arraignment; it has to be sure
that there was one.
Is the accused entitled to know in advance the names of all of the prosecution
witnesses?
No. The success of the prosecution might be endangered if this right were granted to the accused.
The witnesses might be subjected to pressure or coercion. The right time for the accused to know
their identities is when they take the witness stand.
Can the prosecution call witnesses that are not listed in the information?
Yes. The prosecution may call at the trial witnesses other than those named in the complaint or
information.

The court should:

1.
2.
3.

conduct a searching inquiry into the voluntariness and full comprehension of the
consequences of the plea.
require the prosecution to present evidence to prove the guilt and the precise degree of
culpability of the accused for the purpose of imposing the proper penalty.
ask the accused if he desires to present evidence in his behalf and allow him to do so if he
desires.

Does a plea of guilty mean an admission even of the aggravating circumstances?

Yes. A plea of guilty results in the admission of all the material facts in the complaint or
information, including the aggravating circumstances. Because of this, the court should only accept
a clear, definite, and unconditional plea of guilty.
When can the plea of guilty be considered a mitigating circumstance?
It is mitigating if made before the prosecution starts to present evidence.

X was charged with homicide. He entered a plea of guilty. He was later allowed to
testify in order to prove the mitigating circumstance of incomplete self-defense. At the
trial, he presented evidence to prove that he acted in complete self-defense. The court
acquitted him. Later, X was again charged with physical injuries. X invoked double
jeopardy. Can X be prosecuted again for physical injuries?
Yes. There was no double jeopardy. In order for double jeopardy to attach, there must have been a
valid plea to the first offense. In this case, the presentation by X of evidence to prove complete selfdefense had the effect of vacating his plea of guilt. When the plea of guilt was vacated, the court
should have ordered him to plead again, or at least should have directed that a new plea of not guilty
be entered for him. Because the court did not do this, at the time of the acquittal, there was actually
no standing plea for X. Since there was no valid plea, there can be no double jeopardy.

What is the meaning of the duty of the judge to conduct a searching inquiry?

Can a person who pleaded guilty still be acquitted?

Yes. It is mandatory in order to establish the precise degree of culpability and the imposable
penalty. Otherwise, there is an improvident plea of guilty.

Yes. When an accused pleads guilty, it does not necessarily follow that he will be convicted.
Additional evidence independent of the guilty plea may be considered by the judge to ensure that the
plea of guilt was intelligently made. The totality of evidence should determine whether the accused
should be convicted or acquitted.
When can the accused plead guilty to a lesser offense?
At arraignment, the accused may plead guilty to a lesser offense which is necessarily included in the
offense charged, provided that the offended party and the prosecutor give their consent.

In all cases, the judge must convince himself: (1) that the accused is entering the plea of guilty
voluntarily and intelligently; and (2) that he is truly guilty and that there exists a rational basis for a
finding of guilt based on his testimony.
In addition, the judge must inform the accused of the exact length of imprisonment and the certainty
that he will serve it at the national penitentiary or a penal colony. The judge must dispel any false
notion that the accused may have that he will get off lightly because of his plea of guilt.
Is it mandatory for the prosecution to present proof of aggravating circumstances?

Can a court validly convict an accused based on an improvident plea of guilty?

Yes. If there is adequate evidence of the guilt of the accused independent of the improvident plea of
guilty, the court may still convict the accused. The conviction will be set aside only if the plea of guilt
is the sole basis of the judgment.
What should the court do when the accused pleads guilty to a non-capital offense?
The court may receive evidence from the parties to determine the penalty to be imposed. Unlike in a
plea of guilty to a capital offense, the reception of evidence in this case is not mandatory. It is merely
discretionary on the court.

20
When can the validity of a plea of guilty be attacked?
Generally, a plea of guilty cannot be attacked if it is made voluntarily and intelligently. It can only be
attacked if it was induced by threats, misrepresentation, or bribes. When the consensual character
of the plea is called into question or when it is shown that the defendant was not fully apprised of its
consequences, the plea can be challenged.
Can an improvident plea of guilty be withdrawn as a matter of right?
No. The withdrawal of the plea of guilty is not a matter of strict right to the accused but is within the
discretion of the court. The reason for this is that trial has already commenced; withdrawal of the
plea will change the theory of the case and will put all of the past proceedings to waste. Therefore, it
may only be withdrawn with permission of the court.
Moreover, there is a presumption that the plea was made voluntarily. The court must decide
whether the consent of the accused was, in fact, vitiated when he entered his plea.
X is charged with homicide.
sinasadya. Is his plea valid?

He pleads guilty, but tells the judge hindi ko

2.

who by reason of their experience and ability, can competently defend the accused.

But, in localities where such members of the bar are not available, the court may appoint any person
who is:
1.
2.

a resident of the province

and of good repute for probity and ability to defend the accused.

What is the difference between the duty of the court to appoint counsel de oficio
during arraignment and during trial?
During arraignment, the court has the affirmative duty to inform the accused of his right to counsel
and to provide him with one in case he cannot afford it. The court must act on its own volition,
unless the right is waived by the accused.
On the other hand, during trial, it is the accused who must assert his right to counsel. The court will
not act unless the accused invokes his rights.
Can a non-lawyer represent the accused during arraignment?

No. In order to be valid, the plea of guilty must be unconditional. In this case, when X said hindi
ko sinasadya, he made a qualified plea of guilty. This is not a valid plea of guilty. A plea of not
guilty should be entered instead.

No. During arraignment, it is the obligation of the court to ensure that the accused is represented by
a lawyer because it is the first time when the accused is informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation against him. This is a task which only a lawyer can do.

When a defendant appears without an attorney during arraignment, what should

the court do?

But during trial, there is no such duty. The accused must ask for a lawyer, or else, the right is
deemed waived. He can even defend himself personally.

The court has a four-fold duty:

May an accused be validly represented by a non-lawyer at the trial?

1.
2.
3.
4.

It must inform the defendant that he has a right to an attorney before being arraigned;
After informing him, the court must ask the defendant if he desires to have the aid of an
attorney;
If he desires and is unable to employ an attorney, the court must assign an attorney de
oficio to defend him;
If the accused desires to procure an attorney of his own, the court must grant him a
reasonable time therefor.

What is the reason for this four-fold duty?

The right to be heard would be of little avail if it does not include the right to be heard by counsel.

If the accused knowingly engaged the services of the non-lawyer, he is bound by the non-lawyers
actions. But if he did not know that he was being represented by a non-lawyer, the judgment is void
because of the misrepresentation.
What are the duties of the pubic attorney if the accused assigned to him is
imprisoned?
1.
2.

What is the effect of the failure of the court to comply with these duties?
It is a violation of due process.

3.

What is a counsel de oficio?

4.

Counsel de oficio is counsel appointed by the court to represent and defend the accused in case he
cannot afford to employ one himself.
Who can be appointed as counsel de oficio?
The court, considering the gravity of the offense and the difficulty of the questions that may arise
shall appoint as counsel de oficio:
1.

such members of the bar in good standing

He shall promptly undertake to obtain the presence of the prisoner for trial, or cause a
notice to be served on the person having custody of the prisoner, requiring such person to
advise the prisoner of his right to demand trial.
Upon receipt of that notice, the person having custody of the prisoner shall promptly
advise the prisoner of the charge and of his right to demand trial. It at anytime thereafter,
the prisoner informs his custodian that he demands such trial, the latter shall cause notice
to that effect to be sent promptly to the public attorney.
Upon receipt of such notice, the public attorney shall promptly seek to obtain the presence
of the prisoner for trial.
When the person having custody of the prisoner receives from the public attorney a
properly supported request for the availability of the prisoner for purposes of the trial, the
prisoner shall be made available accordingly.

What is a bill of particulars?

It is a more specific allegation. A defendant in a criminal case who believes or feels that he is not
sufficiently informed of the crime with which he is charged and not in a position to defend himself
properly and adequately could move for a bill or particulars or specifications.
What is the purpose of a bill of particulars?

21
It is to allow the accused to prepare for his defense.
When can the accused move for a bill of particulars?
The accused must move for a bill of particulars before arraignment. Otherwise, the right is deemed
waived.
What should be contained in the motion for a bill or particulars?
It should specify the alleged defects of the complaint or information and the details desired.
What is the right to modes of discovery?
It is the right of the accused to move for the production or inspection or material evidence in the
possession of the prosecution. It authorizes the defense to inspect, copy, or photograph any
evidence of the prosecution in its possession after obtaining permission of the court.
What is the purpose of this right?
The purpose is to prevent surprise to the accused and the suppression or alteration of evidence.
Is this right available during preliminary investigation?
Yes, when indispensable to protect his constitutional right to life, liberty, and property. (Webb v. de
Leon)
What are the grounds for suspending arraignment?
1.
2.
3.

If the accused appears to be suffering from an unsound mental condition, which renders
him unable to fully understand the charge against him and to plead intelligently thereto.
The court should order his mental examination and his confinement, if necessary.
If there exists a prejudicial question.
If a petition for review of the resolution of the prosecutor is pending either at the DOJ or
the Office of the President. However, the period of suspension shall not exceed 60 days
counted from the filing of the petition for review.

What is the test to determine whether the insanity of the accused should warrant
the suspension of the proceedings?
The test is whether the accused will have a fair trial with the assistance of counsel, in spite of his
insanity. Not every aberration of the mind or exhibition of mental deficiency is sufficient to justify
suspension.
RULE 117 MOTION TO QUASH
When can the accused file a motion to quash?
At any time before entering his plea, the accused may move to quash the complaint or information.
What is the form required for a motion to quash?
1.
2.
3.

It must be in writing.
It must be signed by the accused or his counsel.
It must specify its factual and legal grounds.

