Gas Transfer and Aeration

Ali Masduqi

Gas transfer and aeration is defined as

transfer of gas from gaseous phase to liquid
phase or from liquid phase to gaseous phase
Gas transfer and aeration is an important
process in environmental engineering
operation:

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Introduction

Removal of taste, odor, and color

Iron and manganese removal
Removal of Organic compound
Carbon dioxide removal
Hydrogen SulfideOxygen
removal
Transfer and Aeration

2.1

Theory of Two-Film

Bulk Gas Well Mixed

(Turbulen area)

Interface
Pg

Fixed Gas Film

(Laminer area)
Pi

Fixed Liquid Film

Ci=Cs

(laminer area)
CL
(Turbulen area)

Bulk Liquid Well Mixed.

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Oxygen Transfer and Aeration

2.2 Transfer

Coefficient

dc
K La (Cs C L )
dt

dc/dt = rate of gas transfer

KLa = overall liquid mass transfer coefficient
Cs = saturation dissolved gas concentration
CL = dissolved gas concentration in the liquid
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Oxygen Transfer and Aeration

Terms affecting rate

KL a

What we are trying to determine and correlate

with mixing speed and aeration rate
Two quantities multiplied together

Liquid side (essentially overall mass transfer

coefficient)
Total area of bubbles in reactor
Cant be separated

Terms affecting rate

C* (saturation oxygen concentration; max

solubility of the gas in liquid)
- Constant at a given T and P
- Available in tables of oxygen saturation

CL (C(t)) the oxygen concentration at a given

time during the run; what we measure
- {C*- CL} = driving force

Kelarutan Gas

Faktor utama yang mempengaruhi kelarutan

gas dalam air adalah:

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suhu air
tekanan parsial gas dalam fase gas
konsentrasi padatan terlarut dalam fase air
komposisi kimia gas

Oxygen Transfer and Aeration

Pengaruh Suhu

(kl .a)20 (kl .a)T f

( 20T )

Nilai f untuk aerasi permukaan umumnya

padarentang nilai 1,012 1,047

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Kejenuhan Oksigen
475 2,65S
Cs 760
33,5 T

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P p
Cs Cs 760
760 p

(Cs)760 = nilai kejenuhan oksigen pada tekanan udara 760

mm Hg, mg/l
S = konsentrasi padatan terlarut dalam air, gram/l
T = suhu, C
P = tekanan barometrik dalam mm Hg
p = tekanan jenuh uap air
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Tekanan jenuh uap air

Suhu C

Tekanan uap (mm Hg)

4,5

6,5

10

9,2

15

12,8

20

17,5

25

23,8

30
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31,8
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11

Karakteristik Air
K La (air lim bah )

K La (air bersih )

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Cs (air lim bah )

Cs (air bersih )

Nilai tipikal untuk surface aerator berkisar 0,8 1,2 dan

nilai berkisar 0,9 1

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3 Method

of Gas Transfer

Diffused compressed air

Mechanical aeration
Gravity aeration
Spray aeration

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3.1 Diffused

compressed air

In these systems air is pumped

through some sort of diffuser to
generate small bubbles. These
diffusers are porous ceramics, cloth or
plastic.

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Usually gas ( air or oxygen) is injected into

the bottom of the aeration tank and is allowed
to rise to the surface in an open tank. Oxygen
transfer from the bubble varies as the bubble
changes size, velocity, oxygen content and
hydrostatic pressure (depth changes). These
factors have to be considered in calculating
overall transfer rate of oxygen to water.

Typical diffused aeration system looks like:

There are a large variety of diffuser types. For

example ceramic plates such as:

These plates are arranged on manifolds at the

bottom of aeration tanks as shown here.

Other types of diffusers include coarse

aerators:

Again, these diffusers would be arranged by a

manifold on the bottom of an aeration tank.

Diffused air equation

N CG1a n D0,67 (Csm CL ) * 1,02 (T 20 )
O
P
Csm Cw * 0.5 * r e
Pa 20.9

Cw Cs
N = rate of oxygen transfer
C, n = constant
Ga = air flow
D = depth to diffuser
T = temperature
Csm = saturation DO in the wastewater at
the mid-depth of the tank
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Cw = DO at operating condition
Cs = DO saturation
= KLa (wastewater) / KLa (water)
Pr = absolute pressure at depth of air
release
Pa = atmospheric pressure

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21

To determine the oxygen transfer rate in these

diffused aeration systems, first define the
pressure difference from top to bottom of the
tank.
At the surface:

Psurface 14.7(1 0.032 Alt)

Alt = altitude in thousands feet above sea level
Psurface has units of psi

62.4H
Pbottom Psurface
(psi)
144
H = depth of tank (depth of discharge point) in feet.

3.2

Mechanical aeration

Basically there are two types of mechanical aeration:

Turbine Aeration:
In this system coarse bubbles are injected into the

bottom of the tank and then a turbine shear

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3.2

Mechanical aeration

Surface Aeration:
In this case a mixing device is used to agitate the
surface so that there is increased interfacial area
between liquid and air. There are many different
proprietary types of surface aerators . A schematic

and picture of a common surface aerator are shown

below s the bubbles for better oxygen transfer
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Turbine Aeration

efficiency of turbine aerators is generally higher than

diffused aeration. E is normally in the range of 0.2
to 0.25. Power required is about 2 4 lbs O2
transferred per hp-hr

Surface Aeration

An actual surface aerator:

Mechanical aeration equation

C w CL
( T 20 )
N No
.
1
,
02

9,17

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3.3 Gravity

Aeration

Pelimpah
terjunan air
Cascade
aliran di atas bidang miring
menara (tray atau packed)

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3.4 Spray

Aeration

menyemprotkan butiran air ke udara melalui

lubang atau nozzle, baik yang bergerak
maupun diam

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