1.Explainthesecondlawofthermodynamics.

Theentropyoftheuniverseincreasesovertimeandmovestowardsamaximumvalue.

2.Whatkindsofpipesareusedforsteamlines?
Normallygalvanizedpipesarenotusedforsteam.Mildsteelwithscrewedorweldedfittings
arethenorm.Pressureandtemperatureareveryimportantfactorstobeconsideredinwhat
typeofmaterialstobeused.Steamevenatlowpressurescanbeextremelydangerous.

3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenshearcenterflexuralcenteroftwistandelasticcenter?
Theshearcenteristhecentroidofacrosssection.Theflexuralcenteristhecenteroftwist,
whichisthepointonabeamthatyoucanaddaloadwithouttorsion.Theelasticcenteris
locatedatthecenterofgravity.Iftheobjectishomogeneousandsymmetricalinboth
directionsofthecrosssectionthentheyareallequivalent.

4.Whatisferrite?
Magneticironrock

5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenprojectilemotionandarocketmotion?
Aprojectilehasnomotor/rocketonit,soallofitsmomentumisgiventoitasitislaunched.
Anexampleofaprojectilewouldbepenthatyouthrowacrossaroom.
Arocketormissiledoeshaveamotor/rocketonitsoitcanaccelerateitselfwhilemoving
andsoresistotherforcessuchasgravity.

6.Whatisacotterjoint?
Thesetypesofjointsareusedtoconnecttworods,whichareundercompressiveortensile
stress.Theendsoftherodsareinthemannerofasocketandshaftthatfittogetherand
thecotterisdrivenintoaslotthatiscommontobothpiecesdrawingthemtightlytogether.
Thetensilestrengthofthesteelisproportionatetothestrengthneededtooffsetthestress
onthematerialdividedbythenumberofjointsemployed.

7.Whatisthealloyoftinandlead?
Atinandleadalloyiscommonlycalledsolder.Usuallysolderisawirewitharosincoreused
forsoldering.Therosincoreactsasaflux.

8.WhatdoesF.O.F.standforinpipingdesign?
FOFstandsforFaceofFlange.Aflangehaseitherofthetwotypesoffaces:
a)Raisedface
b)Flatface
TheF.O.Fisusedtoknowtheaccuratedimensionoftheflangeinordertoavoidtheminute
errorsinmeasurementincaseofverticalorhorizontalpipelines.

9.ExplainOttocycle.
Ottocyclecanbeexplainedbyapressurevolumerelationshipdiagram.Itshowsthe
functioningcycleofafourstrokeengine.Thecyclestartswithanintakestroke,closingthe
intakeandmovingtothecompressionstroke,startingofcombustion,powerstroke,heat
exchangestrokewhereheatisrejectedandtheexhauststroke.ItwasdesignedbyNicolas
Otto,aGermanengineer.

10.Whatisgearratio?
Itistheratioofthenumberofrevolutionsofthepiniongeartoonerevolutionoftheidler
gear.

11.Whatisannealing?
Itisaprocessofheatingamaterialabovetherecrystallizationtemperatureandcooling
afteraspecifictimeinterval.Thisincreasesthehardnessandstrengthifthematerial.

12.Whatisductilebrittletransitiontemperature?
Itisthetemperaturebelowwhichthetendencyofamaterialtofractureincreasesrather
thanforming.Belowthistemperaturethemateriallosesitsductility.ItisalsocalledNil
DuctilityTemperature.

13.Whatisauniformlydistributedload?
AUDLoruniformlydistributedloadisaload,whichisspreadoverabeaminsuchaway
thateachunitlengthisloadedtothesameextent.

14.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenpneumaticsandhydraulics?
a)Workingfluid:Pneumaticsuseair,HydraulicsuseOil
b)Power:Pneumaticpowerlessthanhydraulicpower
c)Size:PcomponentsaresmallerthanHcomponents
d)Leakage:Leaksinhydraulicscausefluidtobestickingaroundthecomponents.In
pneumatics,airisleakedintotheatmosphere.
e)Pneumaticsobtainpowerfromanaircompressorwhilehydraulicsrequireapump

f)Airiscompressible,hydraulicoilisnot

15.Whatisenthalpy?
Enthalpyistheheatcontentofachemicalsystem.