Can the court dismiss the case based on grounds that are not alleged in the motion
to quash?
As a general rule, no. The court cannot consider any ground other than those stated in the motion to
quash. The exception is lack of jurisdiction over the offense charged. If this is the ground for
dismissing the case, it need not be alleged in the motion to quash since it goes into the very
competence of the court to pass upon the case.
What are the grounds that the accused may invoke to quash a complaint or
information?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

That the facts charged do not constitute an offense;

That the court trying the case has no jurisdiction over the offense charged;
That the court trying the case has no jurisdiction over the person of the accused;
That the officer who filed the information had no authority to do so;
That it does not conform substantially to the prescribed form;
That more than one offense is charged except when a single punishment for various
offenses is prescribed by law (duplicitous);
That the criminal action or liability has been extinguished;
That it contains averments which, if true, would constitute a legal excuse or justification;
That the accused has been previously convicted or acquitted of the offense charged, or the
case against him was dismissed or otherwise terminated without his express consent.
(double jeopardy)

X filed a motion to quash an information on the ground that he was in the US when
the crime charged was committed. Should the motion be granted?
The motion should be denied. The accused is already making a defense. Matters of defense are
generally not a ground for a motion to quash. They should be presented at the trial.
What is meant by the statement that a motion to quash hypothetically admits
allegations of fact in the information?
It means that the accused argues that assuming that the facts charged are true, the information
should still be dismissed based on the ground invoked by the defendant. Therefore, since the
defendant assumes that the facts in the information are true, only these facts should be taken into
account when the court resolves the motion to quash. Other facts, such as matters of defense, which
are not in the information should not be considered. Exceptions to this rule are when the grounds
invoked to quash the information are extinction of criminal liability, prescription, and former
jeopardy. In these cases, additional facts are allowed.
Can the accused move to quash on the ground that he was denied due process?
No. Denial of due process is not one of the grounds for a motion to quash.
X filed a motion to quash on the following grounds: that the court lacked
jurisdiction over the person of the accused and that the complaint charged more than
one offense. Can the court grant the motion on the ground of lack of jurisdiction over
the person of the accused?
No. A motion to quash on the ground of lack of jurisdiction over the person of the accused must be
based only on this ground. If other grounds are included, there is a waiver, and the accused is
deemed to have submitted himself to the jurisdiction of the court.
What is the effect of an information that was signed by an unauthorized person?

It is a VALID information signed by a competent officer which, among other requisites, confers
jurisdiction over the person of the accused and the subject matter of the accusation. Thus, an
infirmity in the information such as lack of authority of the officer signing it cannot be cured by
silence, acquiescence, express consent, or even amendment.
What happens if the defendant enters his plea before filing a motion to quash?

22
CONCURRENCE
CONGRESS

OF

ACCEPTANCE

Beneficiary need not accept

JUDICIAL NOTICE

Courts take judicial notice

because it is a public act

EFFECT

Abolishes the offense (looks

backward)

By entering his plea before filing the motion to quash, the defendant waives FORMAL objections to
the complaint or information.
But if the ground for the motion is any of the following, there is no waiver. The ground may be
raised at any stage of the proceeding:
1.
2.
3.
4.

failure to charge an offense

lack of jurisdiction over the offense
extinction of criminal liability
double jeopardy

WHEN
IT
GRANTED

death of the convict, and as to pecuniary penalties, liability therefor is extinguished only
when the death of the offender occurs before final judgment;
service of sentence;
amnesty;
absolute pardon;
prescription of the crime;
prescription of the penalty;
marriage of the offended woman, as provided in Article 344 of the RPC.

X and Y were charged with adultery. While the case was being tried, X died. What
happens to the criminal liability of X and Y?
The criminal liability of X is extinguished. The criminal liability of Y subsists. The death of one of
several accused will not be a cause for dismissal of the criminal action as against the other accused.
What is the effect of the death of the offended party on the criminal liability of the
accused?
Where the offense charged in a criminal complaint or information is one against the state, involving
peace and order, the death of the offended party before final conviction of the defendant will not
abate the prosecution. Neither does the death of the offended party in private crimes abate the
prosecution.
What are the means by which criminal liability is partially extinguished?
1.
2.
3.

BENEFICIARY

Classes of persons

What is the effect of pardon by the offended party upon criminal liability?
As a general rule, pardon by the offended party does not extinguish criminal liability. Only civil
liability is extinguished by express waiver of the offended party.
However, pardon granted before the institution of the criminal proceedings in cases of adultery,
concubinage, seduction, abduction, and acts of lasciviousness shall extinguish criminal liability.
What is the effect of marriage of the offender with the offended party in private
crimes?
It shall extinguish the criminal action or remit the penalty already imposed. This applies even to coprincipals, accomplices, and accessories.
However, where multiple rape is committed, marriage of the offended party with one defendant
extinguishes the latters liability and that of his accessories or accomplices for a single crime of rape
cannot extend to the other acts of rape.
If the offender in rape is the legal husband of the offended party, how can the
husbands criminal liability be extinguished?
The subsequent forgiveness by the wife shall extinguish the criminal action or the penalty. But the
penalty shall not be abated if the marriage is void ab initio.

This is meant to exhort the prosecution not to delay; otherwise, they will lose the right to prosecute.
It is also meant to secure the best evidence that can be obtained.
What are the prescriptive periods of crimes?

What are the distinctions between pardon and amnesty?

TYPE OF OFFENSE

Before or after prosecution

Why is prescription a ground for a motion to quash?

Conditional pardon
Commutation of sentence
For good conduct, allowances which the culprit may earn while he is serving his sentence

AMNESTY
Political offenses

BE

Absolute pardon blots out the crime. It removes all disabilities resulting from the conviction, such as
the political rights of the accused.

Under Article 89 of the RPC, criminal liability is extinguished by:

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

MAY

Not necessary
Need for distinct acts of
acceptance on the part of the
pardonee
Courts do not take judicial
notice because it is a private
act
of
the
President.
Therefore, it must be proved in
court.
Relieves the offender from the
consequences of the offense
(looks forward)
Only after conviction by final
judgment

What is the effect of absolute pardon upon criminal liability?

How is criminal liability extinguished?

1.

Necessary

PARDON
Infractions of the
(common crimes)
An individual

peace

OFFENSE
Punishable by death, reclusion perpetua, or
reclusion temporal
Punishable by other afflictive penalties

PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD
20 years
10 years

23
Punishable by arresto mayor
Libel or other similar offenses
Oral defamation and slander by deed
Light offenses

5 years
2 years
6 months
2 months

Can the accused still raise prescription as a defense even after conviction? Can the
defense of prescription be waived?
The accused can still raise prescription as a defense even after conviction. The defense cannot be
waived. This is because the criminal action is totally extinguished by the expiration of the
prescriptive period. The State thereby loses or waives its right to prosecute and punish it.
What is the proper action of the court when the accused raises the defense of
prescription?
The proper action for the court is to exercise its jurisdiction and to decide the case upon the merits,
holding the action to have prescribed and absolving the defendant. The court should not inhibit
itself because it does not lose jurisdiction over the subject matter or the person of the accused by
prescription.

The accused cannot appeal an order overruling his motion to quash. This is because an order
denying a motion to quash is interlocutory; it does not dispose of the case upon its merits. The
accused should go to trial and raise it as an error on appeal later.
What are the two kinds of jeopardy?
1.

No person shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.

2.

When an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either
shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.

What are the requisites for the accused to raise the defense of double jeopardy?
To raise the defense of double jeopardy, the following requisites must be present:
1.
2.
3.

What is the effect of prescription of the offense on the civil liability of the accused?
The extinction of the penal action does not carry with it the extinction of the civil action to enforce
civil liability arising from the offense charged, unless the extinction proceeds from a declaration in a
final judgment that the fact from which the civil liability might arise did not exist.
What should the court do if the accused moves to quash the complaint or
information on grounds that can be cured by amendment (ex: duplicitous)?
The court should order that the amendment be made.
What should the court do if the accused moves to quash on the ground that the facts
charged do not constitute an offense?

a first jeopardy must have attached prior to the second;

the first jeopardy must have been validly terminated;
the second jeopardy must be for the same offense or the second offense includes or
is necessarily included in the offense charged in the first information, or is an
attempt or a frustration thereof.

What are the requisites for the first jeopardy to attach?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Valid complaint or information

Court of competent jurisdiction
Arraignment
Valid plea
The defendant was acquitted, convicted, or the case was dismissed without his express
consent.

A crime was committed in Makati. The case was filed in Pasay. When the
prosecution realized that the complaint should have been filed in Makati, it filed the
case in Makati. Can the accused invoke double jeopardy?

The court should give the prosecution the opportunity to correct the defect by amendment. If the
prosecution fails to make the amendment, or if, after it makes the amendment, the complaint or
information still suffers from the same defect, the court should grant/sustain the motion to quash.

No. The court in Pasay had no jurisdiction; therefore, the accused was in no danger of being placed
in jeopardy. The first jeopardy did not validly attach.

What is the effect if a motion to quash is sustained?

For purposes of double jeopardy, when is a complaint or information valid?

The court may order that another complaint or information be filed against the accused for the same
offense, except if the ground for sustaining the motion to quash is either:

A complaint or information is valid if it can support a judgment of conviction. It the complaint or

information is not valid, it would violate the right of the accused to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation against him. If he is convicted under this complaint or information, the
conviction is null and void. If the conviction is null and void, there can be no first jeopardy.

1.
2.

extinguishment of the criminal liability of the accused, or

double jeopardy.

The grant of a motion to quash on these two grounds is a bar to another prosecution for the same
offense.

X was charged with qualified theft. X moved to dismiss on the ground of

insufficiency of the information. The case was dismissed. Subsequently, the
prosecution filed a corrected information. Can X plead double jeopardy?

If the order is made, the accused, if in custody, shall not be discharged unless admitted to bail.

