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is to protect valuable human lives. This advanced Smart Card and Robotic
Sensors System helps to avert accidents and damage to public property in future.
1.INTRODUCTION:
1.1 MACHINE VISION SYSTEM:
Machine Vision can be defined as acquisition of image data followed by
processing and interpretation of data by using computer for some useful applications.
The Machine Vision System is generally classified as Two Dimensional and Three
Dimensional System.
anyhow Two Dimensional System is much preferred for simple applications. The
general applications of Machine Vision System are dimension measuring, gauging,
verifying presence of components (flaws), and checking flatness of surface.
DIGITIZATION
COMPUTER
PROCESSING
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM
Camera
IMAGE
INTERPRETATION
Decision
and
Actions
Illumination
Object
Types of camera:
The two types of cameras that are used in Machine Vision applications
are:
1. Vidicon Camera:
Vidicon Cameras are operated by focusing the image onto a
photoconductive surface and scanning the surface with an electron beam to
obtain the relative pixel values.
2. Solid State Camera:
Solid State Cameras are operated by focusing the image on to 2
Dimensional array of very small, finely spaced photosensitive elements which
form the matrix of pixels. An electrical charge is generated by each element
according to the intensity of light striking the element.
The charge is
Types of Illumination:
1. Front Lighting:
2. Back Lighting:
3. Side Lighting:
4. Structured Lighting using a planar sheet of light:
5. Strobe Lighting:
1.1.2IMAGE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS:
The second function in the operation of Machine Vision System is
Image Processing and Analysis. The data that must be processed is significant
and the data for each frame must be analyzed within the time required to
complete one scan (1/30 second).
developed for analyzing the image data in Machine Vision System. The two
categories in Image Processing and Analysis are:
1. Segmentation:
Segmentation techniques are intended to define and separate
regions of interest within the image.
This is
algorithms has been developed for following the border around the object.
2. Feature Extraction:
Most of the Machine Vision System characterizes an object in
the image by means of the objects features. Some of the features of an object
include the objects area, length, width, diameter, perimeter and center of
gravity. Feature Extraction method are designed to determine these features
based on a area and boundaries of the object
1.1.3INTERPRETATION:
The interpretation function is usually concerned with recognizing the
object, a task termed object recognition or pattern recognition. The objective
in these tasks is to identify the object in the image by comparing it with
predefined models. Two commonly used interpretation techniques are:
1. Template Matching:
Template Matching is the name given to various methods that
attempt to compare one or more features of an image with the corresponding
features of a model or templates stored in computer memory. The most basic
template matching technique is one in which the image is compared, pixel-bypixel, with the corresponding computer model.
2. Feature Weighting:
Solid State
Camera
Regn.
Check
Ok
Image
Check
Safe
Travel
Fault
Strobe Lighting
Information to
Control Room
ACCM
Object
2.2PROCESSES INVOLVED:
2.2.1.SMART CARDS FOR TOLL COLLECTION:
Several states in India have a system of Tax called octroi which is tax
collected for goods or entry. This introduces a tremendous amount of paper
work and also lack of transparency. By usage of Automated Fare Collection
System (prepaid Smart Card) will assist in reducing paper work and also will
ensure complete transparency at the toll. A contact less Smart Card with
electronically pre-loaded money is used to pay the exact fare by flashing the
card to contact less Smart Card reader. The Card communicates with the
reader through Radio Frequency. This method gives a significant benefit to
the Highways Department.
The procedure is that the highway user should buy the Smart Card in
advance to his usage of the National Highway. The highway user is expected
to insert the Smart Card in the Automated Card checking System and if the
required conditions were satisfied, the user would be permitted to enter the
National Highway.
can last 5-500 microseconds. This is sufficient time for camera to capture the
image although the camera actuation must be synchronized with that of the
strobe light.
compared with the images in the host computer. And if the images of the
vehicle dont match, then it indicates the improper usage of lanes. Then
immediately the particulars about the vehicle are stored and informed
immediately to nearby Control Station.
SPEED CHECK
The speed of the vehicles is calculated using the Velocity Sensors.
The velocity Sensor used in this system is Encoders.
ENCODERS
Encoders
are
non-contact
type
position
sensors.
Unlike
Types of Encoders:
1. Incremental Encoders:
2. Absolute Encoders:
Regn.No
Model
Host Computer
(Control System)
way
card
Card
card
ACCM
OPTICAL
ENCODER
(speed
check)
CONCLUSION