16.Whatisapositivedisplacementpump?
Apositivedisplacementpumpcausesaliquidorgastomovebytrappingafixedamountof
fluidorgasandthenforcing(displacing)thattrappedvolumeintothedischargepipe.
Positivedisplacementpumpscanbefurtherclassifiedaseitherrotarytype(forexamplethe
rotaryvane)orlobepumpssimilartooilpumpsusedincarengines.Thesepumpsgivea
nonpulsatingoutputordisplacementunlikethereciprocatingpumps.Hence,theyarecalled
positivedisplacementpumps.

17.Whywouldyouusehydraulicsratherthanpneumatics?
Hydraulicsissuitableforhigherforces&precisemotionthanpneumatics.Thisisbecause
hydraulicsystemsgenerallyrunatsignificantlyhigherpressuresthanpneumaticssystems.
Movementsaremoreprecise(repeatable)becausehydraulicsusesanincompressibleliquid
totransferpowerwhilstpneumaticsusesgases.
Pneumaticsystemshavesomeadvantagestoo.Theyareusuallysignificantlycheaperthan
hydraulicsystems,canmovefaster(gasmuchlessviscousthanoil)anddonotleakoilif
theydevelopaleak.

18.Whatisisometricdrawing?
Itisa3Ddrawingusedbydraftsmen,architectsetc


19.Whataretheadvantagesofgeardrive?
Ingeneral,geardriveisusefulforpowertransmissionbetweentwoshafts,whicharenear
toeachother(atmostat1mdistance).Inaddition,ithasmaximumefficiencywhile
transmittingpower.Itisdurablecomparetoothersuchasbeltschaindrivesetc.Youcan
changethepowertospeedratio.
Advantages:
Itisusedtogetvariousspeedsindifferentloadconditions.
Itincreasesfuelefficiency.
Increasesengineefficiency.
Needlesspowerinputwhenoperatedmanually.

20.Whichconductsheatfastersteelcopperorbrass?
Copperconductsheatfasterthansteelorbrass.Anymaterialthatisgoodforconducting
heatisalsogoodforelectricityinmostcases.Woodterriblefortransferringheatthusisalso
insulatorforelectric.

21.Howpipeflangesareelectricallyinsulated?
Pipeflangesareprotectedfromcorrosionbymeansofelectrolysis,withdielectricflanges.
Thepipingsystemiselectricallyinsulatedbywhatiscalledasacrificialanode.Abagof
readilycorrodiblemetalisburiedinthegroundwithawirerunningfromthepipetothebag
sothatthesacrificialanodewillcorrodefirst.Ifanyelectricalcurrentchargesthepipe,it
alsoservesasaground.

22.WhatisaProcessFlowDiagram?

AProcessFlowDiagram(orSystemFlowDiagram)showstherelationshipsbetweenthe
majorcomponentsinthesystem.Italsohasbasicinformationconcerningthematerial
balancefortheprocess.

23.Wherepneumaticsystemisused?
Anysystemneedsredundancyinworkneedspneumatics,becausethecompressorofthe
pneumaticsystemhasperiodicaloperations(intermittentwork,notashydraulicpump).The
compressedaircouldbeaccumulatedintankswithhighpressuresandusedevenifthe
compressorfailed.

24.Whygascontainersaremostlycylindricalinshape?
Themostefficientshapeforwithstandinghighpressureisaspherebutthatwouldbecostly
tomanufacture.Acylinderwithadomedtopandadomedbottom(lookunderneath,theflat
baseisactuallyweldedaroundtheoutside,thebottomofthegascontainerisactually
domed)isamuchcheapershapetomanufacturewhilststillhavinggoodstrengthtoresist
theinternalgaspressure.

25.Howismartensitestructureformedinsteel?
Martensitetransformationbeginswhenausteniteiscooledbelowacertaincritical
temperature,calledthematrensitestarttemperature.Aswegobelowthemartensitestart
temperature,moreandmoremartensiteformsandcompletetransformationoccursonlyat
atemperaturecalledmartensirefinishtemperature.Formationofmartensiterequiresthat
theaustenitephasemustbecooledrapidly.

26.Whatisanortographicdrawing?