No. The first jeopardy did not attach because the first information was not valid.

If no order is made, or if no new information was filed within the time specified by the court, the
accused, if in custody, shall be discharged.

X was charged with theft. During the trial, the prosecution was able to prove estafa.
X was acquitted of theft. Can X be prosecuted for estafa later without placing him in
double jeopardy?

What is the remedy of the accused if the court denies his motion to quash?

Yes. For jeopardy to attach, the basis is the crime charged in the complaint or information, and not
the one proved at the trial. In this case, the crime charged in the first information was theft. X was

therefore placed in jeopardy of being convicted of theft. Since estafa is not an offense which is
included or necessarily includes theft, X can still be prosecuted for estafa without placing him in
double jeopardy.
The estafa case against X was dismissed, but the dismissal contained a reservation
of the right to file another action. Can another estafa case be filed against X without
placing him in double jeopardy?
Yes. To raise the defense of double jeopardy, the firs jeopardy must have been validly terminated.
This means that there must have been either a conviction or an acquittal, or an unconditional
dismissal of the case. A provisional dismissal, such as this one, does not validly terminate the first
jeopardy.
Note, however, that in the second kind of jeopardy (one act punished by a law and an ordinance), the
first jeopardy can only be terminated either by conviction or acquittal, and not by dismissal of the
case without the express consent of the accused.
X was charged with theft. On the day of the trial, the prosecution could not go to
trial because important witnesses were unable to appear. Counsel for the accused
moved to dismiss the case. The court dismissed the case provisionally. Subsequently,
X was charged with theft again. Can X invoke double jeopardy?
No. The case was dismissed upon motion of counsel for the accused, so it was not dismissed without
his express consent. Moreover, the dismissal was only provisional, which is not a valid termination
of the first jeopardy. In order to validly terminate the first jeopardy, the dismissal must have been
unconditional.
X was charged with slight physical injuries. On his motion, the case was dismissed
during the trial. Another case for assault upon a person in authority was filed against
him. Can X invoke double jeopardy?
No. The first jeopardy was not terminated through either conviction, acquittal, or dismissal without
the express consent of X. The first case was dismissed upon motion of X himself. Therefore, he
cannot invoke double jeopardy.
X was charged with theft. During trial, the evidence showed that the offense
committed was actually estafa. What should the judge do?
The judge should order the substitution of the complaint for theft with a new one charging estafa.
Upon filing of the substituted complaint, the judge should dismiss the original complaint.
If it appears at any time before judgment that a mistake has been made in charging the proper
offense, the court shall dismiss the original complaint or information upon the filing of a new one
charging the proper offense.
What are the requisites for a valid substitution of a complaint or information?
1.
2.
3.

No judgment has been rendered;

The accused cannot be convicted of the offense charged or any other offense necessarily
included in the offense charged;
The accused will not be placed in double jeopardy.

X was charged with homicide. On the first day of trial, the prosecution failed to
appear. The court dismissed the case on the ground of violation of the right of the
accused to speedy trial. X was later charged with murder. Can X invoke double
jeopardy?

24
No. The first jeopardy was not validly terminated. The judge who dismissed the case on the ground
of violation of the right of X to speedy trial committed grave abuse of discretion in dismissing the
case after the prosecution failed to appear once. This is not a valid dismissal because it deprives the
prosecution of due process. When the judge gravely abuses his discretion in dismissing a case, the
dismissal is not valid. Therefore, X cannot invoke double jeopardy.
Distinguish between dismissal and acquittal.
Acquittal is always based on the merits. The accused is acquitted because the evidence does not
show his guilt beyond reasonable doubt. Dismissal does not decide the case on the merits, nor does
it determine that the accused is not guilty. Dismissals terminate the proceedings, either because the
court is not a court of competent jurisdiction or the evidence does not show that the offense was
committed within the territorial jurisdiction of the court, or the complaint or information is not valid
or sufficient in form and substance.
When is a dismissal of the case, even with the express consent of the accused,
equivalent to an acquittal, which would constitute a bar to a second jeopardy? When
is it not a bar to a second jeopardy?
A dismissal upon motion of the accused or his counsel negates the application of double jeopardy
because the motion of the accused amounts to express consent, EXCEPT:
1.
2.

if the ground is insufficiency of evidence of the prosecution (demurrer to evidence), or

denial of the right to speedy trial.

In these two cases, even upon motion of the accused, the dismissal amounts to an acquittal and
would bar a second jeopardy.
But if the accused moves to dismiss on the following grounds, he can still be prosecuted for the same
offense because he is deemed to have waived his right against a second jeopardy:
1.
2.

Lack of jurisdiction (Why? Because if you move to dismiss on the ground of lack of
jurisdiction, it means that you could not have been validly convicted by that court. You
are later estopped from claiming that you were in danger of conviction).
Insufficiency of complaint or information (Same reason. You could not have been validly
convicted under that defective information, so you are estopped from claiming that there
was a first jeopardy).

When will dismissal or termination of the first case not bar a second jeopardy?
The conditions when dismissal or termination will not place the accused in double jeopardy are:
1.
2.

The dismissal must be sought by the defendant personally or through his counsel; and
Such dismissal must not be on the merits and must not necessarily amount to an acquittal.

Before the prosecution could finish presenting its evidence, the accused filed a
demurrer to evidence. The court granted the motion and dismissed the case on the
ground of insufficiency of evidence of the prosecution. Can the accused be prosecuted
for the same offense again?
Yes. There was no double jeopardy because the court exceeded its jurisdiction in dismissing the case
even before the prosecution could finish presenting evidence. It denied the prosecution of its right
to due process. Because of this, the dismissal is null and void and cannot constitute a proper basis
for a claim of double jeopardy.

25

The prosecutor filed an information against X for homicide. Before X could be

arraigned, the prosecutor withdrew the information, without notice to X. The
prosecutor then filed an information against X for murder. Can X invoke double
jeopardy?

X was charged with rape. X moved to dismiss on the ground that the complaint was
insufficient because it did not allege lewd designs. The court dismissed the case.
Later, another case for rape was filed against X. Can X invoke double jeopardy?

No. X has not yet been arraigned under the first information. Therefore, the first jeopardy did not
attach. A nolle prosequi or dismissal entered before the accused is placed on trial and before he
pleads is not equivalent to an acquittal and does not bar a subsequent prosecution for the same
offense.

No. Like the previous problem, X is estopped from claiming that he could have been convicted
under the first complaint. He himself moved to dismiss on the ground that the complaint was
insufficient. He cannot change his position and now claim that he was in danger of being convicted
under that complaint.

If the accused fails to object to the motion to dismiss the case filed by the
prosecution, is he deemed to have consented to the dismissal? Can he still invoke
double jeopardy?

X was charged with murder, along with three other people. X was discharged as a
state witness. Can X be prosecuted again for the same offense?

No. Silence does not mean consent to the dismissal. If the accused fails to object or acquiesces to
the dismissal of the case, he can still invoke double jeopardy, since the dismissal was still without his
express consent. He is deemed to have waived his right against double jeopardy if he expressly
consents to the dismissal.
X was charged with murder. The prosecution moved to dismiss the case. Counsel
for X wrote the words No objection at the bottom of the motion to dismiss and
signed it. Can X invoke double jeopardy later on?
No. X is deemed to have expressly consented to the dismissal of the case when his counsel wrote
No objection at the bottom of the motion to dismiss. Since the case was dismissed with his express
consent, X cannot invoke double jeopardy.
X was charged with murder. After the prosecution presented its evidence, X filed a
motion to dismiss on the ground that the prosecution failed to prove that the crime
was committed within the territorial jurisdiction of the court. The court dismissed the
case. The prosecution appealed. Can X invoke double jeopardy?
No. X cannot invoke double jeopardy. The dismissal was upon his own motion, so it was with his
express consent. Since the dismissal was with his express consent, he is deemed to have waived his
right against double jeopardy. The only time when a dismissal, even upon motion of the accuse, will
bar a second jeopardy is if it is based either on insufficiency of evidence or denial of the right of the
accused to speedy trial. These are not the grounds invoked by X, so he cannot claim double
jeopardy.
X was charged with homicide. X moved to dismiss on the ground that the court had
no jurisdiction. Believing that it had no jurisdiction, the judge dismissed the case.
Since the court, in fact, had jurisdiction over the case, the prosecution filed another
case in the same court. Can X invoke double jeopardy?
No. X is estopped from claiming that he was in danger of being convicted during the first case, since
he had himself earlier alleged that the court had no jurisdiction.
X was charged with homicide. The court, believing that it had no jurisdiction, motu
propio dismissed the case. The prosecution appealed, claiming that the court, in fact,
had jurisdiction. Can X invoke double jeopardy?
Yes. When the trial court has jurisdiction but mistakenly dismisses the complaint or information on
the ground of lack of it, and the dismissal was not at the request of the accused, the dismissal is not
appealable because it will place the accused in double jeopardy.

It depends. As a general rule, an order discharging an accused as a state witness amounts to an

acquittal, and he is barred from being prosecuted again for the same offense. However, if he fails or
refuses to testify against his co-accused in accordance with his sworn statement constituting the
basis for the discharge, he can be prosecuted again.
Can a person accused of estafa be charged with violation of BP22 without placing
him in double jeopardy?
Yes. Where two different laws define two crimes, prior jeopardy as to one of the is no obstacle to a
prosecution of the other although both offenses arise from the same facts, if each crime involves
some important act which is not an essential element of the other. Other examples: Illegal
recruitment and estafa, illegal fishing and illegal possession of explosives, alarm and scandal and
illegal discharge of firearms, brigandage and illegal possession of firearms, consented abduction and
qualified seduction.
But take note of the following:
Possession of a shotgun and a revolver by the same person at the same time is only one act of
possession, so there is only one violation of the law.
Conviction for smoking opium bars prosecution for illegal possession of the pipe. He cannot smoke
the opium without the pipe.
Theft of 13 cows at the same time and in the same place is only one act of theft.
Conviction for less serious physical injuries bars prosecution for assault upon a person in authority.
Reckless imprudence resulting in damage to property and serious or less serious physical injuries is
only one offense. If it is slight physical injuries, it can be broken down into two offenses, since a light
offense cannot be complexed.
X installed a jumper cable which allowed him to reduce his electricity bill. He was
prosecuted for violating a municipal ordinance against unauthorized installation of
the device. He was convicted. Can he still be prosecuted for theft?
No. Under the second type of jeopardy, when an act is punished by a law and an ordinance,
conviction or acquittal under once will bar a prosecution under the other. ( But remember, that
there has to be either conviction or acquittal. Dismissal without the express consent of the accused
is not sufficient).
What are the exceptions to double jeopardy? When can the accused be charged with
a second offense which necessarily includes the offense charged in the former
complaint or information?

The conviction of the accused shall not be a bar to another prosecution for an offense which
necessarily includes the offense charged in the former complaint or information under any of the
following circumstances:
1.
2.
3.

the graver offense developed due to supervening facts arising from the same act or
omission constituting the former charge;
the facts constituting the graver charge became known or were discovered only
after a plea was entered in the former complaint or information;
the plea of guilty to the lesser offense was made without the consent of the
prosecutor and the offended party except if the offended party fails to appear at the
arraignment.

What is the doctrine of supervening fact?

If, after the first prosecution, a new fact supervenes on which the defendant may be held liable,
altering the character of the crime and giving rise to a new and distinct offense, the accused cannot
be said to be in second jeopardy if indicted for the new offense.
X was charged with frustrated homicide. There was nothing to indicated that the
victim was going to die. X was arraigned. Before trial, the victim dies. Can X be
charged with homicide?
It depends. If the death of the victim can be traced to the acts of X, and the victim did not contribute
to his death with his negligence, X can be charged with homicide. This is a supervening fact. But if
the act of X was not the proximate cause of death, he cannot be charged with homicide.
X was charged with reckless imprudence resulting in homicide and was acquitted.
The heirs of the victim appealed the civil aspect of the judgment. X claims that the
appeal will place him in double jeopardy. Is X correct?
No. There was no second jeopardy. What was elevated on appeal was the civil aspect of the case, not
the criminal aspect. The extinction of criminal liability whether by prescription or by the bar of
double jeopardy does not carry with it the extinction of civil liability arising from the offense
charged.
X was charged with murder and was acquitted. Can the prosecution appeal the
acquittal?
No. The prosecution cannot appeal the acquittal, since it would place the accused in double
jeopardy.
Even if the decision of acquittal was erroneous, the prosecution still cannot appeal the decision. It
would still place the accused in double jeopardy.
When can the prosecution appeal despite the dismissal or termination of the case?
As a general rule, the dismissal or termination of the case after arraignment and plea of the
defendant to a valid information shall be a bar to another prosecution for the same offense, an
attempt or frustration thereof, or one included or which includes the previous offense. The
exceptions are:
1.
2.

if the dismissal of the first case was made upon motion or with the express consent of the
defendant, unless the grounds are insufficiency of evidence or denial of the right to speedy
trial;
if the dismissal is not an acquittal or based upon consideration of the evidence or of the
merits of the case; and

26
3.

the question to be passed upon by the appellate court is purely legal so that should the
dismissal be found incorrect, the case would have to be remanded to the court of origin for
further proceedings to determine the guilt or innocence of the accused.

What is the effect of the appeal by the accused?

If the accused appeals, he waives his right against double jeopardy. The case is thrown wide open for
review and a penalty higher than that of the original conviction could be imposed upon him.
What should the accused do if the court denies the motion to quash on the ground of
double jeopardy?
He should plead not guilty and reiterate his defense of former jeopardy. In case of conviction, he
should appeal from the judgment, on the ground of double jeopardy.
When can a case be provisionally dismissed?
A case can only be dismissed provisionally if the accused expressly consents, and with notice to the
offended party. Provisional dismissal does not place the accused in double jeopardy. But, ff the
accused objects to the provisional dismissal, a revival of the case would place him in double
jeopardy.
When does the provisional dismissal become final?
The provisional dismissal of offenses punishable by imprisonment exceeding 6 years or a fine of any
amount shall become permanent after 1 year without the case having been revived.
For offenses punishable by imprisonment of more than 6 years, the provisional dismissal shall
become permanent after 2 years without the case having been revived.
After the provisional dismissal becomes final, the accused cannot be prosecuted anymore.
RULE 118 PRE-TRIAL
When is pre-trial required?
Pre-trial is mandatory in all criminal cases cognizable by the Sandiganbayan, RTC, MTCs and
Municipal Circuit Trial Courts.
When should it be conducted?
After arraignment and within 30 days from the date the court acquires jurisdiction over the person
of the accused.
What happens during pre-trial?
The following things are considered:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

plea bargaining
stipulation of facts
marking for identification of evidence of the parties
waiver of objections to admissibility of evidence
modification of the order of trial if the accused admits the charge but interposes a lawful
defense
other matters that will promote a fair and expeditious trial of the criminal and civil aspects
of the case

27

What is the form required for the pre-trial agreement?

Any agreement or admission entered into during the pre-trial conference should be:
1.
2.
3.

in writing
signed by the accused
signed by counsel

1.

Criminal cases covered by the Rule on Summary Procedure or those where the penalty
does not exceed 6 months imprisonment or a fine of P1,000: governed by the Rules on
Summary Procedure

2.

When the offended party is about to depart with no definite date or return: trial shall
commence within 3 days from the date of arraignment, and cannot be postponed except
on grounds of illness of the accused or other grounds over which the accused has no
control
Child abuse cases: trial shall commence within 3 days from arraignment and cannot be
postponed except on grounds of illness of the accused or other grounds beyond his control
Violations of Dangerous Drugs Law: trial shall be finished within 3 months from filing of
the information.
Kidnapping, Robbery in a band, Robbery against a Banking or Financial Institution,
Violation of the Carnapping Act, and other heinous crimes: trial shall be finished within
60 days from the first day of trial.

Otherwise, it cannot be used against the accused.

3.

What is a pre-trial order?

It is an order issued by the court after the pre-trial conference containing:
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

a recital of the actions taken,

the facts stipulated, and
the evidence marked.

The pre-trial order binds the parties, limits the trial to matters not disposed of, and controls the
course of the action during the trial, unless modified by the court to prevent manifest injustice.
What is plea bargaining? Why is it encouraged?
It is the disposition of criminal charges by agreement between the prosecution and the accused. It is
encouraged because it leads to prompt and final disposition of most criminal cases. It shortens the
time between charge and disposition and enhances whatever may be the rehabilitative prospects of
the guilty when they are ultimately imprisoned.

What are the periods that should be excluded in computing the time within which
trial must commence?
1.
2.
3.
4.

When is plea bargaining not allowed?

5.

It is not allowed under the Dangerous Drugs Act where the imposable penalty is reclusion perpetua
to death.

6.

RULE 119 TRIAL

How much time does the accused have to prepare for trial?
After he enters his plea of not guilty, the accused shall have at least 15 days to prepare for trial. The
trial shall commence within 30 days from receipt of the pre-trial order.
How long should the trial last?
The entire trial period should not exceed 180 days from the first day of trial, except if authorized by
the Supreme Court.
What are the duties of the presiding judge under the continuous trial system?

What are examples of other proceedings concerning the accused which should be
excluded from the computation of time?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The judge should:

1.
2.
3.

adhere faithfully to the session hours prescribed by laws;

maintain full control of the proceedings;
efficiently allocate and use time and court resources to avoid court delays.

Any period of delay resulting from other proceedings concerning the accused
Any period resulting from the absence or unavailability of an essential witness.
Any period of delay resulting from mental incompetence or physical inability of
the accused to stand trial.
If the information is dismissed upon motion of the prosecution and thereafter a charge is
filed against the accused for the same offense, any period of delay from the date the charge
was dismissed to the date the time limitation would commence to run as to the subsequent
charge, had there been no previous charge. (say what?)
A reasonable period of delay when the accused is joined for trial with a co-accused
over whom the court has not acquired jurisdiction, or as to whom the time for
trial has not run and not motion for separate trial has been granted.
Any period of delay from a continuance granted by any court motu propio, or on motion
of either the accused or his counsel, or the prosecution, if the court granted it on the basis
of finding that the ends of justice served by taking such action outweigh the best interest of
the public and the accused in a speedy trial.

6.
7.

Delay resulting from an examination of the physical and mental condition of the
accused;
Delay resulting from proceedings with respect to other criminal charges against the
accused;
Delay resulting from extraordinary remedies against interlocutory orders;
Delay resulting from pre-trial proceedings, provided that the delay does not exceed 30
days;
Delay resulting from orders of inhibition, or proceedings relating to change of
venue of cases or transfer from other courts;
Delay resulting from a finding of the existence of a prejudicial question
Delay reasonably attributable to any period not to exceed 30 days during which any
proceeding concerning the accused is actually under advisement.

When is an essential witness considered absent?

In which cases is the time limitation not applicable?

When his whereabouts are unknown or cannot be determined with due diligence.
When is an essential witness considered unavailable?

28
When his whereabouts are known but his presence at the trial cannot be obtained with due diligence.
What are the factors for granting a continuance/postponement?
1.
2.

Whether or not the failure to grant a continuance in the proceeding would likely make a
continuation of such proceeding impossible or result in a miscarriage of justice; and
Whether or not the case taken as a whole is so novel, unusual, and complex, due to the
number of accused or the nature of the prosecution, or that it is unreasonable to expect
adequate preparation within the periods of time established therein.