Orthographicprojectionsareviewsofa3Dobject,showing3facesofit.The3drawingsare
alignedsothatifthepagewerefolded,itwouldcreatepartoftheshape.Itisalsocalled
multiviewprojections.
The3facesofanobjectconsistofitsplanview,frontviewandsideview.Thereare2types
oforthographicprojection,whichare1stangleprojectionand3rdangleprojection.

27.Whatisrepresentativeelementaryvolume?
Smallestvolumeoverwhichmeasurementscanbemadethatwillyieldarepresentativeof
thewhole.

28.WhyareLNGpipescurved?
LNGpipesarecurvedbecauseLNGiscondensedgas(164degcel)soitcanexpandthe
pipesthatiswhatengineersdesignedtheLNGpipesarecurvetype.

29.Whatdoesangularmomentummean?
Angularmomentumisanexpressionofanobjectsmassandrotationalspeed.
Momentumisthevelocityofanobjecttimesitismass,orhowfastsomethingismoving
howmuchitweigh.Therefore,angularmomentumistheobjectsmasstimestheangular
velocitywhereangularvelocityishowfastsomethingisrotatingexpressedintermslike
revolutionsperminuteorradianspersecondordegreespersecond.

30.Canyouusemotoroilinahydraulicsystem?
Hydraulicfluidhastopassadifferentsetofstandardsthanmotoroil.Motoroilhas
tackifiers,lowersulfurcontent,andotheringredientsthatcouldproveharmfultotheseals
andothercomponentsinahydraulicsystem.Ifitisanemergencyonlyshouldyoudoit.

31.Whatcauseswhitesmokeintwostrokelocomotiveengines?
Thatistheenginerunningtoolean(lackoffuel).Thisconditionwillleadtooverheatingand
failureoftheengine.

32.Whatistheroleofnitrogeninwelding?
Nitrogenisusedtopreventporosityintheweldingmemberbypreventingoxygenandair
fromenteringthemoltenmetalduringtheweldingprocess.Othergasesarealsousedfor
thispurposesuchasArgon,Helium,CarbonDioxide,andthegasesgivenoffwhentheflux
burnsawayduringSMAW(stick)welding.

33.WhatdoesGreenfieldprojectmean?
Greenfieldprojectsarethoseprojects,whichdonotcreateanyenvironmentalnuisance
(pollution),followsenvironmentalmanagementsystemandEIA(environmentimpact
assessment).Theseprojectsareusuallyofbigmagnitude.

34.Isitthestressthat,producesstrainorstrainproducesstress?
AForceappliedtoanobjectwillcauseadisplacement.Strainiseffectivelyameasureofthis
displacement(changeinlengthdividedbyoriginallength).
StressistheForceapplieddividedbytheareaitisapplied.(E.g.poundspersquareinch)
Therefore,toanswerthequestion,theappliedforceproducesboth
StressandStrain
.
Stress
andStrain
arelinkedtogetherbyvariousmaterialpropertiessuchasPoisson'sratioand
Young'sModulus.

35.Howdoesironoreturnintosteel?
TomakeSteel,IronOreisrefinedintoironandallthecarbonisburnedawayusingvery
highheat(Bessemer).ApercentageofCarbon(andothertraceelements)areaddedback
tomakesteel.36.Whatisknurling?
Knurlingisamachiningprocessnormallycarriedouronacentrelathe.TheactofKnurling
createsaraisedcrisscrosspatternonasmoothroundbarthatcouldbeusedasahandleor
somethingthatrequiresextragrip.

37.Whatisthemechanicaladvantageofadoublepulley?
Itonlytakeshalftheefforttomoveanobjectbuttwicethedistance.

38.Whatisextruedaluminum?
Extrusionistheprocesswhereametalorametalbarispulledthroughamandrelto
elongateitand/orgiveitafinalshape.
ExtrudedAluminumisacommonformofmakingsmallaluminumwire,barsorbeamsand
manyvarietiesofsmallnonstructural,decorativepieces.

39.WhatisaNewtonianfluid?
ANewtonianfluidpossessesalinearstressstrainrelationshipcurveanditpassesthrough
theorigin.ThefluidpropertiesofaNewtonianfluiddonotchangewhenanyforceactsupon
it.

40.Whatarethepointsinthestressstraincurveforsteel?
Proportionallimit,elasticlimitoryieldpoint,ultimatestressandstressatfailure.