No continuance shall be granted because of congestion of the courts calendar or lack of diligent
preparation or failure to obtain available witnesses on the part of the prosecutor.
Is the grant of a motion for continuance or postponement a matter of right?
No. It is a matter of discretion on the part of the court.
What are the public attorneys duties where his client is being preventively
detained?
1.
2.

3.
4.

He shall promptly undertake to obtain the presence of the prisoner for trial, or cause a
notice to be served on the person having custody of the prisoner, requiring such person to
advise the prisoner of his right to demand trial.
Upon receipt of that notice, the person having custody of the prisoner shall promptly
advise the prisoner of the charge and of his right to demand trial. It at anytime thereafter,
the prisoner informs his custodian that he demands such trial, the latter shall cause notice
to that effect to be sent promptly to the public attorney.
Upon receipt of such notice, the public attorney shall promptly seek to obtain the presence
of the prisoner for trial.
When the person having custody of the prisoner receives from the public attorney a
properly supported request for the availability of the prisoner for purposes of the trial, the
prisoner shall be made available accordingly.

If the accused is not brought to trial within the time limit required, what is the
remedy?
The accused should move to dismiss the information of the ground of denial of his right to speedy
trial. He shall have the burden of proving the motion, but the prosecution shall have the burden or
proving that the delay was covered by the allowed exclusions of time. If the complaint or
information is dismissed, the accused can plead double jeopardy to a subsequent prosecution.
The accused must move to dismiss before actually going to trial. Otherwise, it is a waiver of the right
to dismiss.
What is the order of trial?
The trial proceeds in the following order:
1.
2.
3.

The prosecution shall present evidence to prove the charge and civil liability, if proper.
the accused may present evidence to prove his defense and damages, if any, arising from
the issuance of a provisional remedy in the case.
The prosecution and the defense may, in that order, present rebuttal and sur-rebuttal
evidence, unless the court, in furtherance of justice, permits them to present additional
evidence bearing upon the main issue.

4.

Upon admission of the evidence of the parties, the case shall be deemed submitted for
decision unless the court directs them to argue orally or to submit written memoranda.

However, when the accused admits the act or omission charged in the complaint or information, but
interposes a lawful defense, there will be a reverse trial.
Distinguish between a negative defense and an affirmative defense.
A negative defense requires the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable
doubt. In a negative defense, the accused claims that one of the elements of the offense charged is
not present. It is incumbent upon the prosecution to prove the existence of this element. For
example, in illegal possession of firearms, the accused may interpose the negative defense that he
had a license to carry the firearm. He cannot be compelled by the prosecution to present the license.
It is the duty of the prosecution to prove the absence of the license, which is an essential element of
the offense charged.
On the other hand, in an affirmative defense, the accused admits the act or omission charged, but
interposes a defense, which if proven, would exculpate him. For example, the accused admits killing
the victim, but he claims that he did it in self-defense. In this case, the burden of proving the
elements of self-defense belong to the accused. There will be a reverse trial in which the accused will
prove the elements of self-defense. This is because the accused admits the act or omission already.
The prosecution need not prove it anymore. The accused must now present evidence to justify the
commission of the act.
Who may examine a defense witness? Who may examine a prosecution witness?
A defense witness may be examined by any judge or by any member of the bar in good
standing designated by the judge, or before an inferior court.
On the other hand, a prosecution witness may only be examined before the judge of the court
where the case is pending.
If there are two or more accused, should they be tried jointly or separately?
As a general rule, when two or more accused are jointly charged with an offense, they should also be
tried jointly. However, the court, in its discretion and upon motion of the prosecutor or any
accused, may order separate trial for one of the accused.
What happens to the evidence presented in the trial of the other accused if a
separate trial is granted?
When a separate trial is demanded and granted, it is the duty of the prosecution to repeat and
produce all its evidence at each and every trial, unless it had been agreed by the parties that the
evidence for the prosecution would not have to be repeated at the second trial and all the accused
had been present during the presentation of the evidence of the prosecution and their attorney had
the opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses for the prosecution.
X, a public officer, was charged with malversation of public funds in conspiracy
with Y, a civilian. Should they both be tried in the Sandiganbayan?
Yes. In case private individuals are charged as co-principals, accomplices, or accessories with public
officers, they shall be tried jointly with said public officers in the proper courts which shall exercise
exclusive jurisdiction over them.
What is a state witness?

29

A state witness is one of two or more persons jointly charged with the commission of a
crime but who is discharged with his consent as such accused so that he may be a witness for the
State.

The State can file a petition for certiorari.

When should the application for discharge of the state witness be made?

What are the effects of the discharge?

It should be made upon motion of the prosecution before resting its case.

1.

What is the procedure?

2.

1.

Before resting its case, the prosecution should file a motion to discharge the accused as
state witness with his consent.

2.

The court will require the prosecution to present evidence and the sworn statement of the
proposed state witness at a hearing in order to support the discharge.

3.

The court will determine if the requisites of giving the discharge are present. Evidence
adduced in support of the discharge shall automatically form part of the trial.

4.

If the court is satisfied, it will discharge the state witness. The discharge is equivalent to
an acquittal, unless the witness later fails or refuses to testify.

5.

If the court denies the motion for discharge, his sworn statement shall be inadmissible as
evidence.

What are the requisites in order for a person to be discharged as a state witness?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

There is absolute necessity for the testimony of the accused whose discharge is
requested;
There is no direct evidence available for the proper prosecution of the offense
committed, except the testimony of the said accused;
The testimony of said accused can be substantially corroborated in its material
points;
Said accused does not appear to be the most guilty;
Said accused has not at any time been convicted of any offense involving
moral turpitude.

Can the court grant the discharge before the prosecution has finished presenting all
its evidence?

Evidence in support of the discharge become part of the trial. But if the court denies the
motion to discharge, his sworn statement shall be inadmissible in evidence.
Discharge of the accused operates as an acquittal and bar to further prosecution for the
same offense,
EXCEPT if he fails or refuses to testify against his co-accused in accordance with his sworn
statement constituting the basis of the discharge. In this case, he can be prosecuted again
AND his admission can be used against him.

What happens if the court improperly or erroneously discharges an accused as state

witness (ex. he has been convicted pala of a crime involving moral turpitude)?
The improper discharge will not render inadmissible his testimony nor detract from his competency
as a witness. It will also not invalidate his acquittal because the acquittal becomes ineffective only if
he fails or refuses to testify.
What happens when the original information under which an accused was
discharged is later amended?
A discharge under the original information is just as binding upon the subsequent amended
information, since the amended information is just a continuation of the original.
Can the other conspirators be convicted solely on the basis of the testimony of the
discharged state witness?
No. There must be other evidence to support his testimony. The testimony of a state witness comes
from a polluted source and must be received with caution. It should be substantially corroborated in
its material points.
As an exception however, the testimony of a co-conspirator, even if uncorroborated, will be
considered sufficient if given in a straightforward manner and it contains details which could not
have been the result of deliberate afterthought.
When can different offenses be tried jointly?

No. The court should resolve any motion to discharge only after the prosecution has presented all of
its evidence since it is at this time when the court can determine the presence of the requisites above.

When the offenses are founded on the same facts or form part of a series of offenses of similar
character, the court has the discretion to consolidate and try them jointly.

Although Chua v. CA (p. 703 of Herrera) says that the prosecution is not required to present all its
other evidence before an accused can be discharged. The accused may be discharged at any time
before the defendants have entered upon their defense.

What is a demurrer to evidence?

What is the meaning of absolute necessity of the testimony of the proposed state
witness?
It means that there is no other evidence to establish the offense other than the testimony of the
accused. For example, where an offense is committed in conspiracy and clandestinely, the
discharge of one of the conspirators is necessary in order to provide direct evidence of the
commission of the crime. No one else other than one of the conspirators can testify on what
happened among them.
What is the remedy of the prosecution if the court denies the motion to discharge?

It is a motion to dismiss the case filed by the defense after the prosecution rests on the ground of
insufficiency of the evidence of the prosecution.
What are the ways by which a case may be dismissed on the basis of insufficiency of
evidence of the prosecution?
There are two ways:
1.
2.

the court may dismiss the case on its own initiative after giving the prosecution the right to
be heard; or
upon demurrer to evidence filed by the accused with or without leave of court.

30

How do you file a demurrer to evidence with leave of court?

Within 5 days after the prosecution rests, the accused should file a motion for leave of court to file a
demurrer to evidence. In the motion for leave of court, he should state his grounds. The
prosecution shall have 5 days within which to oppose the motion.
If the leave of court is granted, the accused shall file the demurrer to evidence within 10 days from
notice of the grant of leave of court. The prosecution may oppose the demurrer to evidence within
10 days from its receipt of the demurrer.
What is the effect of filing the demurrer to evidence with leave of court?
If the court grants it, the case is dismissed.
If the court denies the demurrer to evidence filed with leave of court, the accused may still
adduce evidence in his defense.
What is the effect of filing the demurrer to evidence without leave of court?
If the court denies the demurrer to evidence without leave of court, the accused is deemed to have
waived his right to present evidence and submits the case for judgment on the basis of the evidence
of the prosecution. This is because demurrer to evidence is not a matter of right but is discretionary
on the court. You have to ask for its permission before filing it, or else you lose certain rights.
What is the remedy of the accused if the demurrer to evidence is denied?
As a general rule, there can be no appeal or certiorari from the denial of the demurrer to evidence,
since it is an interlocutory order, which does not pass judgment on the merits of the case. The codal
says that there is no certiorari, but J. Sabio says that if there was grave abuse of discretion, there can
be certiorari.
When can a case be reopened?
At any time before finality of judgment of conviction, the judge may reopen the case either on
his own volition or upon motion, with hearing in either case, in order to avoid a miscarriage of
justice.
The proceedings should be terminated within 30 days from the order granting the reopening of the
case.
RULE 120 JUDGMENT

If the judge has very strong beliefs against the imposition of the death penalty, can
he refuse to impose it upon an accused who is guilty of an offense punishable with
death?
No. The judge must impose the proper penalty provided for by the law, even if he is against it. If he
refuses to do so, it is grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction.
What are the contents of the judgment?
If the judgment is of conviction, it shall state the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.

the legal qualification of the offense constituted by the acts committed by the
accused and the aggravating and mitigating circumstances which attended its
commission;
the participation of the accused, whether as principal, accomplice, or accessory;
the penalty imposed upon the accused;
the civil liability or damages, if any, unless the enforcement of the civil liability has
been reserved or waived by the offended party.

If the judgment is of acquittal, the decision shall state:

1.
2.

whether the evidence of the prosecution absolutely failed to prove the guilt of the accused
or merely failed to prove it beyond reasonable doubt; and
if the act or omission from which the civil liability might arise did not exist.

Is it necessary for the validity of the judgment that the decision be promulgated by
the same judge who heard the case?
No. A judgment promulgated by a judge other than the one who heard the case is valid, provided
that the judge who rendered the judgment relied on the records taken during the trial as a basis for
his decision.
Why should the decision be in writing, setting fort the facts and the law on which it
is based?
1.
2.

To inform the parties of the reason for the decision so if any of them appeals, he can point
out to the appellate court the findings of facts or the rulings on point of law with which he
disagrees. Also, so that the appellate court will have something to pass judgment upon.
To assure the parties that in reaching the judgment, the judge did so through the process
of legal reasoning.

What is judgment?

Is a verbal judgment valid?

Judgment is the adjudication by the court that the accused is guilty or not guilty of the offense
charged and the imposition on him of the proper penalty and civil liability, if any.

No. A verbal judgment is incomplete because it does not contain findings of fact, and it is not signed
by the judge. It may, however, be corrected by putting it in writing and following the prescribed
form. When it is put in writing, it becomes a full blown judgment.

What is the form required for the judgment?

The judgment must:
1.
2.
3.
4.

be written in the official language,

personally and directly prepared by the judge,
signed by him, and
should contain clearly and distinctly a statement of the facts and law upon which it is
based.

Is an erroneous judgment valid?

Yes. Error in judgment will not invalidate a decision, so long as it conforms with the requirements of
the law.
Is a judgment which imposes a penalty that does not exist or one that is impossible
valid?

The judgment is void. The error goes into the very essence of the penalty and does not merely arise
from the misapplication thereof.
Does the judge need to designate the particular provision of law violated?
If possible, he should. But if he fails to do so, the judgment is not void, as long as his conclusions are
based on some provision of law.
Can the judge impose a penalty of reclusion perpetua or a fine of P10,000?
No. The judge cannot impose alternative penalties (using OR). The penalty imposed must be
definite. When the judge imposes alternative penalties, giving the defendant the right to choose
which one to serve, he gives discretion belonging to the court to the accused.
Can the judge impose a penalty of reclusion perpetua and a fine of P10,000?
Yes, because in this case, the penalty is definite (it uses AND instead of OR).
What is the importance of using the proper terminology in the imposition of
imprisonment penalties?

31
In rape cases, a civil indemnity of P50,000 is mandatory. An award of moral damages is also
mandatory without need or pleading or proof.
If it is qualified rape, the mandatory civil indemnity is P75,000.
What should the offended party prove do if he wants to claim actual damages or loss
of earning capacity?
The offended party must show proof of the amount of the pecuniary loss, such as receipts. However,
if death results from the crime or the quasi-delict, the heirs need only to prove the fact of death in
order to claim actual or compensatory damages.
Is there need for proof of pecuniary loss in order that moral, nominal, temperate,
liquidated, or exemplary damages may be adjudicated?
No. Art. 2216 of the Civil Code provides that no proof is needed. The assessment of the damage
depends on the discretion of the court.
May damages be increased on appeal?

The judge should use the proper legal terminology of the penalties since each penalty has its distinct
accessory penalties and effects.

Yes. An appeal opens the whole case for review by the appellate court, and this includes the award of
damages.

What is the remedy of the offended party if the judgment fails to award civil
liability?

What are nominal damages?

The offended party can appeal, go on certiorari, or file for mandamus.

Nominal damages are awarded in recognition of a violation of a right of the plaintiff when no actual
damage was done to him.

What constitutes civil liability arising from crime?

What is the civil liability of one who is guilty of illegal possession of firearms?

Civil liability arising from crime includes actual damages, moral damages, exemplary damages, and
loss of earning capacity.

None.

When may attorneys fees be awarded?

What is the effect of the failure of the accused to object to a complaint or

information that charges more than one offense before he is arraigned?

Attorneys fees may be awarded only when a separate civil action to recover civil liability has been
filed or when exemplary damages are awarded. The reason for this is that there is no attorney in a
criminal case, only a public prosecutor, who is compensated by the government.

The court may convict him of as many offenses as are charged and proved and impose on him the
penalty for each offense. The court must set out separately the findings of fact and law in each
offense.

What is the difference between damage and damages?

When does an offense charged necessarily include the offense proved?

Damage refers to the actionable loss resulting from another persons act or omission.

An offense charged necessarily includes an offense proved when some of the essential elements or
ingredients of the offense charged constitute the offense proved.

On the other hand, damages refer to the sum of money which can be awarded for the damage done.
When are exemplary damages awarded?
1.
2.
3.

In criminal actions, when the crime was committed with one or more aggravating
circumstances.
In quasi-delicts, if the defendant acted with gross negligence.
In contracts and quasi-contracts, if the defendant acted in a wanton, fraudulent, reckless,
oppressive, or malevolent manner.

What are the mandatory awards in case of rape cases?

Example: Offense charged is homicide. Offense proved is physical injuries. Some of the essential
elements of homicide constitute physical injuries. Therefore, the offense charged (homicide)
necessarily includes the offense proved (physical injuries).
When is an offense charged necessarily included in the offense proved?
An offense charged is necessarily included in the offense proved when the essential ingredients of
the offense charged constitute or form part of the elements constituting the offense proved.

Example: Offense charged is acts of lasciviousness. Offense proved is rape. The essential
ingredients of acts of lasciviousness form part of the elements of rape. Therefore, the offense
charged (acts of lasciviousness) is necessarily included in the offense proved (rape).
What is the rule in case the offense charged is different from the offense proved?
The accused can only be convicted of the lesser offense, which is included in the graver offense either
proved or charged. The reason for this is that the accused can only be convicted of the offense which
is both charged and proved.
Example: If the offense charged is rape and the offense proved is acts of lasciviousness, he can only
be convicted of acts of lasciviousness. If the offense charged is less serious physical injuries and the
offense proved is serious physical injuries, he can only be convicted of less serious physical injuries.
X was charged with willful homicide. What was proved was homicide through
reckless imprudence. Under which offense should X be convicted?
X should be convicted of homicide through reckless imprudence.
negligence is lesser than the one done willfully.

The offense done through

X was charged with rape by force and intimidation. At the trial, it was proved that X
raped a mental retardate. Can X be convicted or rape of a mental retardate?
There are conflicting decisions:

32
The first jeopardy will not validly terminate. The judgment must be promulgated in its entirety, not
just the dispositive portion.
Where should judgment be promulgated if the accused is confined in a province
outside of the territorial jurisdiction of the court?
If the accused is confined or detained in another province or city, the judgment may be promulgated
by the executive judge of the RTC with jurisdiction over the place of confinement upon request of the
court that rendered the decision. The court promulgating the judgment can also accept notices of
appeal and applications for bail, unless the court that rendered the decision changed the nature of
the offense from non-bailable to bailable, in which case, the application for bail can only be filed with
the appellate court.
What happens if the accused fails to appear on the date of promulgation of
judgment despite notice?
The promulgation shall be made by recording the judgment in the criminal docket and serving the
accused a copy thereof at his last known address or through his counsel.
If the judgment is of conviction, the accused who fails to appear at the promulgation shall lose the
remedies available to him against the judgment, and the court shall order his arrest.

People v. Abiera says that the accused charged with rape through one mode of commission may still
be convicted of the crime if the evidence shows another mode of commission, provided that the
accused did not object to such evidence.

Within 15 days from promulgation, the accused can surrender and file a motion for leave of court to
avail of these remedies. He shall state the reason for his failure to attend the promulgation, and if he
is able to justify his absence, he shall be allowed to avail of these remedies within 15 days from
notice.

People v. Padilla says that the accused cannot be convicted of rape of a mental retardate if it is not
alleged in the information.

When may a judgment of conviction be modified or set aside by the court that
rendered it?

I think People v. Padilla is a better ruling because to convict the accused would violate his right to be
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.

A judgment of conviction may be modified or set aside by the court that rendered it:

X was charged with rape. What was proved at the trial was qualified seduction. Can
X be convicted of qualified seduction?
No. Although qualified seduction is a lesser offense than rape, the elements of the two are different.
Qualified seduction is not included in the crime of rape. Therefore, if the court convicts him of
qualified seduction, it will violate his right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation
against him, since some elements of qualified seduction were not charged.
How is the judgment promulgated?
The judgment is promulgated by reading it in its entirety in the presence of the accused by any judge
of the court in which it was rendered. When the judge is absent or outside the province or city, the
judgment may be promulgated by the clerk of court.
Can there be promulgation of judgment in the absence of the accused?
Judgment must be promulgated in the presence of the accused. But if the conviction is for a light
offense, judgment may be promulgated in the presence of his counsel or representative. Also, if the
accused fails to attend the promulgation, even if he was notified thereof, or if he jumped bail or
escaped from prison, judgment may be validly promulgated in absentia.
What happens if only the dispositive portion of the judgment is read to the accused?

1.
2.

upon motion of the accused, and

before judgment has become final or appeal has been perfected.

When does a judgment become final?

Except where death penalty is imposed, judgment becomes final:
1.
2.
3.
4.

after the lapse of time for perfecting an appeal;

when the sentence has been partially or totally satisfied;
when the accused has expressly waived in writing his right to appeal; or
when the accused has applied for probation.

X, a 16 year-old, was charged with theft. After hearing, the court found that he
committed the acts charged. What should the court do?
The court should determine the imposable penalty, including the civil liability. However, instead of
pronouncing a judgment of conviction, the court should automatically suspend the sentence and
commit the minor to the DSWD or other institution until he reaches the age of majority. (And on his
18th birthday, Happy Birthday, he will go straight to jail. This is so strange.)
The exceptions to suspension of sentence in case of youthful offenders are:
1.

if the offender has enjoyed a previous suspension of sentence;

2.
3.

if the offender is convicted of an offense punishable by death or life imprisonment;

if the offender is convicted by a military tribunal.

This does not apply if, at the time of sentencing, the offender is already of age, even if he was a minor
at the time of the commission of the offense.

33
Probation does not release civil liability. However, in its discretion, the court may provide for the
manner of payment by the accused of the civil liability during the period of probation.
What is the duration of the period of probation?

When should an adult offender apply for probation?

1.

The offender should apply for probation after conviction within the period for perfecting an appeal.

2.
3.

Can the defendant still file for probation if he has already perfected an appeal?
An application for probation may not be filed if the defendant has already perfected an appeal from
the judgment of conviction. Once the appeal is perfected, it may no longer be withdrawn to apply for
probation.

If the defendant was sentenced to imprisonment of not more than one year, probation
shall not exceed 2 years.
If the term of imprisonment is more than one year, probation shall not exceed 6 years.
If the penalty is only a fine and the offender is made to serve subsidiary imprisonment in
case of insolvency, the period of probation shall not be less than nor be more than twice
the total number of days of subsidiary imprisonment.
Ex: Subsidiary imprisonment is 10 days. The period of probation should not be less
than 10 days but not more than 20 days.

Can the defendant still appeal if he has filed for probation?

Can the grant of probation be revoked?

No. The filing of an application for probation is deemed a waiver of the right to appeal.

Yes. Probation is revocable before the final discharge of the probationer by the court for violation of
any of its conditions. Once it is revoked, the court should order the arrest of the probationer so that
he can serve the sentence originally imposed. The period of probation is not deducted from the
penalty imposed.

Is the grant of probation a matter of right upon application by the defendant?

No. It is a mere privilege, and the grant is discretionary upon the court.
Can there be probation if the penalty is merely a fine?
Yes. In those cases where the penalty is a fine, and the defendant cannot pay, he has to serve
subsidiary imprisonment. This is where probation or suspension of sentence becomes relevant.
Can the defendant appeal from an order denying the application for probation?

Upon the lapse of the period of probation, is the case against the probationer
automatically terminated?
No. After the period of probation, the court still has to order the final discharge of the probationer
upon finding that he has fulfilled the terms and conditions of his probation. Only upon the issuance
of this order is the case terminated.
What is the effect of the final discharge?

No.
What is the court mandated to do before placing an accused on probation?
The court should order a post sentence investigation to determine whether the ends of justice and
the best interest of the public will be served by the grant of probation.

It shall operate to restore the probationer to all civil rights lost or suspended as a result of his
conviction. His is also fully discharged of his liability for any fine imposed as to the offense for
which probation was granted.
RULE 121 NEW TRIAL OR RECONSIDERATION

When should the court deny the application for probation?

What is the purpose of a new trial?

The application should be denied if the court finds that:

It is to temper the severity of a judgment or prevent the failure of justice.

1.
2.
3.

the offender is in need of correctional treatment that can be provided most effectively by
his commitment to an institution;
there is an undue risk that during the period or probation, the offender will commit
another crime; or
probation will depreciate the seriousness of the offense committed.

When does the probation order take effect?

A probation order shall take effect upon its issuance, at which time the court shall inform the
offender of the consequences thereof and explain that upon his failure to comply with any of the
conditions, he shall serve the penalty imposed for the offense.
What is the effect of probation on the civil liability of the accused?

Distinguish between new trial and reconsideration.

In a new trial, the case is opened again, after judgment, for the reception of new evidence and
further proceedings. It is only proper after rendition or promulgation of judgment.
In a reconsideration, the case is not reopened for further proceeding. The court is merely asked to
reconsider its findings of law in order to make them conformable to the law applicable to the case.
What are the grounds for a new trial?
1.
2.

That errors of law or irregularities prejudicial to the substantial rights of the accused have
been committed during the trial (errors of law or irregularities);
That new and material evidence has been discovered which the accused could not with
reasonable diligence have discovered and produced at the trial and which if introduced
and admitted would probably change the judgment (newly discovered evidence).

34
3.

If the case is being heard by the CA or SC, it may determine other grounds in the exercise
of its discretion.

No. Evidence which merely seeks to impeach the evidence upon which the conviction was based will
not constitute grounds for new trial. It has to be material evidence.

What are the grounds for reconsideration?

When is evidence considered to be material?

Errors of law or fact in the judgment.

It is material if there is reasonable likelihood that the testimony or evidence could have produced a
different result (the accused would have been acquitted).

Are the mistakes of counsel in conducting the case valid grounds for a motion for a
new trial?
No. The mistakes of counsel generally bind the client, unless he misrepresented himself as a lawyer
when he was in fact a plumber (or some other occupation). A new trial may also be granted where
the incompetency of the counsel is so great that the defendant is prejudiced and prevented from
fairly presenting his defense and where the error of counsel is serious.
What are the requisites for granting a new trial on the ground of newly discovered
evidence?
1.
2.
3.
4.

The evidence must have been discovered after trial;

Such evidence could not have been discovered and produced at the trial even
with the exercise of reasonable diligence;
The evidence is material, not merely cumulative, corroborative, or impeaching;
The evidence must go to the merits, such that it would produce a different result if
admitted.

What is the form required for a motion for new trial or motion for reconsideration?
The motion for new trial or reconsideration should:
1.
2.
3.

be in writing;
state the grounds on which it is based;
if based on newly discovered evidence (for new trial), be supported by affidavits of
witnesses by whom such evidence is expected to be given or authenticated copies of
documents to be introduced in evidence.

Notice of the motion for new trial or reconsideration should be given to the prosecutor.
What is the effect of the grant of the motion for new trial?
1.

If it is based on errors of law or irregularities committed during the trial, all the
proceedings and evidence affected by the error or irregularity will be set aside. The court
may, in the interest of justice, allow the introduction of additional evidence. This is called
trial de novo.

It is when a prior statement is withdrawn formally and publicly by a witness.

2.

It is not a ground for granting a new trial because it makes a mockery of the court and would place
the investigation of truth at the mercy of unscrupulous witnesses. Moreover, retractions are easy to
extort out of witnesses. In contrast, their previous statements are made under oath, in the presence
of the judge, and with the opportunity to cross-examine. Therefore, the original testimony should be
given more credence.

If it is based on newly discovered evidence, the evidence already adduced will stand. The
newly discovered evidence and whatever other evidence the court will allow to be
introduced shall be taken and considered together with the evidence already on record.

3.

In all cases whether the court grants new trial or reconsideration the original
judgment shall be set aside or vacated and a new judgment rendered.

What is a recantation? Is it a ground for a new trial?

However, the exception to this rule is when aside from the testimony of the retracting witness, there
is not other evidence to support the conviction of the accused. In this case, the retraction by the sole
witness creates a doubt in the mind of the judge as to the guilt of the accused. A new trial may be
granted.

Why is the accused not subjected to double jeopardy when a new trial or
reconsideration is granted?
First, because it is only granted upon motion of the accused. Also, the first jeopardy is never
terminated, since the original judgment is set aside and replaced with a new one.

But if there is other evidence independent of the retracted testimony, there can be no new trial.

RULE 122 APPEAL

Distinguish between a recantation and an affidavit or desistance.

Is appeal a part of due process:

In a recantation, a witness who previously gave a testimony subsequently declares that his
statements were not true.

Appeal is not a part of due process except when provided by law. If the right to appeal is granted by
law, it is statutory and must be exercised in accordance with the procedure laid down by law. It is
compellable by mandamus.

In an affidavit of desistance, the complainant states that he did not really intend to institute the case
and that he is no longer interested in testifying or prosecuting. It is a ground for dismissing the case
only if the prosecution can no longer prove the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt without
the testimony of the offended party.
Can the accused move for a new trial if he has found evidence that would impeach
the testimony given by a prosecution witness?

Where should the appeal be filed?

1.
2.
3.

If the case was decided by the MTCs, the appeal should be filed with the RTC.
If the case was decided by the RTC, the appeal should be filed with the CA or the SC in
proper cases provided by law.
If the case was decided by the CA, the appeal should be filed with the SC.

Can the prosecution appeal a judgment of acquittal?

35
No. A judgment of acquittal becomes final immediately after promulgation. It cannot even be the
subject of certiorari. The reason for this rule is that an appeal would place the accused in double
jeopardy. However, the offended party may appeal the civil aspect of the case.

When an appeal has been perfected, the court a quo loses jurisdiction.

How is appeal taken?

The appeal from a judgment must be perfected within 15 days from promulgation. The appeal
from an order should be perfected within 15 days from notice of the final order.

APPEAL TO
RTC

FROM THE DECISION OF

MTC

CA

RTC in the exercise of its

original jurisdiction

CA

RTC in the exercise of its

appellate jurisdiction
RTC where the penalty imposed
is reclusion perpetua or life
imprisonment, OR where a
lesser penalty is imposed for
offenses committed on the same
occasion or which arose out of
the same occurrence that gave
rise to the offense punishable by
death, reclusion perpetua or life
imprisonment
RTC imposing the death penalty
All other appeals, except the two
cases above
Sandiganbayan

SC

SC
SC
SC

HOW?
File a notice of appeal with the
MTC and serve a copy of the
notice to the adverse party
File a notice of appeal with the
RTC and serve a copy of the
notice to the adverse party
File a petition for review with
the CA under Rule 42
File a notice of appeal with the
RTC and serve a copy of the
notice to the adverse party

What is the difference between the appeal of a judgment and the appeal of an order?

A and B were convicted of murder. Only A appealed from the conviction. Should
the decision of the appellate court bind B?
It depends. If the decision of the appellate court would be beneficial to B, it should affect him. But if
the decision would not benefit him, it should not bind him.
What is the effect of the appeal by the offended party of the civil aspect of the
judgment on the criminal aspect?
Nothing.
Can an appeal that has already been perfected by withdrawn by the appellant?
If the records have not yet been transmitted to the appellate court, the court that rendered the
judgment has the discretion to allow the appellant to withdraw the appeal. If the appeal is
withdrawn, the judgment shall become final.

Automatic review by the SC

Petition
for
review
on
certiorari under Rule 45
Petition
for
review
on
certiorari under Rule 45

A, B, C, D, and E were all charged with murder, punishable by death. A, B, and C

were charged as principals. D was charged as an accomplice. E was charged as an
accessory. All of them were convicted. To whom should they appeal?
A, B, and Cs case will be automatically reviewed by the SC without need for notice of appeal, since
the penalty imposable is death. D and E should also appeal to the SC because although the penalty
imposable is not death, the offense arose out of the same occurrence that gave rise to the offense
punishable by death. The reason for this rule is so that only one court will review on appeal the
single case involving different defendants. This would prevent a variance or conflict in the decisions
of the SC and the CA.

If the records have already been transmitted to the appellate court, only the appellate court may
decide whether to grant the motion to withdraw the appeal, and only before the judgment is
rendered in the case on appeal.
Is counsel de oficio still required to represent his client on appeal?
Yes. The duty of counsel de oficio does not terminate upon judgment of the case. It continues until
appeal.
RULE 123 PROCEDURE IN THE MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS
Important stuff:
1.

a.
b.

How is an appeal perfected?

An appeal is perfected by filing a notice of appeal with the court in which the judgment or order was
rendered, and by serving a copy thereof upon the adverse party or his attorney within the period for
perfecting an appeal.
Within what period must appeal be perfected?

Preliminary conference: Before conducting the trial, the court shall call the parties to a
preliminary conference during which:

c.
2.

a stipulation of facts may be entered into,

the propriety of allowing the accused to plead guilty to a lesser offense may be
considered, and
other matters may be taken up to clarify the issues and to ensure a speedy
disposition of the case.

Prohibited pleadings and motions:

a.

An appeal must be perfected within 15 days from promulgation of the judgment or from notice of the
final order appealed from.

b.
c.

What is the effect of the perfection of an appeal?

d.
e.

motion to dismiss the complaint or to quash the complaint or information on

the ground of lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter, or failure to refer the
case to the lupon.
Motion for a bill or particulars
motion for new trial, or for reconsideration of a judgment, or for reopening of
trial;
petition for relief from judgment;
motion for extension of time to file pleading, affidavits, or any other paper;

f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.

memoranda;
petition for certiorari, mandamus, or prohibition against any interlocutory
order issued by the court;
motion to declare the defendant in default;
dilatory motions for postponement;
reply;
third-party complaints;
interventions.
RULE 126 SEARCH AND SEIZURE

It is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines, signed by a judge and
directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search for personal property described therein and
bring it before the court.

that the items sought are in fact

seizable by virtue of being connected
with criminal activity; and

2.

that the items will be found in the

place to be searched.

The judge must conduct a personal, searching

examination of the applicant and his witnesses

Personal property, which is:

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Distinguish between a search warrant and a warrant of arrest.

1.

What may be the subject of a search warrant?

subject of the offense,

stolen or embezzled and other proceeds or fruits of the offense, or
used or intended to be used as the means of committing an offense.

What are the requisites for issuing a search warrant?

What is a search warrant?

SEARCH WARRANT
The applicant must show:

36

WARRANT OF ARREST
The applicant must show:
1.

probable cause that an offense has been

committed; and

2.

that the person

committed it

to

be

arrested

The judge need not conduct a personal

examination of the applicant and his witnesses.
He may rely on the affidavits of the witnesses and
the recommendation of the prosecutor.

Why are the requirements for the issuance of a search warrant more stringent than
the requirements for the issuance of a warrant of arrest?
The violation of the right to privacy produces a humiliating effect which cannot be rectified anymore.
This is why there is no other justification for a search, except a warrant. On the other hand, in a
warrant of arrest, the person to be arrested can always post bail to prevent the deprivation of liberty.

There must be probable cause

Which must be determined personally by the judge
upon personal examination in writing and under oath of the complainant and his
witnesses in the form of searching questions and answers on facts personally
known to them
the probable cause must be in connection with one specific offense
particularly describing the place to be searched and the items to be seized
the sworn statements together with the affidavits of the witnesses must be attached
to the record.

When is the affidavit or testimony of the witness said to be based on personal

knowledge?
The test is whether perjury could be charged against the witness.
Is it necessary that the person named in the search warrant be the owner of the
things to be seized?
No. Ownership is of no consequence. What is relevant is that the property is connected to an
offense.
What are the requisites of the personal examination that the judge must conduct
before issuing the search warrant?
The judge must:
1.
2.
3.

examine the witnesses personally;

under oath;
and reduced to writing in the form of searching questions and answers.

Where should the application for search warrant be filed?

What is a scatter shot warrant?

As a general rule, it should be filed with the court within whose territorial jurisdiction the crime was
committed.

It is a warrant of arrest that is issued for more than one offense. It is void, since the law requires that
a warrant of arrest should only be issued in connection with one specific offense.

But for compelling reasons, it can be filed with the court within whose judicial region the offense was
committed or where the warrant is to be served.

A warrant was issued for the seizure of drugs connected with violation of the
Dangerous Drugs Law. Is the warrant valid?

Example of this: The drug syndicate stores its drugs in Pasay. It has connections in Pasay
and can easily get a tip when the police officers will file for a search warrant. To avoid the
drug syndicate from getting a tip of the impending search, the police officer may apply for
a search warrant in Makati (within the RTC region), stating the compelling reason.

The warrant is valid. Although there are many ways of violating the Dangerous Drugs Law, it is not a
scatter shot warrant since it is in connection with only one penal law.

But, if the criminal action has already been filed, the application for a search warrant can only be
made in the court where the criminal action is pending.

Police officers applied for a warrant to search Door #1 of an apartment complex.

The court issued the warrant. When the went to the apartment complex, they realized
that what they thought was Door #1 was actually Door #7. Can they search Door #7?

37

No. What is controlling is what is stated in the warrant, not what the peace officers had in mind,
even if they were the ones who gave the description to the court. This is to prevent abuses in the
service of search warrants.
Can the police officer seize anything that is not included in the warrant?

It must be contemporaneous with the arrest in both time and place.

b.
c.

Search of moving vehicles

Consent searches

No. Anything not included in the warrant cannot be seized EXCEPT if it is mala prohibita, in which
case, the seizure can be justified under the plain view doctrine.

Only the person whose right may be violated can give the consent; it is a
personal right.

Even if the object was related to the crime, but it is not mentioned in the warrant nor is it mala
prohibita, it still cannot be seized.

The requisites are:

Police officers went to a house to execute a search warrant. They found a pistol on
the table, but the pistol was not included in the search warrant. Can they seize the
pistol?

(1) The person has knowledge of his right against the search;
(2) He freely gives his consent in spite of such knowledge.
d.

No. It is not mala prohibita, and they have no proof that it is unlicensed.

Requisites:

What should the police officer or court do to things seized illegally?

(1)

There must have been a prior valid intrusion, and the officer must
have had a right to be at the place searched at the time of the
search;
(2) The evidence was inadvertently discovered;
(3) The evidence must be immediately apparent;
(4) There was no need for further search.

Anything seized illegally must be returned to the owner unless it is mala prohibita. In this case, it
should be kept in custodia legis.
When should the search warrant be executed?
If possible, it should be executed during the daytime. But in certain cases, such as when the things
to be seized are mobile or are in the person of the accused, it can be served during nighttime.
For how long is the search warrant valid?
It is valid for 10 days, after which the peace officer should make a return to the judge who issued it.
If the peace officer does not make a return, the judge should summon him and require him to
explain why no return was made. If the return was made, the judge should determine if the peace
officer issued a receipt to the occupant of the premises from which the things were taken. The judge
shall also order the delivery to the court of the things seized.
If the warrant was executed even before the expiration of the ten-day period, can
the peace officer use the warrant again before it expires?
No. If the purpose for which it was issued has already been carried out, the warrant cannot be used
anymore. The exception is if the search was not finished within one day, the warrant can still be
used the next day, provided that it is still within the 10-day period.
SUMMARY
1.
2.
3.

The Constitution does not prohibit all kinds of searches and seizures. It only prohibits
unreasonable searches and seizures.
A search and seizure is unreasonable if it is made without a warrant, or the warrant was
invalidly issued.
A search and seizure without a warrant is still reasonable if conducted under the following
circumstances:
a.

Incident to a lawful arrest

It must be made AFTER the arrest. The objective is to make sure that the life
of the peace officer will not be endangered.

Objects in plain view

e.
f.
g.

Customs searches
Stop and Frisk/ Exigent circumstances
Emergency